THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF COLORADO v. LEE GURULE
No. 25191
Supreme Court of Colorado
Decided September 20, 1971
488 P.2d 889
ROLLIE R. ROGERS, State Public Defender, RANDOLPH M. KARSH, Deputy, for defendant-appellee.
En Banc.
MR. JUSTICE LEE delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an interlocutory appeal by the Pеople from an unfavorable ruling which granted defendant‘s motion to suppress evidence. We reverse the trial court‘s ruling.
The facts are clearly set forth in the trial court‘s findings, as follows:
“THE COURT: The Court is going to find, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, that on the date of October 16, 1969, at approximately the hour of 3:10 A.M. in the morning, Officer[s] Frazzini and Ives were on 14th Avеnue westbound. The Defendant was on 14th Avenue eastbound, and as the two cars passed Officer[s] Frazzini and Ives believed they recognized the Defendant from a Police Bulletin that they had sеen some two months prior where the Defendant was wanted for an assault and battery and failure to appear.
“The officer made a U-turn, went after the Defendant‘s car, and turned on their red signal light and stopped the Defendant at 14th and Java Court. The police car was stopped behind the Defendant‘s vehicle.
“That the Defendant stepped from the car and was placed into the custody of Ives and taken to the police car, that Offier Frazzini had ahold of the open door that the defendant alighted from while he was being removed to the police car, and Officer Frazzini noticed a kleenex box in front of the front seat and below the steering wheel on the driver‘s side, and he observеd an opening in the Kleenex box and observed a plastic baggy containing a greeny-brownish substance together with wheat-straw paper.
“He removed the plastic baggy togethеr with the wheat-straw paper and started back to the police car, and the Defendant broke and ran and was apprehended and was placed under arrest for having in his рossession what was believed to be a narcotic drug, namely cannibus [sic].”
The court concluded that defendant was under arrest at the time he was stopped and ordered from his car to the police car for an identification check; that no probable cause to arrest then existed; that the seizure of the suspected marijuana was incident to an invalid arrest; and that the motion to suppress as a matter of law must be granted.
The People do not challenge the findings of the court, which were supported by substantial evidenсe. However, the People contend that the court misapplied the law. We agree and hold that the court erred in granting the motion to suppress.
The court did not have the benefit of Stone v. People, 174 Colo. 504, 485 P.2d 495 (1971), wherein the matter of temрorary detention for questioning was discussed. In
“In order lawfully to detain an individual for questioning, (1) the officer must have a reasonable suspicion that the individual has committed, or is about to cоmmit, a crime; (2) the purpose of the detention must be reasonable; and (3) the character of the detention must be reasonable when considered in light of the purpose.”
True, undеr the circumstances of this case, probable cause for the arrest of the defendant did not exist at the time he was stopped and detained. The defendant was not in fact thеn believed to be engaged in criminal activity or about to engage in criminal activity, and no reasonable cause existed to so believe. However, as stated in Stone, supra, there is an area of proper police practice in which less than probable cause may still justify temporary detention for questioning. Such was the case here.
As measured by the Stone criteria, the officers by reason of the recent (two months old) police bulletin had cause to suspect that defendant had committed the offenses of assault and battery and failure to aрpear. Secondly, the purpose of the detention was to question the defendant as to his identification to determine if he was still wanted, certainly a reasonable purpose consistent with sound police procedures. And, lastly, the character of the detention, asking defendant for evidence of his identification and to remain in the police сar while his identification check was made at headquarters, was reasonable when considered in light of the purpose of the detention.
We hold that a person suspectеd of being wanted for violation of a law, by reason of a recent police bulletin so indicating, may be reasonably detained for questioning concerning his identification and for dеtermining whether such person is still wanted at the time of the detention.
The detention here being lawful, the “plain view” doctrine relating to contraband is applicable and seizure
The ruling is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings consonant with the views announced herein.
MR. JUSTICE ERICKSON dissenting.
MR. JUSTICE ERICKSON dissenting:
I respectfully dissent.
In my opinion, the defendant was placed under arrest without probable cause. The threshold question in every case is whether probable cause exists to makе an arrest. We may have camouflaged this important consideration in Stone v. People, 174 Colo. 504, 485 P.2d 495 (1971). The three-fold test enunciated by the Court in the Stone case does not grant the police a carte blanche right to arrest without probable cause.
Although the majority opinion characterizes the police action in this case as a stop, rather than an arrest, the well-reasoned decision in McGee v. United States, 270 A.2d 348 (D.C.App. 1970), clearly indicates that the defendant in this case had been placed under arrest. In the McGee case, a police officer stopped the defendant and, after obtaining his driver‘s license, asked him to step out of the car and into the custody of a fellow officer. In holding that McGee had been placed under arrest, the court said:
“An arrest occurs at the point in time when the оfficer has effectively restrained the defendant and he is cognizant of that restraint, not necessarily that point in time when the officer formally declares that the accused is undеr arrest. . . .”
Likewise, there can be no question that the defendant in this case was arrested without probable cause.
“An arrest may be made by an officer . . . without warrant, for a criminal offense committed in his presence; and by an officer when a criminal offense hаs in fact been committed and he has reasonable ground for believing that the person to be arrested has committed it.”
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, no evidence was presented to show that a criminal offense had been committed by the defendant in the officers’ presence; nor was any evidence presented which showed that a criminal offense had in fact been committed at some other time and that the police officers had reasonable grounds for believing that the defendant had committed it. In fact, aftеr a full hearing, the trial court concluded: (1) That there is no right to search unless there is probable cause to arrest and the only probable cause present herein was that two months prior to the event in question police officers had seen on a bulletin that defendant was wanted but there was no explanation as to how these bulletins work or whether they were changed from time to time; (2) There was no evidence that at the time defendant was stopped he was wanted by the police; (3) There was no evidence that at the time defendant was stopped he was asked for his identification but the evidence is clear from Frazzini‘s testimony that he asked defendant to alight from the car and step to the police car while an I.D. check was run; (4) At the time defendant was asked to alight from the car he was under arrest at a time in which there was no probable grounds
In reversing the trial court, the majority opinion relies on Stone v. People, supra, after conceding that probable cause did not exist for an arrest. If Stone permits an arrest to be made without probable cause under the guise of interrogation, then I would conclude that we went too far when we created the Stone area.