The defendant was charged with carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424. Defendant was bound over for trial by an examining magistrate on October 25, 1977. On December 1, 1977, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the charge. A hearing was held on December 9, 1977, before a judge of the Detroit Recorder’s Court, who treated it as a motion to suppress the evidence of the gun. The trial court granted defendant’s motion to suppress and dismissed the case upon the prosecutor’s indication that he could *413 not proceed without evidence of the gun. From this dismissal, the people appeal as of right.
The facts of this case are not in dispute. Officer Wоod of the Detroit Police Department testified at the preliminary examination that on October 17, 1977, he observed a vehicle double parked in front of 3551 Second Street in Detroit. The car was unoccupied. As his partner began to write a citation for the traffic violation, Officer Wood observed the defendant walk up to the vehicle, unlock it, and begin to get inside. Officer Wood approached the defendant and asked him whether it was his car. Defendant responded in the affirmative. The officer then asked to see defendant’s driver’s license. As the defendant reached for the wallet which was in his back pocket, the officer observed a large bulge underneath the front of his waist area. Officer Wood asked the defendant if he had a gun, and the defendant answered, "Yes.” Officer Wood asked the defendant whether he had a permit to carry the gun, and the defendant answered, "No.” At that time, the officer seized the gun and placed the defendant under arrest. Defendant had not been informed of his Miranda 1 rights prior to his arrest.
The first issue to be resolved in this appeal involves the intеrpretation of the exemption contained in MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424 with respect to persons who carry a weapon on land in which they have a possessory interest. The concealed weapons statute provides in pertinent part:
"Sec. 227. A person who shall carry a dagger, dirk, stiletto, or other dangerous weapon except hunting knives adapted and carried as such, concealed on or about his person, or whether concealed or otherwise in *414 any vehicle operated or occupied by him, except in his dwelling house or place of business or on other land possessed by him; * * (Emphasis added.)
The defendant contends that he had a possessory interest in the street abutting his property, and he, therefore, comes within the exception enumerated above. The trial court agreed with defendant’s argument in its ruling on suppression of the weapon. As there is no previous case lаw in Michigan on this precise point, we treat the issue as a matter of first impression.
We begin our analysis by noting that the cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.
Melia v Employment Security Comm,
Various сases, which have discussed the exemptions to the concealed weapons statute, have stated the legislative purpose in its enactment. In
People v Clark,
"It is hornbook law that statutes must be read so as to facilitate the intent of the legislature. People v Bailey (1968),10 Mich App 636 . The purpose of the concealed weapons statute was to prevent men in sudden quarrel * * * from drawing concealed weapons and using them without prior notice to their victims that they were armed,’ People v Jones [12 Mich App 293 ;162 NW2d 847 (1968)], supra, 295. And in People v Bailey, supra, beginning at p 639, we stated: 'the basic intent of the legislature as indicated in the concealed weapons statute was that weapons should not be carried where they might be used to take lives.’
"It is within the light of this legislative intent that we read the statutory exemptions for 'his dwelling house or place of business or other lands possessed by *415 him.’ The purpose of the exemptions was to allow persons to defend those аreas in which they have a possessory interest. This is the clear import of the phrase 'possessed by him’ which modifies the three areas set forth in the statute. United States v Waters (D DC, 1947),73 F Supp 72 .”
In Clark, the Court held that the defendant, an employee of a сorporation, did not have a sufficient possessory interest in his place of employment to bring him within the scope of the statutory exemption.
In
People v Gatt,
In
People v John Alexander,
Defendant relies on property law in arguing that *416 he was on "other land possessed by him” at the timе of his arrest. Defendant alleges that an owner of property retains actual title to the middle of the street which abuts his property, and the public only has an easement in that land.
In
Gunn v Delhi
Twp,
"Generically, a dedication is 'an appropriation of land to some public use, accepted for such use by or in behalf of the public.’ Clark v City of Grand Rapids (1952),334 Mich 646 , 656, 657. Two tyрes of dedications have been specifically recognized in this State, statutory dedication and common-law dedication; the distinction was explicitly approved by the Supreme Court prior to the turn of thе century. Alton v Meeuwenberg (1896),108 Mich 629 . Statutory dedication may result from compliance with the plat act of 1929, CL 1948, §§ 560.1-560.80, as amended (Stat Ann 1953 Rev and Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp §§26.431-26.511). The definition of common-law dedication was given in Alton v Meeuwenberg, supra, at p 636, and has been incorporatеd without substantial change into CL 1948, § 221.20, supra, * * *.
"The distinction must be stated because of the difference in result hinging on the type of dedication. The traditional position was stated in Village of Grandville v Jenison (1890),84 Mich 54 , 65:
" 'The effect of a dedication under the statute has been to vest the fee in the county, in trust for the municipality intended to be benefited, whereas, at common law, the act of dedication created only an easement in the public.’ ”
We note that MCL 221.20; MSA 9.21 states generаlly that all streets which are used as public streets for more than 10 years shall be deemed public highways. See also, MCL 560.253; MSA 26.430(253), which provides that land dedicated for *417 public streets conveys fee title to the municipality to hоld in trust for this use.
The record does not indicate whether the defendant’s street was dedicated to the public under common law or under statutory law. However, we do not deem the distinction to be critical for the purрose of interpreting the exception to the concealed weapons statute. The Legislature created this exception in recognition of the special rights of a property owner while he remains within his own domain, where no one may intrude unless invited. We do not deem that the street which abuts this property is an area which deserves the special status wherein a citizen may rightfully carry a concealed weapon. This is because the street is public domain which may be used by all. The abutting landowner has no right to restrict passage on the street in front of his land to his own invitees. Whether or not he retains the title to the midpoint of the street in property law, he does not retain the type of possessory interest in protecting and defending the street which was contemplated by the Legislature when it created the exemption. We therefore find that the trial court erred in relying on the exception to MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424, in ordering suppression of the gun.
The second issue raised by the people for our consideration is whether the police officer had the authority to ask the defendant for his driver’s license where the defendant was observed unlocking an illegally parked automobile. The trial court ruled that there was no basis for the police to ask for a driver’s license оn a parking violation and that "but for” defendant’s attempt to produce the license, the officer would not have observed the gun in question. The trial court ruled further that *418 the city ordinance authorizing police offiсers to require persons to identify themselves was unconstitutional.
The ordinance in question is Detroit Municipal Code § 39-1-52.3, which authorizes police officers to stop and question a person where the officer hаs reasonable cause to believe that the person’s behavior indicates that there is criminal activity afoot. The ordinance makes the person’s refusal or inability to identify himself unlawful. This Court held that the ordinanсe was void for vagueness in
People v DeFillippo,
However, we could not uphold the police officer’s request to see defendant’s driver’s license in the instant case even if the ordinance were valid, because there was no "reasоnable cause” nor even a "mere inkling” to believe that a criminal activity had been, or was about to be, committed by the defendant. At the time of his arrest, defendant had merely walked up to, and had unlocked, an illegally parked vehicle. These facts do not justify an investigative stop. See,
Terry v Ohio,
We find, therefore, that the illegal stop by Officer Wood tainted his subsequent search and arrest, since the officer would not hаve been in a position to observe the suspicious bulge if defendant had not been reaching for his wallet. The trial court ruled correctly on this issue, and, on this basis, we uphold its decision to suppress evidence of the pistol and dismiss the case against the defendant. In view of our conclusion, we need not address the people’s final issue concerning the necessity of a Miranda warning prior to questioning the defendant.
Affirmed.
Notes
Miranda v Arizona,