64 N.Y.S. 433 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1900
The defendant was indicted jointly with three others, but tried alone, charged with extorting $200 from Eev. Father Fidelis C. Oberholzer on the 21st of June, 1897. .The gravamen of the accusation- is that three of the men indicted became acquainted with this Catholic priest, who had quite a sum of money laid . by; that after three or four meetings on' unimportant matters the- present defendant and McIntyre professed that they had caught him in a compromising attitude with the defendant -Williams, and charged him with the disgusting crime of sodomy; that they unsuccessfully tried to extort from him a check for $2,500 ; that on that same evening, which was June eighteenth, by preconcerted arrangement, the ■defendant and Williams and McIntyre went to the residence of Oberholzer and obtained $250 from him, and on June twenty-first $200. The threats used from the first were public exposure by the publication of his alleged crime in the newspapers. The weak old man, if his story be true, succumbed to these threats and paid these sums of money, although repudiating the charge made. The indict
There had been one trial against McIntyre in the same court, and the county judge presiding knew the filthy character of the testimony which would be presented. After the jury had been secured the court announced “ that on account of the character of the testimony which it is reasonable to expect from this case, persons who have no business before the court or any connection with this case will be excluded from the court room. I make no exceptions to this rule.” Whereupon the counsel for the defendant asked if this order extended to representatives of the press, and the court said: “ I see no reason why the account of this case should be published.” 'The counsel for the defendant excepted and asked tor a public trial as prescribed by the Constitution- and the bill of rights and the Code, * * * and * f * that any citizen who desires to attend the trial may do so, so long as there is room for him in the -court room.” The following then occurred: “ The Court: If your client has some especial, friend that he wishes to have sit by him during this trial, I have no objection to such person remaining in the court room; but the disgusting and revolting character of the testimony which was brought out on the last trial is such that the public good requires the exclusion of all spectators during the course of this ■trial, and the court takes-the responsibility of keeping out the crowd. If there is any one you wish to have here as company for your client, that person may remain. Mr. Williams: I quite agree with your
During the trial persons were admitted on the suggestion of the defendant’s counsel, and the court made it plain that any people the defendant desired to attend would not be excluded. The affidavits of the attendants disclosed that at all times during this trial, which occupied six days, there were from ten to fifty persons present in the court room aside from- the witnesses and those actually engaged in the trial. A part of the testimony adduced was reeking in its nastiness and, certainly, if the ruling of the court in excluding those, who from morbid curiosity desired to be present, is not in violation of the law, it should be sustained as it was in the interest of good morals and decency.
While the 6th amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury,” yet it has been held that this amendment applies to the United States courts alone and not to the courts of the State and is not in restriction of the powers of the State governments. (Matter of Sawyer, 124 U. S. 200, 219 ; Spies v. Illinois, 123 id. 131, 166.)
But it has been embodied in the laws of' each State as one of its fundamental provisions that a speedy and public trial shall be accorded to every person under indictment. .Section 8 of the Code of Criminal Procedure among other things provides: “ In a criminal action the defendant is entitled : 1. To a speedy and public trial.” And section 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure is as follows: “ The sittings of every court within this State .shall be public, and every ; citizen may freely attend the same, except that in all proceedings and trials in cases for divorce on account of adultery, seduction, abortion, rape, assault with intent to commit rape, criminal conversation and
If a literal interpretation is to be given to these provisions, then the trial judge is utterly without any discretion whatever aside from the excepted cases. Whoever desires to come into court, however revolting may be the evidence adduced, the doors must swing inward to him. School children; the street urchins; girls of immature years,-may drink in and become poisoned by the lustful details wormed from the witnesses. That the protection of a public trial must be given to every defendant charged with a crime is obvious. JSTo court in this nation has ever held otherwise, so far as I am able to ascertain. That principle must be upheld unimpaired, but its retention does not entirely wrest from the trial judge the discretion to conduct the trial in such wise as to be consonant with good morals and common decency and in an orderly manner. If a man is maudlin drunk or a disturber of the decorum that should prevail, the court may order him to be ejected. (Chrisfield v. Perine, 15 Hun, 200 ; affd., 81 N. Y. 622.) If school children are in attendance and the witness begins a recital of a lascivious story, the judge must have the right to exclude these children. A suggestion might accomplish it. If not, the power to expel them must exist. If the court does not possess that power, then it has no right to obtain the result by suggestion. It cannot gain by indirection what it lacks the authority to do directly. If their exclusion is an interference with a legal or constitutional right of the defendant, the vice inheres whether the court room is vacated by the polite intimation of the presiding judge or by his peremptory order.
Courts and text writers have been prone to give a rigid interpretation to the necessity of a public trial, but it is patent that they have not gone to the extent of wholly divesting the trial judge of an intelligent discretion where public decency demands it. Judge Cooley says, in his work on Constitutional Limitations (at p. 379, 6th ed.): “ It is also requisite that the trial b% ■ public. By this is not meant that every person who sees fit shall in all cases be permitted to attend criminal trials, because there are many cases where, from the character of the charge and the nature of the evidence by which it is to be supported, the motives to attend the trial on the
In Abbott’s Trial Brief, Criminal Causes (§ 157), the rule is thus stated : “ The exclusion by the court of all persons other than those interested in the case, where, from the character, of the charge and nature of. the evidence, public morality would be injuriously affected, does not violate the right to a public trial.” (See, also, § 156; Grimmett v. State, 22 Tex. App. 36; State v. Brooks, 92 Mo. 542; 1 Bishop New Crim. Proc. § 959.)
The indictment is supposed to recite the facts, constituting the crime of which the defendant is accused. If, however, the facts are revolting in their obscenity, they need not be 'set out in the indictment, (People v. Kaufman, 14 App. Div. 305.) Publicpolicy requires their suppression as far as may be consistent with the rights of the accused.’
Two things are engrafted -on our Code of Criminal Procedure (§ 8, subd. 1) for the benefit of the defendant — a spee&y trial and a public trial. To make effectual the former requirement thé court must necessarily exercise its discretion. What constitutes a speedy trial is not fixed by the statute in days or months. It depends upon the circumstances of each particular case. It is-left with the court to determine whether that important right has been denied to the defendant. By jiarity of reasoning the court must decide whether or not the defendant has been denied a public trial. That is a term of some elasticity as well as the othei. In a time of political or local excitement, if the trial judge permitted the court room to be packed
Again, section 5 of the Code of Oivil Procedure, quoted above, distinctly gives the court the power to exclude from the court room all persons “ who are not directly interested therein, excepting jurors, witnesses and officers of the court,” in certain specified cases. It will be observed that the cases enumerated are those in which the testimony is apt to be too indecent for the public to hear. They also include all those of that type which are tried in the courts except in very infrequent instances. The object of these exceptions was in the interest of public morals, and the intent probably was to include all cases in which testimony of an obscene character was likely to be given. Careful as oar lawmakers have always been of the rights of the defendant, by this section the court is expressly vested with the ■ authority to exclude people generally from the trial. The present case is within the spirit of this statute. The reason that warrants the exclusion of the prying curiosity seekers in an action for divorce exists in this action.
The county judge had in mind the necessity of a public trial. He was insistent in stating that any friends of the defendant would be admitted or any one that his counsel suggested. The reason for his order was again and again made plain — that it was in consequence of the salacious details which were to be presented and not with any view of hampering the defendant or creating sentiment
It is contended on behalf of the defendant that it was error to receive evidence of the transactions or ’statements of the original co-defendants occurring after June twenty-first. The evidence justifies the conclusion that these men were engaged jointly with a concerted purpose to filch money from the complainant. This did not' relate solely to the specific offense set out in the indictment, but it was a continuing design to blackmail, and that was carried, on after June twenty-first. It was during the execution of this fell purpose that the acts and declarations now complained of were done or uttered. It-is elementary that the declarations of each conspirator, are admissible against his confederates when they were made during the execution and in furtherance of their common design. (1 Greenl. Ev. [16th ed.] § 184; People v. Peckens, 153 N. Y. 576, 595.)
The extortion of the money charged in the indictment was -one fact, one element, in the general purpose to wrest money from Oberholzer. These conspirators continued to carry out this purpose for several days after the act of extortion, which is the subject-matter of the indictment. Whatever they did, although after this specific offense, during this period is in .the fulfillment of their design, arid is admissible against each one who is proved tó be á confederate. (People v. Peckens, 153 N. Y. 594, 595, supra; Card v. State, 109 Ind. 415, 418; Abb. Trial Brief Crim. Cas. § 547.) Fitzgerald’s connection with the scheme is shown by abundant evidence, so' that his letter comes within the rule 'stated. (Seville v. State, 49 Ohio St. 117.)
We have examined the other exceptions urged by the defendant’s counsel, but do'not deem them of sufficient- importance to call for any separate discussion.
The judgment is affirmed.
•All concurred.
Judgment on conviction and order denying motion for a new trial affirmed, and proceeding remitted to the clerk of Monroe county pursuant to section 547' of the Code of Criminal Procedure.