5 N.Y.2d 607 | NY | 1959
Lead Opinion
Defendant, a 22-year-old epileptic, was convicted of murder in the first degree and sentenced to death. He was charged with causing the death, on the night of April 17, 1957, of Patricia Buland, a girl of 19, by striking her face and head with a hammer at least 19 times while they were seated together in the rear seat of his automobile in the County of Kings.
On his arraignment, he entered a plea of not guilty with a specification of insanity. He sought to establish at the trial that at the time of the homicidal assault on decedent he was in the throes of an epileptic rage or furor attack, and consequently was laboring from such a defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of the act or that it was wrong.
Defendant was employed as an oil burner installation and service mechanic. His education consisted of attendance at elementary school, from which he was graduated at the age of 15%, after having been “left back ” several times, and one year of vocational high school. He had an I.Q. of 80, and was described by one of the defense psychiatrists as “ a high grade moron intellectually ”.
The facts pertaining to the homicide are in large measure undisputed, and there was no real issue at the trial as to whether defendant had, in fact, committed the homicide. Defendant spent most of the evening in question drinking with friends. He had 15 to 20 beers, either alone or, as he claimed, “ chased ” by ryes, had eaten nothing since he had a sandwich at 11:00 a.m., and was feeling “high”, but not drunk. After leaving his friends and returning to his car, he noticed decedent crossing the street and offered her a “ lift ” at about 10:25 p.m. He had known her for about two months but had never “ dated” her, and was in fact engaged to be married to another girl.
After decedent entered his car — a green Ford belonging to defendant’s employer, which defendant was permitted to use — they drove to the street on which decedent lived, where they parked, talked and started kissing. About five minutes later they drove further down the same street, parked again, resumed
Defendant gathered that decedent was willing to engage in an act of sexual intercourse with him, whereupon she said “ No, not yet ’ ’, that she would like to go for some drinks. By his own statement, defendant at about this time picked up a ball-peen hammer which, along with other tools and a small tool box he used in his work, was always kept on the car floor in front of the back seat; he started swinging and struck decedent on the face and head at least 19 times. Defendant thereafter returned to the front seat, drove the car to 94th Street and Marine Avenue, placed decedent on the curb, and then drove home and went to sleep. The next day he placed the hammer in the trunk of the car, deposited in a garbage can decedent’s shoes and pocketbook, which, together with the hammer, he had found in the back seat, and purchased a new set of slip covers, which he placed on the back seat the following morning to cover the bloodstains.
Decedent was discovered lying partly on the sidewalk and partly on the street by a passerby at about 11:30 p.m. The latter testified that she saw what appeared to be a green Studebaker maldng a right turn at the corner. Decedent was wearing a fur coat and a dress and was naked from the waist down. She was lying on her back moaning, moving her arms and legs, but not responding to questions, and was bleeding profusely from the head. She was removed to Coney Island Hospital at about 12:30 a.m., where efforts to save her life proved fruitless, and she died about three hours later. An autopsy was performed on the body and the cause of death was attributed to “ multiple lacerations of the scalp and face and multiple fractures of the skull, with cerebral lacerations and contusions, with hemorrhage ’ ’. The medical examiner who performed the autopsy enumerated 19 contusions, lacerations and abrasions, concluding that at least 19 blows were struck and possibly more, since “ one blow could be superimposed upon the other, and make it difficult to distinguish”. There was no evidence of abrasions, contusions or semen around decedent’s genitalia.
On Saturday, April 20th, three days after the homicide, two police officers interviewed defendant at his place of business.
Defendant took the stand in his' own behalf and testified that when decedent said “No, not yet”, he suddenly felt dizzy, experienced a pounding sensation in Ms head and started shaking. The next tMng he remembered was hearing a screeching of brakes and someone yelling at him, and he became aware of the fact that he was driving on the wrong side of the street and had had a near collision with a car approacMng from the opposite direction. A few minutes later, when he turned around to see if a car was behind him, he saw decedent in the back seat. He “ didn’t know what to do ” and “ figured I better take her home or take her some place ”. He remembered taking her out of the car and putting her on the curb, but did not remember whether she was breathing, moaning or bleeding at the time.
Defendant further testified that when he found the girl’s pocketbook in the car, he remembered that she had been with him the previous evening. He saw the spots on the seats and thought that he must have done something, so he disposed of the pocketbook in a garbage can and bought new seat covers to cover the stains. After hearing the details of the crime on the radio and reading them in the newspapers, he assumed that he had done it and hence initially lied to the police about his whereabouts, etc.
The defense sought to establish that defendant was a chronic epileptic, had suffered several violent “ fits ” in recent years, and had delivered the fatal blows while in the throes of another such violent seizure. Several witnesses testified to nine “ fits ” which they saw defendant suffer: one in 1952, six in 1953 and two in 1955, while in the Army. All but two or three were preceded by beer or liquor drinking and generally nothing to eat. The two seizures described in greatest detail were suffered in front of a moving picture theatre and at a church dance. One witness described the former as follows: “ Well, we were sitting there on the steps, talking, me and Tommy, and Tommy started
At the church dance, while conversing with a priest, defendant started shaking, fell to the ground, and struck the priest on the shoulder when the latter tried to help him. He was hitting his head and fists against the ground, swinging like a fighter at the people dancing and at anybody in front of him, and kicking and trying to fight off several people who were attempting to hold him down. A policeman handcuffed him to a bannister, but defendant continued swinging and smashed his other hand through a wire-glass window.
The other seven observed seizures occurred at a basketball game, in front of a luncheonette, at a party, twice in his fiancee’s home, in his army barracks, and outside a bar in Japan. Defendant’s behavior pattern was very similar: he would start shaking and swinging out violently before or after falling to the ground, foam at the mouth, and swing his arms wildly in all directions, striking out at anyone who came near him. On one occasion he struck a friend on the chin, and on another grabbed someone by the shirt and started tightening up on the collar. It would often take several people to hold him down, seven on one occasion. He broke out of a strait jacket during one fit, and out of a clothesline tied around him during another.
The violent stage generally lasted for 15 or 20 minutes or a half hour, and was followed by a period of confusion lasting anywhere from 15 minutes to several hours, during which time he could not be “reached”. When he came out of this confused state, he sometimes would remember nothing of what had transpired from the onset of the seizure through the period of confusion; at other times he would remember portions of what happened, such as shaking, swinging, passing out or throwing himself on the floor, hitting the floor with his hand, and people holding him down. He often asked what had happened and what he had done, and was provided with the details. He was taken to a hospital after most of these attacks, and both the civilian and military medical records diagnosed most of
Three medical experts testified for the defense: (1) Dr. John H. Taterka, a specialist in neurology and psychiatry. He was head of the epilepsy clinic at Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital, had treated thousands of epileptic cases, and was described by one of the other defense experts as “ one of the leading authorities on epilepsy in the world ”. (2) Dr. Albert A. La Verne, a specialist in psychiatry, but not a certified neurologist, whose qualifications included the position of senior psychiatrist at the Psychiatric Division of Bellevue. He had observed from 8 to 12 epileptic furor attacks during the course of his medical practice, and had treated some 200 or 300 epileptics. (3) Dr. Richard H. Hoffman, who had specialized in neuropsychiatry for some 40 years, had served, among other things, as psychiatric expert to four District Attorneys of Nassau County, appearing for the People in over 50 murder trials, and had observed at least six epileptic fits of the furor type.
These three experts examined defendant numerous times and, in accordance with recognized procedure for determining epilepsy, subjected him to a variety of physical, neurological and psychological tests. All these tests proved essentially negative, except for a condition of hyperinsulism (low blood sugar — direct opposite of diabetes), definite but mild evidence of intellectual deterioration and brain damage.
On October 11th, while the trial was in progress, they performed a so-called alcohol provocative test on defendant in Kings County Hospital. This was a “ standard test used in a suspected case of epilepsy ” and “ is what is called a provocative test in so far if the routine tests are negative [as they are in a substantial percentage of known epileptics] and we suspect epilepsy, then we use provocative agents for the purpose of triggering off a mild epileptic reaction ’ ’. It was accepted procedure to use alcohol as a provocative, and it was used here because defendant’s medical history showed that most of his seizures had occurred after drinking.
Defendant arrived at the hospital at about 2:45 p.m., and was placed in a half sitting position on a reclining chair. Electro
■ Nine minutes after he drank the second mixture he suffered a seizure. His lips started quivering, his left hand began shaking and the EE-G wires came off his head. His whole body then went into motion and he slid partially off the chair. He then started shaking his head very wildly and banged it against the chair. He became so violent that four correction officers could not hold him down and had to handcuff one of his arms to the chair. He fought these and other officers and shouted and screamed unintelligibly. His pupils were dilated and his reaction to light was sluggish. After this violent state subsided, defendant was bewildered and dazed. It was not possible to communicate with Mm for some 30 minutes, and he was confused and exhausted. Defendant was unable to remember anything that had transpired during the violent phase of the attack or during the period of confusion that followed.
Dr. Taterka diagnosed the seizure suffered by defendant as “ a combination of a grand mal spell * * * followed by or combined with a spell of rage, of 'furor ”. He explained that there were four main types of epilepsy: (1) grand mal, or the convulsive type which is characterized by total amnesia and during which the individual is flat on his back, completely helpless and unable to perform any skillful or co-ordinated movements; (2) petit mal, which is a mild spell of brief duration prevalent in children; (3) psychomotor, during which the patient is out of contact but has seemingly purposeful movements, and (4) thalamic or hypothalamic epilepsy, which “is characterized by strange attacks, fitting in no one of these patterns mentioned, and * * * rage or fury attacks, wMch may be combined with a convulsion ”. This type of epilepsy, “ recognized as a special form ”, is so named because it involves the thalamus, a “ very important structure ” at the bottom of the brain, wMch “ transmits sensation, feelings of pain, and touch”, and “also has to do with emotional reactions”,
In answer to hypothetical questions, each of the defense experts testified that he was reasonably certain that defendant suffered an epileptic attack of the hypothalamic type while in the back seat of the car with decedent, and that when he struck her with the hammer he was laboring from such a defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of his act or that it was wrong. Dr. Hoffman was of the opinion that defendant’s condition of hyperinsulism triggered the epileptic attack, V showing itself in a form which did not take the convulsive form, but the form of cerebral agitation spreading through into the emotional centers, and depriving him of reason, and putting him into a reflex condition where he acted without thinking, without feeling and without knowing.”
Two expert witnesses, neither of whom had ever examined defendant, testified for the People in rebuttal: (1) Dr. Melvin D. Yahr, a neurologist specializing in epilepsy, Associate Professor of Neurology at Columbia Hospital College of Physicians and Surgeons and Associate Attending Neurologist at the New York Neurological Institute, who saw 30 to 40 epileptics almost every week and was, among other things, epilepsy consultant for the State of New Jersey. (2) Dr. David Abrahamsen, a neuropsychiatrist who considered himself a specialist only in psychiatry, who had been connected with epilepsy clinics in Europe in the 1930’s and considered himself an expert on epilepsy “ as so far is concerned with crimes or offenses ” and who, among other things, had written several books dealing with the treatment and rehabilitation of criminals.
In answer to hypothetical questions, Dr. Yahr testified that he “ can not say from that whether [defendant] did have a seizure at that time, no ” (while in the back seat of the car
As the trial court properly instructed the jury, it was incumbent upon the People to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that, at the time he committed the homicidal assault, defendant knew the nature and quality of his act and that it was wrong (People v. Kelly, 302 N. Y. 512, 515). In the context of this case this meant that the People had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that, at the time he struck decedent, defendant was not in the throes of an epileptic furor attack, inasmuch as all the experts agreed that during such a seizure a person is incapable of forming an intent or premeditating, and since the uncontradicted. testimony of the defense experts was that a person suffering such an attack is laboring from such a defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of his act or that it is wrong.
The People relied principally on two items as proof that defendant did not strike decedent during an epileptic furor attack: (1) that a person suffering such an attack would not be capable of picking up a hammer, inflicting at least 19 well-aimed blows to the face and head of the victim, and thereafter (a period of about 40 minutes) drive a standard shift car a substantial distance. Dr. Abrahamsen emphasized that returning to the front seat after having struck decedent, starting the car, shifting, driving around and disposing of the body were all “ coordinated events ” which “ would absolutely contradict a seizure or a fit of any type ”. (2) Defendant’s statements to the authorities, insofar as they evidenced a memory of how and why he hit decedent, were inconsistent with a prime characteristic of any type of epileptic fit, namely, an inability to remember what happened during the seizure. In this connection, Dr. Abrahamsen testified that if defendant had had a genuine epileptic fit he would not have remembered picking up the hammer and hitting decedent as he said he did, and Dr. Yahr attributed his inability to state whether defendant had had a
So far as item (1) is concerned, even the defense experts conceded that during a grand mal seizure the person is flat on his back (here he would be in the back seat of the car), completely helpless and incapable of performing any co-ordinated movements; Drs. Taterka and La Verne testified that during the early stages of the seizure they induced, defendant absolutely could not have picked up a hammer and inflicted 19 blows. The nature of defendant’s past attacks, however, and the uncontradicted medical testimony from the only doctors who examined him established that he suffered from a type of epilepsy known scientifically as thalamic or hypothalamic, or what Dr. Yahr, one of the People’s experts, termed “focal seizures ”, characterized by wild and violent attacks fitting into no coherent pattern. Dr. Yahr himself testified that the closest thing to a positive test in determining epilepsy was “ the witnessing of a seizure by a trained observer ”. During a hypothalamic seizure, the person is capable of performing skillful, co-ordinated movements, and both Drs. Taterka and La Verne testified that, in the furor stage of the seizure they observed, defendant could have picked up a hammer and “ skillfully directed it in attacking any person, myself, or a correction officer, because he had no way of knowing whom he was hitting.” During this stage,1 ‘ It was a question of restraining this patient, to keep him from injuring ffimself or hurting others ” (emphasis supplied), and this is borne out by the character of his past seizures, when it took as many as seven persons to hold him down. Moreover, at the time defendant was alleged to have suffered the seizure on the night of the crime, he was sitting in close proximity to decedent in the back seat of a car, and the pattern of his former attacks is consistent with his having struck out violently at her.
As early as 1889, in People v. Barber (115 N. Y. 475, 489-490), this court recognized that an individual was capable of committing a homicide during an epileptic furor attack, and that the defense of insanity “was one most proper to be urged, and required most deliberate and careful consideration.” (See,
The weight of the evidence also supports the view that defendant was capable, during the post-epileptic eonfusional state following such an attack, of returning to the front seat of the car and driving it to the street where he disposed of the body. Both of the People’s experts conceded that this eonfusional state could include automatic-type behavior, and Drs. Taterka and La Verne testified unequivocally that the driving of a car was an automatic, reflex-type activity which was consistent with the eonfusional state of an epileptic rage attack. Dr. La Verne stated that one could start, shift and drive a car without having “ all of his faculties functioning and intact ”, since it required only “ recall reflex, automatic movement and behavior ”, and that “ it has been demonstrated in humans and animals, that complicated coordinated movements are done reflexly ’ ’. And Dr. Taterka testified: “I have seen cases where, for example, a taxi driver drove right through a spell ” (emphasis supplied).
The evidence which the People contend was most damaging to the defense claim of an epileptic seizure related to defendant’s statements to the police, insofar as they evidenced a recollection of how and why he struck decedent. Although an epileptic
An examination of defendant’s statements, however, shows that he had anything but a clear memory of how and why he committed the homicide. The only aspect of the assault he seemed to remember was picking up a tool—which he thought “must have been ” the hammer shown to him by the police — and swinging it, after he started to shake, when a “ funny feeling” came over him and he felt a pounding in his head. He did not remember what part of decedent’s body he hit or how many times — “all I know I was swinging”. As to why he hit her, the one theme that constantly recurred was that he “ didn’t know why ”. In the first question and answer statement, taken some 2% hours after the initial oral statement, defendant denied that decedent had said she was going to tell anybody about their lovemaking. He did answer “Yes” to the question ‘1 If she got out of the car she would tell people she knew about it, did you know that? ”, as he did to several other damaging leading questions; but in answer to the very next question: “ With that thought in mind as well as being angry and disappointed,, you picked the hammer up, isn’t that it? ”, he replied: “ I wasn’t angry; it was a feeling that got over me; I started to shake ”.
In the second question and answer statement, taken about 2 hours later, and which defendant repudiated on the stand, he said he hit decedent because he was angry and 1 ‘ knew that she would know who I was and probably tell somebody ”. Immediately after answering “Yes” to the question: “ And you hit her sufficiently to stop her from telling anybody? ”, he was asked: “Do you understand what I said? ”, whereupon he gave the limited answer “ I hit her. Yes.” Then in reply to the question: “ Why did you hit her? ”, he returned to the ever recurring theme, “ I don’t know. I just picked it up and hit her. ’ ’
“If anything emerges clearly from ” defendant’s account of what happened, “ it is a picture of a defendant who is actually
Although defendant testified that he had no memory of hitting decedent, his statements that he remembered swinging and hitting her are not necessarily inconsistent with his having suffered a hypothalamic fit. The testimony as to his past seizures showed that on at least one occasion he remembered “swinging”. The theory of the three defense experts was that he had had only partial amnesia, and, combining with this inference and suggestion from outside sources, had reconstructed what had probably happened, without having any actual memory of it. The People’s neurological expert, Dr. Yahr, “assumed it was possible” that a person, under the circumstances of this case, could, without actual memory, reconstruct what had happened and accept in his own mind the version as given him by the newspapers and the police. Defendant could of course recall all the events preceding his seizure; he subsequently learned that Patricia had been killed, he saw the blood spots in his car, and he could not help but conclude that he must have killed her.
Inasmuch as defendant’s “ memory ” of the actual assault was manifestly vague, and in light of the leading nature of many of the questions put to him and the fact that he was a high grade intellectual moron with an 80 I.Q., his statements as to returning to the front seat of the ear and driving it toward the “Nineties” seem to evidence a reconstruction of what probably happened, rather than a conscious recollection of events. He knew the girl had been in the car with him and actually remembered disposing of the body, after the screech of brakes and a near collision brought him back to a state of consciousness. The testimony as to his past seizures showed that he had been told of various acts of violence he had committed of which he had no memory, and here his interrogators confirmed what he had already learned from the radio and newspapers.
The fact that defendant inflicted at least 19 separate blows on the face and head of decedent reflects the uncontrollable rage pattern of an epileptic furor attack, rather than the premeditated action of a purposeful killer. The defense experts emphasized that the unusual violence thus displayed was suggestive of a furor attack. Dr. La Verne testified that a person in the throes of a furor attack “acts like a wild animal” (emphasis supplied), and Dr. Hoffman explained that “ a clonic reaction in an epileptic will make him hit, hit, hit, hit, hit, until the thing is over
Further evidence that defendant suffered a seizure was a ‘ ‘ tiny clue ’ ’ obtained by the defense experts after examining defendant under sodium amytal (popularly called truth serum), the validity of which they did not acknowledge but which gave them “ the determination to pursue [the] alcohol provocative test ” after the routine tests for epilepsy proved negative. During an amytal interview, as recounted by Dr. La Verne, defendant ‘ ‘ stated an actual description of an attack, and the way he described it was as follows: He was in the back seat with Pat Euland and she suddenly stated to him, 1 Tommy, why are you shaking? What’s wrong with, you? Are you sick? ’ He then grabbed my arm to demonstrate to me what she did to him. He grabbed my arm to steady—to apparently steady the arm that she had grabbed in the car * * *. She then stated to him, ‘ You’re talking crazy. You’re talking nonsense. What’s wrong with you?’” When defendant returned to consciousness he had no recollection of this conversation or of having suffered a spell in the car with, decedent. Dr. La Verne explained that while patients often give expres
Inasmuch as the trial court denied the prosecutor’s motion to strike this testimony from the record and ruled that the jury “ will consider it ”, it is part of the record before us and the People do not argue that the trial court’s ruling was in error. We find it difficult to ignore the fact that defendant always started “ shaking” at the outset of a seizure, and that every time anyone tried to help him he struck out violently at him.
Another suggestive feature of defendant’s epileptic history is that almost all of his attacks were preceded by drinking and nothing to eat. Whether defendant had 15 to 20 beers only on the night of the homicide, or, as he claimed, they were “ chased ” by an equal number of ryes, he still had quite a bit of alcohol in his system and had had nothing to eat since 11 o’clock in the morning. In the alcohol provocative test, defendant was given a lesser amount of alcohol than he claimed to have consumed on the night of the homicide, and Dr. Taterka testified that he would not have proceeded any differently in administering the test if defendant had had only beer. There was little doubt that the seizure induced in defendant was a genuine epileptic furor attack, as ‘ ‘ nobody, not even an expert, could simulate a hypothalamic attack ’ ’. Moreover, dilation of pupils and sluggishness to light could not “be simulated”. While Dr. Tahr testified that medical science did not know what caused epileptic fits, Dr. Taterka stated: “ There are many epileptics who will get spells most or only after alcohol. ’ ’
Finally, we come to the question of motive, proof of which in this case is inextricably bound up with proof of sanity and premeditation. As we said in the Barber case (115 N. Y. 475, 490, supra), “the question of motive was manifestly a most important consideration on the issue of insanity”, and we further noted (p. 486): “ It is a striking feature of the case, which arrests the attention at the outset, that no motive for the murder * * * was shown, and, indeed, that no reasonable suggestion of such motive is discoverable from the evi
On this appeal, the People rely solely on the second motive, as they argue that in the second question and answer statement ‘ ‘ he abandoned the futile effort to attribute the murder to passion or impulse and fully confessed that he had killed the girl with the intent and for the purpose of preventing her from disclosing to mutual acquaintances their amatory encounter * * * and his conduct therein.” (Emphasis in original.)
That defendant killed decedent to prevent a disclosure — as to which there is not the slightest evidence she ever threatened to make — does not strike us as plausible under the circumstances of this ease. Had defendant attempted to rape her, or if she was forcefully resisting his sexual advances, then his desire to prevent disclosure might arguably be a motive for murder. But the autopsy, as noted, showed no evidence of abrasions, contutions or semen around decedent’s genitalia, and the only evidence in the record of what transpired between the two in the car has already been referred to.
As noted, when decedent was found on the street at about 11:30 p.m., she was moaning and moving her arms and legs, and the woman who discovered her noticed a green car up ahead making a turn. Inasmuch as decedent entered defendant’s car about 10:25 p.m. and defendant stated that their lovemaking consumed about 20 minutes, it seems likely that the car observed was defendant’s green Ford. If defendant sought to make sure that decedent would not inform on him, one finds it difficult to explain why he would first inflict 19 blows and then leave his victim on a public street obviously alive.
The People cite the very brutality of the crime as probative of premeditation, relying upon a quotation from People v. Furlong (187 N. Y. 198, 210, supra). In that case, however, the defendant had provided himself with an iron bar, taken it to the apartment in question, and used it to commit the crime, the motive for which was clearly robbery. Here, as in the Barber case (115 N. Y. 475, 488, supra), “ There was apparently no preparation to commit the crime ”, as the hammer was always kept loose on the car floor in front of the back seat, along with other tools of defendant’s trade, and “ The evidence tends to show that he picked up the first implement at his hand with which to make the assault ”.
People v. Egnor (175 N. Y. 419) involved a homicidal assault by a convict upon a prison guard who “ had been severe and harsh in his treatment of the convicts under him ”, and towards whom defendant “ had manifested a vindictive and threatening
Here, in sharp contrast to Egnor, there was no reasonable suggestion of a motive, and no eyewitness testimony as to defendant’s conduct during or after the alleged attack. Defendant’s actions after the homicide were consistent with the postconfusional state of a furor attack, and the only doctors who examined him and had actually induced a seizure testified that he presently suffered from thalamic or hypothalamic epilepsy, which “ nobody, not even an expert, can simulate ”.
Our Constitution (N. Y. Const., art. VI, § 7) and section 528 of the Code of Criminal Procedure have vested in us the power to review the facts in a capital case, and that means “ that we shall examine the evidence to determine whether in our judgment it has been sufficient to make out a case of murder beyond a reasonable doubt” (People v. Crum, 272 N. Y. 348, 350; People v. Valletutti, 297 N. Y. 226, 231; People v. Williams, 292 N. Y. 297, 300; People v. Weiss, 290 N. Y. 160, 170; People v. Davino, 284 N. Y. 486, 488; see, also, People v. Becker, 210 N. Y. 274, 289). In the exercise of that power, and in the discharge of our duty “ to weigh the evidence and form a conclusion as to the facts ” (People v. Crum, 272 N. Y. 348, 350, supra), we have concluded that the conviction must be reversed and the jury’s verdict set aside. The finding that the defendant was sane at the time he is alleged to have committed the crime, as well as the finding of premeditation and deliberation, implicit in the jury’s verdict is, upon this record, contrary to the weight of the evidence.
In the Barber case (115 N. Y. 475, 491-492, supra), an expert witness was similarly allowed to testify that certain acts performed by defendant after the crime indicated that he had a conscious recollection of committing the crime which was inconsistent with his having suffered an epileptic furor attack. In ruling the questions and answers improper, we held (p. 492) that the “inferences to be drawn from the facts referred to in the questions were matters for the jury * * * and were not the subject of expert testimony”.
The above questions were particularly prejudicial because, at several other points in the trial, the court highlighted defendant’s attempts to conceal the crime and, in recounting Dr. Yahr’s testimony in its charge, it included the statement: 1 ‘ Efforts by a person to conceal physical evidence of things which allegedly occurred during the attack indicates that he has a recollection of what had transpired ’ ’. Thus, matters which had little if any probative value on the issue of insanity or premeditation might well have achieved a prejudicial significance in the minds of the jury.
Another instance of improper expert testimony, admitted over the vigorous objection of the defense, was Dr. Abrahamsen’s remarks (referring to the time when defendant made the state
Another error committed by the trial court which we regard as prejudicial is that he several times inaccurately informed the jury, both during the trial —over repeated objections by the defense — and in his charge, that Dr. Yahr had testified that defendant was not in the throes of an epileptic seizure at the time of the fatal assault. As heretofore pointed out, Dr. Yahr, in answer to a hypothetical question, had stated: “ I cannot say from that whether he did have a seizure at that time, no.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The only expert opinion that defendant did not suffer an epileptic seizure was that of Dr. Abrahamsen, who specialized in psychiatry and not neurology, and who so far as appears had not worked extensively with epileptics since the 1930’s. Dr. Yahr, on the other hand, was a neurologist who specialized in epilepsy, and his opinion on this question might thus have been considered more persuasive by the jury and accorded greater weight. The issue of insanity in this case ‘ ‘ required most deliberate and careful consideration” People v. Barber (supra, 115 N. Y., at pp. 489-490). By erroneously informing the jury that the People’s neurological expert had concluded that defendant did not suffer a seizure, the court may well have tipped the balance against defendant. This was crucial, for all the experts on both sides agreed that if defendant had a seizure he would have been unable to form an intent or to premeditate.
Another serious error in the charge occurred when, in recounting the testimony of Dr. Yahr, the court attributed to him the statement that the alcohol 1 ‘ provocative test may produce the same effect in normal people as it does in epileptics ”. Dr. Yahr did not so testify. What he did say was that “ alcohol was capable of producing abnormal brain waves in normal people [as well as epileptics] so that again you would have the difficulty of a test that does not have reliability” (emphasis
The observance of the seizure induced in defendant was a significant factor in the diagnosis made by the defense experts, and in their conclusion that on the night in question it was reasonably certain that he had suffered the same type of seizure. Furthermore, the prosecutor in his summation had characterized defendant’s reaction to the provocative test as that of a “ fighting drunk ”, and stressed the fact that all but two of defendant’s alleged epileptic attacks came after heavy drinking. The erroneous statement by the trial court not only cast doubt upon the defense testimony that the induced seizure was a genuine epileptic furor attack, but seriously undermined the probative force ■ of the expert opinions that defendant was legally insane. At least it might well have had such effect in the minds of the jury, and, viewed in this light, was most damaging to defendant.
Among other errors assigned, which we do not deem necessary to review, is the court’s failure to charge the jury, with the consent of defense counsel, that, in passing on the issues of intent, premeditation and deliberation, they could consider the defendant’s state of intoxication at the time of the homicide. Some of the members of the court are of the opinion that this too was prejudicial error, but, inasmuch as consideration of that question might lead to a difference of opinion among the majority, I shall express no view either way in this opinion.
The judgment of conviction should be reversed and a new trial ordered.
Concurrence Opinion
I do not agree that the judgment of conviction should be reversed because the evidence does not support the verdict of the jury insofar as it rejected the defense of insanity. My concurrence is based mainly on the ground that
Other errors, as the acceptance of opinion testimony dealing with matters not properly the subject of expert testimony (People v. Barber, 115 N. Y. 475, 492) and the inadvertent but inaccurate summaries of part of the expert testimony related in the charge, were prejudicial. Nonetheless, considered separately, they would not, in my opinion, constitute reversible error.
The issue of intoxication, on the other hand, was far too important to withhold from the jury. Here, the court barred the jury from considering “ whether such intoxication prevented the intent, premeditation and deliberation essential to constitute the crime of murder in the first degree ” (People v. Van Zandt, 224 N. Y. 354, 355).
The prosecution’s claim that the defendant is concluded by the deliberate action taken by his counsel is untenable. Counsel for the defense cannot usurp the power of the court nor disregard the historic role the judge plays in the trial of a case involving the life or liberty of a defendant. In our jurisprudence, the judge is a positive force in the administration of justice. In general, under our law, the judge is required to assist the jury throughout the trial. His most important duty, in particular, is to instruct the jury on the law. This responsibility is imposed on a judge presiding at a criminal trial by a specific statute. Section 420 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides in part that “ In charging the jury, the court must state to them, all matters of law which it thinks necessary for their information in giving their verdict ’ ’.
"Whenever there is a vital omission of a matter of law from the Trial Judge’s charge, the defendant is necessarily prejudiced as his rights have not been properly protected as mandated by the statute. In this case, when the court concluded that contrary to his “personal legal opinion” an instruction would not be given on the question of intoxication, he disobeyed the command of the statute. Since the evidence indicated that the defendant imbibed substantial quantities of alcoholic beverages while abstaining from food in the hours prior to the commission of the crime, the jury should have had the usual instruction that while voluntary intoxication does not render a criminal act any the less criminal, nevertheless ‘ ‘ Whenever the actual existence
It is well established that “ The statute permits any, not simply total, intoxication to be considered on the question of intent. (People v. Leonardi, 143 N. Y. 360; People v. Corey, 148 N. Y. 476.) It is for the jury to determine the extent of the intoxication and whether it had the effect to prevent the necessary intent, deliberation and premeditation ”. (People v. Gerdvine, 210 N. Y. 184, 186.) Where, as here, the prosecution in its summation, referring to the testimony in relation to the alcoholic episodes in the defendant’s past life, contended that the defendant was ‘1 fighting drunk ’ ’ and 1 ‘ showing an utter disregard * * * for everybody and everything ’ ’, the defendant was, as a matter of law, entitled to a charge on the [uestion of intoxication. Without such a warning, the jury could well regard the intoxication as a matter militating against • lie defendant on the issues of intent, premeditation and deliberation. This view of an uninstructed jury of the relative evidentiary weight of the proof of intoxication would, of course, be contrary to law. Hence the Trial Judge disregarded his statutory duty in acceding to the request of defense counsel to dispense with any charge in respect to the evidence of intoxication. By so doing, he deprived the defendant of the protection of a fundamental right guaranteed by law.
However, I am unable to concur in the conclusion that the verdict of the jury is against the weight of the evidence. The defendant was the only eyewitness to the crime. The testimony of the defendant and his witnesses was offered to counterbalance the evidence given concerning the confessions of premeditated murder, the false alibi and the spoliation of the evidence. There was, therefore, a fair question of fact based on conflicting evidence. The opinion evidence of the expert witnesses could, at most, give rise to conflicting inferences. “ Under such circumstances, argument based upon scattered gleanings” from the testimony of the experts cannot prove that the weight of evidence is with the defense (see People v. Sherwood, 271 N. Y.
“ The jurors had the witnesses before them and, in listening to their testimony, could observe the manner, in which they gave it. They could determine not only the credibility of the witnesses, but, also, the reliance to be placed upon the testimony, in the light of the opportunities and of the facts, which formed the basis for the opinions expressed. The issue was for them to decide and the court should not invade their province and interfere with their decision ” (People v. Egnor, 175 N. Y. 419, 425, 426). Certainly this must be so when the conclusion and opinion of the defendant’s expert witnesses are not only contradicted by opposing conclusions and opinions held by the People’s expert witnesses, but also when they include admissions by defendant’s experts that, during an epileptic seizure, physical conditions occur which would render the victim of the seizure powerless to act because of the violence of the movements of the epileptic’s body during the furor stage of the attack and because of the listlessness present during the post furor stupor. Hence the issue of the defendant’s sanity was a clear question of fact and a proper subject for determination by the jury. This court should not indirectly by a reversal seek to coerce the jury into crediting the opinion testimony of the defendant’s experts and discrediting the testimony of the People’s experts. The values of the opinion evidence given by competing physicians cannot be certified to by this court even in a capital case. Such a determination, under our laws, is for the jury to make; not for this court. By the reversal this court is ostensibly placing a higher testimonial value on opinions based on assumed and simulated conditions than on the voluntary statements given by the only eyewitness, the defendant. If the appellate courts arrogate to themselves the power to decide cases on the respective weights of opinion evidence divorced from the other evidence in a case, the verdicts of the juries will be hereafter judicially treated, in effect, as merely advisory in defiance of the constitutional privilege and without appropriate constitutional amendment or legislative action
Dissenting Opinion
I am unable to agree that this judgment of conviction should he reversed and a new trial ordered on either the ground advanced in the majority opinion that the verdict of guilt was against the weight of the evidence as to the issue of insanity or on the ground that prejudicial error was committed when the trial court acceded to the request made by counsel for the defense not to charge the jury on the question of intoxication.
However, I do concur with my colleague, Judge Burke, that the weight of the evidence supports the verdict of the jury and that the opinion evidence of the experts, at most, gave rise only to conflicting inferences which were properly left to the jury to decide.
During this prolonged trial, the very able and experienced counsel for the defendant (who had been chosen by him in the first instance and later assigned by the court) conducted his defense on the theory that, at the time of committing the homicide, the defendant was laboring under such a defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of his act or not to know that the act was wrong, which defect in reason had been induced by the sudden onslaught of an epileptic rage or furor. During the trial, testimony was received from witnesses for the People and for the defense, including the defendant himself, that at various times and places during the course of the afternoon and evening immediately preceding the homicide the defendant had imbibed in an undisclosed amount of beer and whiskey. Defense counsel minimized the drinking and at no time alluded to intoxication for the very good reason, no doubt, that such a claim might well have diverted the attention of the jury and jeopardized acceptance of the key defense based on the epileptic seizure, since a jury may take intoxication into consideration in determining the purpose, motive and intent with which the accused acted (Penal Law, § 1220).
Exclusion of intoxication as a defense element did not rest solely on a matter of trial tactics, but was grounded on a practical view of the evidence. All of the witnesses, for the People and for the defense, as well as the defendant himself, agreed that he was not intoxicated; in fact, during all the time mentioned his movements and his conduct negated a statement of intoxication. He drove his car from place to place with com
To avoid creating any confusion in the minds of the jury, with their carefully planned defense strategy, counsel with insistent deliberation expressly requested the court not to charge the jury on the question of intoxication. The court acceded to their request and did not charge intoxication. Notwithstanding this state of the trial record, the appellant now urges that it was nonetheless the duty of the Judge to charge intoxication “in the interests of justice ”. This turnabout in defense tactics is indeed difficult, if not impossible to reconcile, since we are not dealing with a situation wherein incompetent counsel have failed to recognize an inadequate charge and to take proper steps to correct it. The question of intoxication was not charged because of the insistent demand of counsel. The charge as made adequately placed before the jury the carefully planned defense strategy based on the epileptic episode for that, in their considered opinion, undoubtedly offered the best chance of checkmating the charge of premeditated murder.
In such posture of the record, I do not believe that the trial court could with propriety refuse the defense counsel’s request not to charge the jury on the question of intoxication. It was rather a recognition of the rig'hts of the defendant to have Ms case tried in reliance on the experience and skill of Ms able counsel. This right may not and should not be circumscribed or restricted by the court.
Nor do I think that acceding to the request of defense counsel amounted to a denial of a fundamental right. As we read Peoples. Van Zandt (224 N. Y. 354) and People v. Koerber (244 N. Y. 147), relied on by the appellants, we note a distinction, In Van Zandt, for instance, no request for a charge on intoxication was made, although there was evidence of intoxication,
Nothing turns on the contention that the defendant himself did not personally state that he acquiesced in the request of his counsel not to charge intoxication. It is not at all analogous to the requirement that the defendant’s consent be had before exhibits in the cause may be sent to the jury room (Code Grim. Pro., § 425).
In my opinion, the judgment of conviction should be affirmed.
Judges Desmond, Fund and Van Voorhis concur with Judge Froessel; Judge Burke concurring for reversal in a separate opinion in which Judges Froessel and Van Voorhis concur only insofar as it concerns the failure to charge the law regarding the effect of intoxication; Judge Dye dissents in a separate opinion; Chief Judge Conway dissents and votes to affirm.
Judgment reversed and a new trial ordered.