THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. TAFFORD LEE HOLMAN, Appellant
No. 55539
Supreme Court of Illinois
June 29, 1984
Rehearing denied September 28, 1984
We therefore suspend respondent for one year and until further order of this court, conditioned on complete restitution to all the clients named herein.
Respondent suspended.
G. Joseph Weller, Deputy Defender, and Kyle Wesendorf, Assistant Defender, of the Office of State Appellate Defender, of Elgin, and Marilyn Martin, Assistant Public Defender, of Chicago, for appellant.
Neil F. Hartigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Edward Petka, State‘s Attorney, of Joliet (Michael B. Weinstein and Michael V. Accettura, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel, and Gerald Pluard, law student), for the People.
JUSTICE SIMON delivered the opinion of the court:
Tafford Holman, the defendant in this capital case, was indicted for the intentional murder of Anthony Townsend (
The pajamа-clad body of the victim, Anthony Townsend, was found in the early morning hours of February 22, 1980, in the kitchen of the house in Joliet where he lived with his mother and his younger brother Van. He had been shot in the side of the head and was dead. With the exception of the kitchen door, all of the outside doors to the house were open, including one leading directly into Anthony‘s bedroom, but a police officer, Gary Schild, who arrived at the murder scene, stated that there were no signs that any of them had been forced open. A woman‘s purse, identified as belonging to Mrs. Townsend, was found on the living room floor with its
Mrs. Townsend was the chief prosecution witness. She testified that she was at home with Anthony and Van on the night of February 21, 1980, and that they were watching television at 11 p.m. when she went to sleep. Sometime in the night she was wakened by a sound. She called out to her sons to see if anything was wrong; receiving no answer she rose from her bed and was confronted by a man in the doorway, whom she later identified as the defendant. The man said, “No, it‘s me. It‘s a robbery.” He fired one shot in her direction and instructed her not to turn on the light or look at his face. She complied with these directions, and the man next ordered her to show him her purse. The intruder took what he wanted from it and dumped the rest on the floor. He then ordered her to go outside and “drive me.” As she crossed the living room toward the door she saw Anthony lying on the floor of the kitchen. The man told her he had shot Anthony because he would not let him inside the house.
Once they were outside the house Mrs. Townsend told the intruder that she did not know how to drive, and the intruder got into the driver‘s seat of the Townsend car himself and commenced driving eastward from Joliet while holding her at gunpoint next to him. After arriving in Gary, Indiana, he drove around that city for a while. Next, he pulled into an alleyway and ordered Mrs. Townsend to get into the back seat of the car. After a short time a bright light shone through the window. The man ordered Mrs. Townsend out of the car and followed her out at gunpoint. When she attempted to run away, the man fired four shots at her, hitting her twice. She fell to the ground and pretended she was dead. The man
According to Mrs. Townsend‘s testimony, a youth who had been fixing a tire by the side of the road noticed her and covered her with a leather coat which he found in the Townsend automobile, which remained where the assailant had parked it. She testified that the coat belonged to the assailant. The youth called for an ambulance, and it took her to a Gary hospital. Two Gary police detectives examined the coat in the hospital and found two gold rings and a medicine bottle in one of the pockets. The label on the medicine bottle indicated the prescription was made out to Anne Mae Williams, whom Lieutenant Wayne Brown, one of the detectives, visited twice at her Gary address.
On Brown‘s first visit, according to his testimony, he received no answer to his knock at the door but noticed a letter addressed to “T. Holman” in the open mailbox. He contacted Williams several days later and she took him to another house in Gary, from which she emerged with a photograph of a man wearing two rings on his left hand. This photograph was admitted into evidence over objection. An objection was sustained to Brown‘s statement that in his opinion the rings were the same as the ones taken from the coat. However, Brown was permitted to testify, over objection, that the man depicted in the photograph was the defendant. Williams did not testify.
During her stay in the hospital Mrs. Townsend was shown several photographs from the police files and identified one photograph as that of her abductor. At trial she was shown the same photographic lineup and identified the defendant as the man whose picture she had picked.
The defendant did not testify at the guilt phase of the trial but did so, against the advice of his attorney, at the
At the hearing in aggravation and mitigation, evidence was introduced of a 1975 conviction of the defendant for robbery and a 1970 conviction for armed robbery, both of which resulted in prison sentences, and a 1966 adjudication of delinquency in connection with the robbery, abduction and sexual assault of a man. In addition,
The warden of the jail at which Holman was being held pending trial in this case testified that he received a note from an inmate which purported to solicit an assault on a lady who lived at Mrs. Townsend‘s address. The writer mentioned a desire to obtain a gun and gave as a reason for the assault the fact that the lady‘s son had “jumped on” the writer‘s father. The inmate who gave the warden the note told him that Holman had written the letter.
Mrs. Townsend testified that she had not heard of Holman prior to the assault and that because the family was a close one Anthony would have told her of any difficulties that he had had with a man named Holman, but he had never mentioned any. She further testified that Anthony was an honor student who had made Who‘s Who in American High Schools, worked as a salesman part time, and had never been in an altercation to her knowledge.
Officer Brown testified that Williams had told him that Holman had handled her .25-caliber pistol prior to the Townsend incident but had put it back when she had asked him to do so. However, she told Officer Brown that he had been with her in Gary on the night of the shooting, had told her he needed money, and had left without her noticing, and that when she woke up in the morning the pistol was gone along with a bag of ammunition.
This appeal involves numerous issues concerning the propriety of the various murder convictions and the conviction for home invasion, as well as the death sentence and the other sentences imposed. We will treat first those issues common to all of the murder convictions which arose at the guilt portion of the trial.
I. THE GUILT PHASE
Holman first challenges certain testimony which he claims was hearsay. In attempting to establish a link between Holman and the coat which was found in the back seat of the Townsend car, the prosecutor questioned Officer Brown as follows:
“Q. Did you have occasion to show Anne Williams this prescription pill bottle and those marked 12-A and B, the gold and diamond rings?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you ask her if she could identify them?
A. Yes.
Q. And pursuant to your conversation about those rings and that pill bottle, did she take you anywhere?
A. Yes, she did.”
* * *
Officer Brown went on to testify about receiving the photograph from Williams; on admission of this photograph into evidence Brown idеntified Holman as the man portrayed. Brown never testified directly as to Williams’ statements, nor did he say that Williams identified Holman as the owner of the rings. However, it is argued that the assertive responses of Williams referred to in
The fundamental purpose of the hearsay rule is to test the value of assertions by exposing the source of the assertion to cross-examination by the party against whom it is offered. (People v. Carpenter (1963), 28 Ill. 2d 116, 121; see People v. Rogers (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 571, 577-78; 5 Wigmore, Evidence sec. 1362, at 3-10 (Chadbourn rev. ed. 1974).) Application of the rule to overturn the outcome of a trial supposes that the testimony under attack was offered to establish the truth of a matter asserted or clearly indicated in the testimony and rested for its value upon the credibility of an out-of-court declarant. People v. Rogers (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 571, 577.
While it is possible that the jury might have concluded from Officer Brown‘s statements that Williams identified the defendant as the man to whom the rings found in the coat belonged, that is only one possible interpretation of her response. According to Brown‘s testimony, her full response was to give him a picture of a man wearing similar rings; she did not name the man or say in any more assertive fashion either that the rings found in the coat belonged to the man depicted or that the man in the photograph was the defendant. The eventual linking of Holman to the rings and the coat came from Brown‘s own in-court identification of him as the man in the photograph, not from anything Williams said or indicated: in fact, other than the photograph itself and the words “T. Holman” on an envelope found by chance inside Williams’ mailbox, the jury had no evi-
We conclude that, unlike the testimony in People v. Spivey (1978), 58 Ill. App. 3d 677, on which the defendant relies, the testimony complained of here did not have the natural effect of informing the jury of an identification of the defendant by an out-of-court declarant, but simply had its intended effect of recounting the steps Brown took in investigating the ownership of the coat and providing a background for the photograph whose subject Brown identified. Brown was available for cross-examination at all times, and virtually all of the vital links in the identification could have been tested by cross-examining him. (People v. Rogers (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 571, 579-80; People v. Carpenter (1963), 28 Ill. 2d 116, 121.) There was no impermissible use of hearsay testimony.
Holman next argues that the admission of the photograph into evidence was error because no foundation had been laid for its admission other than Officer Brown‘s uninformed statement of opinion that the man it depicted was the defendant and his further statement of opinion, stricken following an objection by defense counsel, that the rings depicted in it were the ones found in the coat. In a related contention, the defendant argues that the opinion testimony of Brown as to the identity of the man portrayed was improper because Brown had no personal knowledge of any facts which would have aided him in such an identification.
“In order to have a photograph admitted in evidence it is necessary that the photograph be identified by a witness as a portrayal of certain facts relevant to the issue and verified by such witness on personal knowledge as a correct representation of the facts. The witness need not be the photographer, nor need he know any-
For similar reasons we find no fault with the trial court‘s decision to permit Officer Brown to testify that the photograph depicted Holman. The cases cited by Holman (People v. Garrett (1975), 62 Ill. 2d 151; People v. Wallenberg (1962), 24 Ill. 2d 350) are inapposite, for they involved subjects which required scientific knowledge or knowledge of special facts. No special knowledge other than acquaintance with the person named in the identification is required to identify a person depicted in a photograph. In fact, each juror could have reached the same conclusion by looking at the photograph and the defendant in the courtroom.
Holman next takes issue with the following statement made by the prosecutor in his closing argument to the
“In the
Sixth Amendment of the Bill of Rights , there is a small provision which holds and states that the defendant has the absolute right to compulsory process, to process witnesses. He could have produced Anne Williams. All he‘d have to do is get a court order from the judge. This judge would order the Sheriff of this County to grab that woman and bring her in a ball and chain and handcuffs, if necessary, and absolutely require her to testify, provided she did not incriminate herself, and there is nothing the State could have done.”
This was represented by the State as a response to defense counsel‘s earlier suggestion in closing argument that because Williams had been available to the State as a witness but had never been called to testify, it could be inferred that her testimony would have been damaging to the prosecution. Holman‘s objection was overruled.
Ordinarily, the prosecution may not comment unfavorably upon a defendant‘s failure to produce a witness, at least if it is not made clear that the witness was readily accessible to the defense and not equally accessible to the prosecution with the exercise of ordinary diligence. (See People v. Munday (1917), 280 Ill. 32, 42, 47; People v. Johnson (1968), 102 Ill. App. 2d 443, 454.) However, reviewing courts in this State have consistently held that comment on the failure of a potential defense witness to testify is permitted when made in response to defense counsel‘s own reference to the State‘s failure to call the witness to the stand. People v. Smith (1962), 24 Ill. 2d 198, 200; People v. Izzo (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 203, 213-14; People v. Wheeler (1955), 5 Ill. 2d 474, 485-86.
In this case, the prosecutor‘s comments were in response to defense counsel‘s argument that “[t]he State says there‘s an Anne Mae Williams out there somewhere. She‘s not here. She didn‘t testify. *** They didn‘t bring her here.” This statement raised the inference that
Holman‘s next contention is that the selection of his jury according to the principles of Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968), 391 U.S. 510, 20 L. Ed. 2d 776, 88 S. Ct. 1770, which permit the State to exclude for cause all those who indicate that they would automatically vote against the imposition of capital punishment without regard to the evidence that develops at trial or that their attitude toward the death penalty would prevent them from making an impartial decision as to the defendant‘s guilt, resulted in a jury that was biased in favor of conviction and did not represent a fair cross-section of the community. The argument that a Witherspoon-qualified jury is unduly conviction-prone has been rejected on the basis of the insufficiency of the available statistical evidence by recent decisions of this court (e.g., People v. Free (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 378, 401-02, cert. denied (1983), 464 U.S. 865, 78 L. Ed. 2d 175, 104 S. Ct. 200; People v. Tiller (1982), 94 Ill. 2d 303, 321-22; People v. Lewis (1981), 88 Ill. 2d 129, 147, cert. denied (1982), 456 U.S. 1011, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1308, 102 S. Ct. 2307), as well as by the Federal circuit courts and courts of other States which have considered the issue (e.g., Smith v. Balkcom (5th Cir. 1981), 660 F.2d 573, 582; United States ex rel.
Clark v. Fike (7th Cir. 1976), 538 F.2d 750, 761-62, cert. denied (1977), 429 U.S. 1064, 50 L. Ed. 2d 781, 97 S. Ct. 791; State v. Avery (1980), 299 N.C. 126, 138, 261 S.E.2d 803, 810). Only one court has accepted this contention to date. See Grigsby v. Mabry (E.D. Ark. 1983), 569 F. Supp. 1273.
We note that a considerable amount of scholarly research has been done on the impartiality of Witherspoon-qualified juries since the Witherspoon case was decided. (See studies cited in Grigsby v. Mabry (E.D. Ark. 1983), 569 F. Supp. 1273, 1294-1305, and Hovey v. Superior Court (1980), 28 Cal. 3d 1, 27-60, 616 P.2d 1301, 1315-41, 168 Cal. Rptr. 128, 142-68.) However, Holman has failed either to cite any studies completed since our decisions in Free, Tiller and Lewis were rendered or to explain in any detail what the findings of the earlier studies mean. We adhere to our earlier holdings that the State was properly permitted to conduct death-qualification proceedings on voir dire.
Holman argues that four of the jurors who were excluded for cause as a result of the death-qualification proceedings did not qualify for such exclusion under Witherspoon v. Illinois, and, therefore, he should receive a new trial as to guilt. In both Witherspoon and Adams v. Texas (1980), 448 U.S. 38, 65 L. Ed. 2d 581, 100 S. Ct. 2521, the jury from which jurors were found to have been improperly excluded for cause decided both the question of guilt and the penalty to be imposed. In both cases the Supreme Court reversed the death penalty but did not disturb the verdict of guilt. Although the Supreme Court has never held squarely that such a verdict is not subject to challenge on grounds of failure to comply with Witherspoon, there is likewise no indication from its holdings that it views the question as an open one. For these reasons we decline to treat his contention that there were Witherspoon violations in the selection
Holman‘s final argument concerning the propriety of his convictions is that the indictment under which he was tried should have been dismissed because of improper delaying tactics on the part of the prosecution which resulted in failure to hold a preliminary hearing. Holman was first charged with the murder of Anthony Townsend in a complaint issued on February 25, 1980, and following his arrest in November 1980 and his first appearance in the Will County circuit court on February 14, 1981, a preliminary hearing was set for March 9, 1981. On March 5 the prosecution moved to have Anne Mae Williams certified as a witness to compel her attendance at a March 18 grand jury proceeding and requested that the preliminary hearing be continued for two weeks pending her appearance before the grand jury. The cоurt continued the preliminary hearing until March 24, 1981. On March 18 the grand jury returned a three-count indictment charging Holman with murder, armed violence and home invasion, without the benefit of Williams’ testimony.
Holman contends that Williams’ presence was not material or necessary because she was never called before the grand jury, and that Dave Davis, the only witness listed as appearing in the March 18 grand jury proceedings, was available to the State at all times prior to that date. The motion for certification, he therefore reasons, was but a subterfuge for the purpose of delaying the preliminary hearing. He argues first that the Illinois Constitution requires the dismissal of charges as a sanction for bad-faith delay of a preliminary hearing.
Our constitution provides:
“No person shall be held to answer for a crime punishable by death or by imprisonment in the penitentiary unless either the initial charge has been brought by indict
ment of a grand jury or the person has been given a prompt preliminary hearing to establish probable cause.” ( Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, sec. 7 .)
This court has recognized that continuance of a preliminary hearing for the sole purpose of permitting a grand jury to indict a defendant being held in custody is not to be condoned under this provision and has suggested that “appropriate sanctions might be considered” to deter such conduct by the prosecution. (People v. Hood (1974), 59 Ill. 2d 315, 324.) However, this court has ruled that dismissal with prejudice is not available to a defendant as a sanction. (People v. Howell (1975), 60 Ill. 2d 117, 120; People v. Hendrix (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 165, 169.) Rather, the existence of other possible remedies for this type of delay, such as presuming the involuntariness of any statements made by the defendant during the delay and applying an exclusionary rule to them, have been noted. This court has held, however, that the fashioning of a remedy is a legislative rather than a judiсial matter. (People v. Howell (1975), 60 Ill. 2d 117, 122-23.) As of the time the trial court passed on Holman‘s motion to dismiss the indictment, the legislature had not acted on this subject, although it has since (Pub. Act 83-644, eff. Jan. 1, 1984).
Holman urges us to follow People v. Kirkley (1978), 60 Ill. App. 3d 746, in which the appellate court expressed the view that dismissal of the charges with prejudice was the only effective way of implementing the constitutional guarantee here at issue because of the legislature‘s failure to provide guidelines in the matter of sanctions. This case is not comparable to Kirkley, in which the return of the indictment 176 days after the defendants’ arrest and 148 days after the originally scheduled date for the preliminary hearing prompted the observation that the violation of the constitutional provision guaranteeing a prompt preliminary hearing was the
Holman also argues that the absence of a preliminary hearing in this case violated Federal guarantees of due process (
Just as “‘[a] general allegation of loss of witnesses and failure of memories is insufficient to establish prejudice‘” (United States v. McGough (5th Cir. 1975), 510 F.2d 598, 604), an undocumented assertion, such as Holman makes, that a preliminary hearing would have produced a “possibly impeaching transcript” had it been held likewise falls short of establishing prejudice. Holman has not otherwise explained how he has suffered actual and substantial prejudice as a result of his having failed to receive a preliminary hearing, and we therefore need not inquire into the motives for the State‘s actions. People v. Lawson (1977), 67 Ill. 2d 449, 459-60.
No error during the guilt phase of the trial has been demonstrated. We therefore affirm the finding that Holman was guilty of Anthony Townsend‘s murder, as well as the conviction of armed violence which is not challenged further in this appeal.
II. THE HOME INVASION CONVICTION
Holman argues that his convictions of home invasion and felony murder based on burglary cannot stand because the evidence fails to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that his entry into the Townsend home was unauthorized. (See People v. Medreno (1981), 99 Ill. App. 3d 449, 455.) He contends that the consensual nature of his entry is established by the absence of any physical evidence of force near any of the doors at the time the police arrived, Mrs. Townsend‘s testimony thаt the door to Anthony‘s room was open when she and Holman left the house through it, and the stipulated testimony of a Gary police officer that shortly after she was brought to the
This argument is without merit. The absence of physical signs of forced entry does not necessarily indicate that an entry was consented to. The evidence in this case is not inconsistent with Mrs. Townsend‘s version of events based on what she stated Holman told her, which was that he shot Anthony and that he had forced his way into the house after Anthony had opened his door part way and decided not to allow him to enter. In addition, Mrs. Townsend denied telling anyone, as Holman contended she had, that Anthony had let Holman in to use the telephone and stated that, inasmuch as Holman had not himself told her this, she did not know how she could have known it. The jury could reasonably have believed her testimony at trial and found beyond a reasonable doubt that Holman entered the house without authority. The conviction of home invasion is affirmed.
III. THE EXTRA MURDER CONVICTIONS
Holman and the State agree that because only one homicide occurred, three of the four convictions of murder must be vacated. (See People v. Brownell (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 508, 524; People v. Bone (1982), 103 Ill. App. 3d 1066, 1068; People v. Jacobs (1976), 44 Ill. App. 3d 290, 291.) They also agree that two of the felony-murder convictions based on burglary should be vacated, and we approve this agreement.
Holman argues that the third felony-murder conviction, the one based on armed robbery, should also be vacated in favor of the intentional-murder conviction. The State, on the other hand, contends that this felony-murder conviction should stand because the aggravating factor on which it relied for purposes of seeking the death penalty was that the murder took place in the course of
Holman contends that the State cannot rely upon any of the felony-murder convictions because the procedure used to obtain the indictment which added those counts was improper. Specifically, he argues that the prosecutor‘s request to the grand jury to recollect the testimony it had heard four weeks earlier, unaccompanied by any summary of that testimony or any presentation of new testimony by live witnesses, violated the due process guarantees of the Federal Constitution. He also argues that because only 18 grand jurors were present at the original proceeding while 20 were present at the second, it is not possible to determine that a quorum of 16 grand jurors out of the original panel of 23 had the information necessary to return the fеlony-murder indictments, as Holman argues is required by the statutes of this State. See
Holman, citing People v. Rodgers (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 283, and People v. Curoe (1981), 97 Ill. App. 3d 258, urges that an indictment may not be based solely on the recollection of the grand jurors of the testimony presented to them at an earlier date. There are significant differences between this case and Rodgers and Curoe. In Rodgers this court ruled only that an indictment had to be supported by some evidence tending to show the existence of probable cause. In Curoe, a case in which the second grand jury was different from the first and was apprised of the relevant facts only by the unsworn testimony of the prosecutor summarizing testimony adduced before the first grand jury, the appellate court dismissed the indictment because no competent testimony had been presented to the second grand jury and there was “[no] evidence that the [second] grand jury indicted defendant on the basis of the personal knowledge of two or more of [its] members” (97 Ill. App. 3d 258, 268-69). In this case at least 15 members of the second grand jury heard both the prosecutor‘s request and the earlier testimony of which he reminded the jurors: the earlier testimony served as evidence bearing on the existence of probable cause, while the grand jurors’ recollection of it certainly
For similar reasons we find the Federal cases cited by Holman not in point. United States v. Hodge (5th Cir. 1974), 496 F.2d 87, United States v. Mahoney (E.D. Pa. 1980), 495 F. Supp. 1270, United States v. Braniff Airways, Inc. (W.D. Tex. 1977), 428 F. Supp. 579, and In re Grand Jury Investigation (D. Md. 1963), 214 F. Supp. 856, all involved two distinct grand juries, the second of which learned the relevant facts only through a summary of testimony presented to the first. Nor is it a matter of concern in this case that the predicate felonies for the three felony-murder charges were not charged by the grand jury when it first convened. As we have stated, a grand jury may indict a defendant on the basis of the personal knowledge of two or more of its members. Holman has not demonstrated that the information which the 15 or more grand jurors who heard the original testimony gained from it would not qualify as personal knowledge relevant to those felonies.
IV. THE SENTENCING PHASE
We next consider errors that Holman asserts occurred in the sentencing phase of his trial. These errors require a new sentencing hearing.
Holman points to various statements made by the prosecutor in his initial closing argument in the second stage of the sentencing hearing which highlighted the possibility that Holman might kill again if he were sentenced to prison rather than executed. At various points in his argument the prosecutor said:
“The reason that I [believe capital punishment serves a useful purpose] is that there are other potential victims, innocent people, whose lives are out there. They have done nothing that deserves being executed by cold-
blooded killers, and if we have capital punishment in this State and in this country, it is my contention that some of those innocent people, not all, but some of those innocent people‘s lives may be spared. * * *
I contend this, if cаpital punishment does not deter others, and we execute someone who is convicted of murder, the only thing that we have done—I don‘t mean to take that lightly—the only thing that we have done is to execute a person who most needs deterrence, a person who has already killed. We will not afford him an opportunity to escape from prison. We will not afford him the opportunity to kill the prison guards * * *.
* * *
[A]nd we can show and we believe that capital punishment deters some killings, so that some future victims‘, our fellow citizens’ in this county and this State and land, lives will be spared.
What we have, in effect, done by not imposing capital punishment in the proper case is to slaughter, ensure that other innocent people will be killed.
Now, *** if we are to spare a convicted murderer‘s life because we suddenly feel that the sanctity of that convicted killer‘s life is such that it should not be forfeited when you kill someone else, then what we are, in effect, saying is that the sanctity of life of a convicted killer means more than the sanctity of life of an innocent future victim.
Think about that. You will come down on the side of a convicted killer, a convicted murderer, and say, no, he should not be put to death, even though this is the proper case, thereby, virtually, guaranteeing down the road future innocent victims will be slaughtered.” (Emphasis added.)
While these remarks were made in the context of the prosecutor‘s explanation of the deterrence rationale for the death penalty, the italicized passages can only be interpreted as referring to Holman; the State does not contend otherwise. The clear import of the prosecutor‘s
The United States Supreme Court has emphasized that “[i]t is of vital importance to the defendant and to the community that any decision to impose the death sentence be, and appear to be, based on reason rather than caprice or emotion.” (Gardner v. Florida (1977), 430 U.S. 349, 358, 51 L. Ed. 2d 393, 402, 97 S. Ct. 1197, 1204.) To conform to this mandate as well as to insure “that degree of respect due the uniqueness of the individual” (Lockett v. Ohio (1978), 438 U.S. 586, 605, 57 L. Ed. 2d 973, 990, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 2965), courts have required that the focus in death penalty hearings be on the character and record of the offender and the facts and circumstances surrounding the offense (Woodson v. North Carolina (1976), 428 U.S. 280, 304-05, 49 L. Ed. 2d 944, 961, 96 S. Ct. 2978, 2991; People v. Szabo (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 327, 366; People v. Walker (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 502, 515; People v. Gleckler (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 145, 162; People v. Carlson (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 564, 590). This court has frequently stressed that evidence must be excluded from the sentencing hearing if it does not bear on the aggravating or mitigating factors in a given case, the circumstances of the offense or the character or rehabilitative potential of the particular defendant. People v. Szabo (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 327, 366-67; People v. Walker (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 502, 515; see also People v. Riley (1941), 376 Ill. 364, 367-68.
Parties in closing argument may not go beyond the scope of the evidence presented and facts fairly inferable therefrom (People v. Beier (1963), 29 Ill. 2d 511, 517; People v. Rothe (1934), 358 Ill. 52, 56), and it may not be assumed in the absence of evidence that a person convicted of murder will escape from prison or commit another murder. In this case the only evidence which could
Even if the prosecutor‘s statements were supported by evidence, their prejudicial effect outweighs their probative value. On the basis of the record before us the future behavior of Holman as referred to by the prosecutor was merely “a speculative possibility that may or may not occur” (People v. Walker (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 502, 515). The likely, if not the inevitable, effect of such graphic remarks is to focus the jury‘s attention on extraneous fears and divert it from considering the aggravating and mitigating factors presented by the case, the character and record of the defendant and the nature and circumstances of his offense. (People v. Szabo (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 327, 366; see People v. Walker (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 502, 515.) The likelihood that this occurred is increased here, where the prosecutor‘s statements appear not once but several times in the course of closing argument and culminate in the bald assertion that by not sentencing the defendant to death the jury would be “virtually, guaranteeing down the road future innocent victims will be slaughtered.”
In both Szabo and Walker this court decided that it was reversible error to call to the jury‘s attention the
“The role of the State‘s Attorney is not to speculate as to what might happen should the death penalty not be invoked. ***
***
*** The sentencing hearing is not intended to provide a soap box on which counsel can prey upon the fears of the jurors that the defendant may soon walk the streets again in search of another victim.” (94 Ill. 2d 327, 366-67.)
Unsupported predictions as to the kind of crimes the defendant will commit if not executed are even more to be condemned than references to the possibility of parole, for they convey more directly to jurors the vivid, but misleading, message that the death penalty is the only way to protect society from the defendant and forestall his violence. (See People v. Murtishaw (1981), 29 Cal. 3d 733, 773, 631 P.2d 446, 470, 175 Cal. Rptr. 738, 762, cert. denied (1982), 455 U.S. 922, 71 L. Ed. 2d 464, 102 S. Ct. 1280.) The statements made here had no function other than to appeal to the passions and fears of the jury and increase the likelihood that the sentence it would recommend would be based on emotion rather than on reason.
To somewhat similar if less graphic effect were statements made by the prosecutor in rebuttal closing argument, ostensibly in reply to an argument by defense counsel that Holman‘s impoverished background was to blame for his actions:
“*** [Y]ou can get ahead in this country if you truly try, if you try to make something of yourself.
Mrs. Townsend told you about her family. Tony, Who‘s Who in America. He made that, and that‘s a very
high honor. He graduated early with honors. Another son, who is a planner in the Department of Children and Family Services, and they‘re black, but there‘s a little bit of difference between Antoinette Townsend and her kind and that savage killer there. Mrs. Townsend has something that is a necessary component, in my opinion, of being a decent human being. She has religious moral fiber. ***”
Examination of the record reveals, however, that defense counsel did not argue to the jury that Holman‘s poverty was a cause of his actions; he merely contended that Holman was drunk when he was inside the Townsend house and that his criminal activity was due to his having developed a “penitentiary life-style” while serving his earlier prison sentences. The prosecutor‘s comments were not invited by the defense, and we believe that the discussion of Anthony Townsend‘s accomplishments and surviving members of his family was an improper appeal to the emotions of the jurors.
In People v. Bernette (1964), 30 Ill. 2d 359, 371, a death case, this court stated that it has “consistently condemned the admission of evidence that the deceased left a *** family, inasmuch as such evidence has no relationship to the guilt or innocence of the accused or the punishment to be inflicted upon him, but serves ordinarily only to prejudice him in the eyes of the jury.” (See, e.g., People v. Gill (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 357, 368; People v. Gregory (1961), 22 Ill. 2d 601, 605-06; People v. Dukes (1957), 12 Ill. 2d 334, 340; Filippo v. People (1906), 224 Ill. 212, 217.) In this case the prosecutor informed the jury not only that the deceased had a brother who worked for the State, but also that his mother had “religious moral fiber” (suggesting, as made clear by the prosecutor‘s very next words, that Holman‘s failure to appreciate her “talking about religion” made him more deserving of the death penalty) and that the murder vic
Holman next points out three instances in the prosecutor‘s closing argument when the jury was misled as to the legal basis for imposing the death penalty. In his initial closing argument the prosecutor stated:
“In the first part of this proceeding, the trial of this case, there was a lot of to-do, a lot made of the fact that what we were dealing with here, not a felony murder, it was for lack of a better word, simple murder, because if you found it to be a murder without the statutory aggravating factors for forcible felonies there would be no death
penalty hearing, and last Friday, you returned unanimous verdicts of all six counts finding three counts of felony murder and one count of murder.”
The context of this comment shows that it was made in an attempt to remind the jury that it had already determined that Holman was guilty of murder and had found as an aggravating factor that the murder was committed in the course of various felonies. Such a reminder is permissible, and we do not question that the remark was made in good faith with this in mind. However, by emphasizing the four convictions rather than simply the jury‘s finding that Holman was guilty of a murder committed in the course of one or more forcible felonies, the remark might have led the jury to focus on the multiple convictions rather than on the finding of guilt and the aggravating factor. This possibility is enhanced by the fact that the trial judge, in his admonitiоns to the jury at the beginning of the sentencing hearing, reminded it that it had “previously found the defendant guilty of murder, as well as *** three separate counts of felony murder” and informed it that while it was to disregard the count of “murder” it was to “participate in the sentencing proceeding pertaining to the verdicts of guilty of felony murder.” In fact, there appears to have been confusion on the part of the judge himself, as evidenced by the fact that in imposing an extended sentence on the intentional-murder count he considered “the factor [that there] has been a homicide for which he‘s been sentenced to death” as contributing to a finding of heinous conduct. In view of this it seems not unlikely that the jury was similarly led astray.
In his rebuttal closing argument the prosecutor also argued:
“Counsel says that if you strip away deterrence and retribution there is no justification for capital punishment.
Well, ladies and gentlemen, the State of Illinois recognizes something known as self-defense. Self-defense, basically, is a situation where the State will sanction the taking of a human life where there is no other realistic alternative left. For example, if tonight you were to return home and a loved one of yours, perhaps a daughter or son, is being viciously attacked, being sexually molested, and being knived, you don‘t have to tap that person on the shoulder and say, sir, pardon me, would you cease your attack upon my child.
The laws recognize an unquestioned right for us to use deadly force, if necessary, to prevent the killing of your child, as long as all realistic alternatives have been exhausted.
What does this have to do with this? Well, ladies and gentlemen, in my opinion, capital punishment is suicidal self-defense. We have a right, in fact, we have a duty to defend ourselves from the unprovoked malicious, savage attacks that were exhibited in this case.
***
In my opinion, we have the right to use deadly force and send Mr. Holman to the electric chair if it will save other people‘s lives.”
A short time afterward, the prosecutor stated:
“*** [I]n fact, mercy is afforded sometimes—in fact, in many cases where human lives are taken. The reason that mercy is afforded is that reasonable people can sit down and say, we understand that you killed someone, but we also understand why you did it. Therefore, we‘re not going to take your life, even though you took someone else‘s life.
A perfect example of that, ladies and gentlemen, is a situation where a spouse discovers that another spouse is cheating, in fact, catches him in the act. In a heat of passion and rage, just kills the other spouse or partner, if you will.
We call it voluntary manslaughter. It‘s still killing, and it‘s as a suicidal act of mercy, yes, sir, we know that you killed, killing is not a nice thing, it is a terrible thing,
but we afford you the mercy.”
Holman argues, and we agree, that these statements misinformed the jury of the circumstances which make the death penalty appropriate. The prosecutor‘s argument focused the jury‘s attention on the legal concepts of self-defense and voluntary manslaughter, concepts which were not issues in the case and concerning which it was never instructed by the court. He conveyed the erroneous idea that the death penalty was proper in all cases except those which constituted voluntary manslaughter, and the equally erroneous notion that the jury had the same right to use deadly force against a defendant convicted of murder that an individual has against a person who threatens imminent bodily harm to him or to another. The likelihood of misleading the jury was enhanced by the prosecutor‘s explicit equation of “mercy” in sentencing with factors that mitigate a murder to manslaughter. While mercy is a relevant concept in deciding whether to impose the death penalty, it is determined in the context of the factors in aggravation and mitigation which the jury finds and weighs, factors which are not limited to the two that are pertinent in assessing whether a homicide constitutes voluntary manslaughter (see
Holman finally points to numerous instances in which the prosecutor advanced his personal beliefs concerning the desirability of the death penalty. The prosecutor commenced his initial closing argument by stating, “[B]efore I get into the facts of this case and discuss some testi
“I‘d like to talk to you about another argument that is sometimes used, the death penalty simply does not deter. Folks, we cannot not [sic] statistically prove that capital punishment deters. I‘ll make that as a flat statement.
Oh, there are some studies which indicate perhaps one way or perhaps another, and there are some studies which strongly indicate that capital punishment deters and other studies conducted by some sociologist, penologist, perhaps not, but I see one big fallacy in that. When Mr. Lou here or Mr. Gallop called people on the phone, taking an opinion, he said, hey, have you ever thought about killing anyone today? Did you ever think about it in the past about going out and killing, and then deciding you wouldn‘t do it because we got the death penalty in the State of Illinois?
Do you really think that someone is going to tell you that he thought about killing someone but had decided not to do it because of capital punishment? Probably not.
So, let‘s examine the concept of deterrence, and let‘s approach it from what I consider to be a common sense point of view.”
He then related that he had taken his seven-year-old son to view an electric chair on exhibit at the Will County fair and described his reaction as follows:
“My [son] looked at me and he asked me what it was, and I told him an electric chair, and he asked me what it does, and I told him—now, he was seven years old. I said, son, the electric chair kills people who kill other people. If you kill someone in this State, you may have to die and give up your own life.
It was very apparent to myself from just looking at his response that something was sinking in, because I assume those of you who have raised a family have proba
bly told your children when you were rearing them that people who kill other people may forfeit their own lives. It is certainly a possibility. Hopefully, this thought is shared by millions throughout the country and hundreds of millions.”
Shortly after this he stated:
“[B]ut what if capital punishment serves as a deterrent, as I believe it does, if it is the proper case for the imposition of the death penalty, and we can show and we believe that capital punishment deters some killings, so that some future victims‘, our fellow citizens’ *** lives will be spared.”
Later in his rebuttal, in respоnse to defense counsel‘s suggestion to the jury that it was unjust for Holman to receive capital punishment while multiple murderers such as Charles Manson and Richard Speck did not, he argued:
“I want to tell you something. Those guys [Speck and Manson] certainly deserve[d] that. Just because the United States Supreme Court began hallucinating about the death penalty in 1972, and in my opinion, is what they did, they made a very...
MR. MARKESE [defense counsel]: I object to that, your Honor.
THE COURT: The word is inappropriate. You may comment on it, but not with that type of language, Mr. Petka.
MR. PETKA [State‘s Attorney]: In my opinion, they made a very tragic mistake, but the legislatures in this country were quick to react to their decision. Three quarters of the legislatures in this nation quickly reimposed the death penalty statute.
MR. MARKESE: I object to that argument, also.
THE COURT: He may make it. Objection overruled.
MR. PETKA: Because they felt capital punishment was appropriate.”
In argument to the jury, counsel may not express his personal opinion concerning issues in the case unless his
The prosecutor‘s reference to various studies and public opinion polls concerning the death penalty was improper for all оf these reasons. At no point were any studies or polls introduced into evidence, and there was thus no evidentiary basis either for the prosecutor‘s description of the results of the scientific studies or for his speculation as to the reliability of the Harris and Gallup polls or the way they were taken. As the prosecutor‘s sources could not be checked, the jury had to accept on his own authority the assertions he made, assertions clearly intended to convince the jury to accept his opinion that capital punishment deters crime.
In addition, although the State may urge the imposition of death as a deterrent to murder (People v. Lewis (1981), 88 Ill. 2d 129, 149, cert. denied (1982), 456 U.S. 1011, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1308, 102 S. Ct. 2307), we held in People v. Szabo (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 327, 363-65, that description of a statistical relationship between the number of executions and the number of homicides in a jurisdiction served to focus undue attention on the notion of general deterrence at the expense of factors bearing on the individual defendant‘s character and crime. In this case, unlike what occurred in Szabo, no numerical statistics were recited, but a fairly lengthy general reference was made to scientific studies and two named polls whose methods were compared and whose conclusions were contrasted in the course of a long discussion of the deterrence rationale. Our observations in Szabo are relevant here:
“The prosecutor‘s reference to the supposed general deterrent effect of the death penalty could only divert the jury‘s attention from the aggravating and mitigating factors *** and focus it upon an extraneous consideration.
***
The remarks *** were also inflammatory and prejudicial. *** [They] created a grave risk that the jury would be influenced to impose the death penalty out of fear and a sense of outrage, not toward this particular defendant or his acts, but towards criminal defendants in general.” 94 Ill. 2d 327, 364-65.
We find the other passages that we have quoted inappropriate for similar reasons. There was no evidence adduced at trial as to any individual‘s reaction to the possibility that killing another may lead to the forfeiture of one‘s own life; the prosecutor could not be meaningfully questioned concerning his description of his son‘s reaction, which lent undue credence to his contention that capital punishment deters crime generally. In addition, his reference to his small boy may have served to enlist the jury‘s sympathy. The statement that “we can show and we believe that capital punishment deters some killings” simi
The State answers all of Holman‘s contentions with two arguments. The first is that because Holman offered no evidence of any mitigating factor the evidence in favor of the penalty that was imposed was overwhelming and the errors in closing argument, if there were any, were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Dukett (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 432, cert. denied (1974), 419 U.S. 965, 42 L. Ed. 2d 180, 95 S. Ct. 226; People v. Skorusa (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 577.) At the time it was to sentence Holman the jury had before it his claim, supported by his own testimony and that of his cousin and her husband, that he had been drinking prior to the events at the Townsend home and was drunk during the killing. This claim was rendered plausible by Mrs. Townsend‘s testimony at the guilt phase that Holman drove the wrong way on an interstate highway for a while before he realized what he was doing, and while she testified that Holman‘s eyes were not dilated she de
The State‘s second response is that, with the one exception noted, Holman failed to object to any of the prosecutor‘s statements. Ordinarily, a contention not made in the trial court is waived on appeal (see, e.g., People v. Jackson (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 350, 358-59; People v. Carlson (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 564, 576). While our rules permit a reviewing court, in its discretion, to consider “[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights” even though no objection was made to them at trial (87 Ill. 2d R. 615(a)), such consideration is normally granted only when “it [is] plainly appar
The errors we have discussed, considered together, require a new sentencing hearing. (See People v. Ramirez (1983), 98 Ill. 2d 439, 473; People v. Walker (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 502, 517.) Most of the improper comments occurred in the course of a long discussion of the justifications for the death penalty in general, a circumstance which itself might
Having determined that Holman is entitled to a new sentencing hearing on the murder conviction, we should not consider whether there were Witherspoon violations in the selection of his jury or whether Holman received effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing hearing. (People v. Ramirez (1983), 98 Ill. 2d 439, 459.) Nor need we consider whether Officer Brown‘s testimony in the sentencing hearing was proper or whether the death penalty statute is constitutional, in view of the possibility that those issues may not arise again in the proceedings following the remand. Similarly, we do not address Holman‘s contention that his 1968 conviction on a guilty plea of reckless conduct and unlawful use of a firearm may not be used as an aggravating factor in this case because he was not represented by counsel on that occasion and did not validly waive his right to counsel. We have no way of knowing what the record will show in this regard in the new sentencing hearing.
V. THE SENTENCES ON THE NONCAPITAL CONVICTIONS
Holman finally requests us to remand the convictions оf armed violence and home invasion for resentencing. He contends that the trial judge improperly imposed extended sentences for both offenses based on a finding of heinousness made solely in the context of one of them
VI. CONCLUSION
We affirm Holman‘s conviction of felony murder based on armed robbery, as well as his convictions of armed violence and home invasion. We vacate the death penalty and the convictions of intentional murder and felony murder based on burglary, and remand the cause for resentencing on the murder, armed-violence and home-invasion convictions consistent with what is said in this opinion.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part; sentences vacated; cause remanded, with directions.
CHIEF JUSTICE RYAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur in that portion of the opinion upholding the conviction of the defendant; however, I dissent from the majority‘s conclusion that the death penalty must be vacated.
Once again, I deplore the lack of consistency in the application of waiver-plain error demonstrated by the opinions of this court. I wrote at length on this subject by way of dissent in People v. Szabo (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 327, 369 (Ryan, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). This lack of consistency is demonstrated by Szabo and People v. Free (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 378, which appear one following the other in the Illinois Reports. Both
The continuation of the uncertainty of the application of plain error in capital cases, as demonstrated by the opinion in the case now before us, raises a further serious question. One commentator had this to say to this court‘s vacillation on the waiver-plain-error question:
“Many modern [Illinois] cases are implicitly or explicitly contradictory, exemplifying a basic conflict among the various justices of the Illinois court regarding interpretation of the plain error exception. This conflict among the justices has led to the problems predicted by writers who, with great prescience, asserted that discretion in the context of procedural defaults in a sure road to unfair and arbitrary results.” Wangerin, “Plain Error” and “Fundamental Fairness“: Toward a Definition of Exceptions to the Rules of Procedural Default, 29 DePaul L. Rev. 753, 784 (1980).
The author quoted above suggested in the article that the impression given by the opinions of this court on the plain error issue and the differences of opinion among the members of this court on that subject may have produced some judgments that may well be based merely
“These death sentences are cruel and unusual in the same way that being struck by lightning is cruel and unusual.” Furman v. Georgia (1972), 408 U.S. 238, 309, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346, 390, 92 S. Ct. 2726, 2762 (Stewart, J., concurring).
In the case now before us, as in Szabo, the comments of the prosecutor which the opinion finds objectionable were not objected to. The court in this case has conjectured as to what the effect of these unobjected-to comments may have been. The opinion contains such language as “the likelihood that this occurred,” “had potential for distracting the jurors,” “the remarks might have led the jury,” “this possibility is enhanced,” “it seems not unlikely that the jury,” “the likelihood of misleading the jury was enhanced,” “may have served to enlist the juror‘s sympathy,” and several other such speculative statements.
That the prosecutor‘s comments “might” or “might not” have had such conjectured effect on the jury is not the test used in determining whether or not the plain error exception is to be applied. If an alleged trial error is not objected to, the rule is that it cannot be raised on review. Waiver, or “procedural default,” as it is sometimes referred to, constitutes the general rule. The plain error doctrine is a limited exception to this rule. The alleged error, in order to fall within this exception, must be so serious that it reasonably appears that the jurors have “been influenced or prejudiced to the extent that they could not be fair or impartial.” People v. Carlson (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 564, 578.
We have held in our decisions that it is appropriate to consider on review unobjected-to trial error: (1) which
Likewise, the Federal cases recognize that plain error is a doctrinе to be strictly and sparingly applied. The Supreme Court has stated that plain error “grants the courts of appeals the latitude to correct particularly egregious errors on appeal regardless of a defendant‘s trial default.” (Emphasis added.) (United States v. Frady (1982), 456 U.S. 152, 163, 71 L. Ed. 2d 816, 827, 102 S. Ct. 1584, 1592.) The Federal courts of appeal have also recognized that plain error must be used sparingly and only in situations where it is necessary to prevent a great miscarriage of justice. See United States v. Gerald (5th Cir. 1980), 624 F.2d 1291, 1299; United States v. DiBenedetto (8th Cir. 1976), 542 F.2d 490, 494; United States v. Mooney (8th Cir. 1969), 417 F.2d 936, 939; Eaton v. United States (5th Cir. 1968), 398 F.2d 485, 486; Black v. United States (8th Cir. 1962), 309 F.2d 331, 342.
Conjecturing that the unobjected-to comments of the prosecutor may have had some prejudicial effect upon the jury just does not satisfy the rigid standards that have been established for the application of plain error. Plain error was created to ameliorate the hardships of the waiver (procedural default) rule. It was not created for the purpose of authorizing a nitpicking excursion through the record to find some conjectured prejudice upon which to base the reversal of a conviction or, as in this case, the vacation of a death penalty. The vacation of the death sentence in this case is based solely upon some conjectured prejudice stemming from statements by the prosecutor to which the defense counsel at trial
My dissent is not based solely on the fact that the majority elected to apply plain error instead of holding that the alleged errors were waived. I have examined the final arguments of both the prosecutor and defense counsel in detail, and I do not consider that the comments of the prosecutor constituted reversible error.
The opinion, under the heading, “The Sentencing Phase,” first discusses the statements made by the prosecutor concerning the justifications for the death penalty. The discussion centers on the arguments the prosecutor made concerning deterrence as a justification. The majority quotes a paragraph of the prosecutor‘s argument, which is followed by three asterisks indicating that some of the argument was omitted. (103 Ill. 2d at 161-62.) The part of the argument omitted, as represented by those three asterisks, constitutes six pages of the transcript. The paragraph quoted constitutes a part of the argument which refutes the general contention of those opposed to the death penalty that capital punishment serves no useful purpose. It does not relate specifically to the subject of deterrence. Following the quoted paragraph in the transcript is a discussion refuting the argument that the death penalty should not be imposed because a killer may be rehabilitated. This part of the argument is not quoted in the opinion. This is followed then by a discussion refuting the contention that the death penalty does not deter. This also is not set out in this part of the opinion. The second paragraph quoted in the opinion which appears below the three asterisks relates to the prosecutor‘s argument refuting this contention that the death penalty does not deter and is introduced by the following statement not quoted in the opinion: “But let‘s now approach it from the point of view of those who are opposed to the death penalty, [who] state that capital punishment does not deter other
The opinion next finds something wrong in certain references by the prosecutor in his rebuttal closing argument to the fact that the decedent and his family had substantial accomplishments in spite of adversity. (103 Ill. 2d at 165-66.) The opinion finds that these statements and reference to the decedent‘s family were not invited by the defense counsel‘s closing argument and constitute error. I do not agree. As to the references to the decedent‘s family, defense counsel in his closing argument, urging that the death penalty not be applied in this case, stated, “and it is not just the fact that Tafford Holman has a young baby, it‘s not just the fact that he does have family somewhere. He‘s got sisters.” After having made the defendant‘s family a focal point in arguing against the death penalty in this case, it is no wonder that defense counsel did not object to the incidental reference to the decedent‘s family. Further, a substantial part of defense counsel‘s argument was based on the contention that our criminal justice system had failed. Counsel talked about the defendant‘s experience in the courts as a juvenile and about rehabilitation. He concluded by urging that we “correct the aberrations in our society that have created the Tafford Holmans and Richard Specks and the Mansons.” Defense counsel placed the blame on society for the fact that Holman had killed. It was a logical response to that argument for the prosecutor to state “you can get ahead in this country if you truly try to make something of yourself.” He then
The majority conjectures that the prosecutor‘s reference to four convictions of murder might have “led the jury to focus on the multiple convictions rather than on the finding of guilt and the aggravating factor.” (103 Ill. 2d at 168.) I do not understand what deficiency in the prosecutor‘s argument the majority finds to be erroneous. The jury knew that only one person had been killed. It was also well aware of the fact that it had returned verdicts of guilty on three counts of felony murder and one count of murder. To say that some prejudice might have flowed from the prosecutor‘s simple recital of facts already within the jury‘s knowledge is just pure speculation.
The opinion also takes issue with the prosecutor‘s discussion of self-defense, voluntary manslaughter, and mercy. (103 Ill. 2d at 168-70.) The opinion refers to these remarks as misstatements of the law. They are not. The discussion of the prosecutor concerning self-defense was in response to the defense counsel‘s statement: “If you strip away deterrence and retribution there is no justification for capital punishment.” The prosecutor responded that self-defense is justifiable homiсide. He then gave an example of self-defense and likened the death penalty to a form of societal self-defense. He concluded that argument by urging that “we have the right to use deadly force and send Mr. Holman to the electric chair if it will save other people‘s lives.”