791 N.E.2d 134 | Ill. App. Ct. | 2003
The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Lemark GREEN, Defendant-Appellant.
Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, First Division.
*135 *136 Richard A. Devine, Cook County State's Attorney (Renee Goldfarb, Margaret J. Campos, Kimberly A. Hamlin, Assistant State's Attorneys, of counsel), for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Michael J. Pelletier, Deputy Defender (Gordon H. Berry, Assistant Appellate Defender, of counsel), for Defendant-Appellant.
Justice SMITH[1] delivered the opinion of the court:
Following a jury trial, Lemark Green was convicted of two counts of attempt (first-degree murder) and one count of aggravated discharge of a firearm. The trial judge sentenced Green to concurrent prison terms of 30 years for each of the attempt counts and an extended concurrent term of 25 years for the single count of aggravated discharge of a firearm, with credit for time served. Green now appeals *137 his convictions, asserting that the State failed to prove the elements of the charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. Green also claims that the trial court committed reversible error both in barring the admission of certain evidence ostensibly supporting the defense theory of a police "frame-up," as well as in imposing an extended-term sentence on the aggravated discharge of a firearm count. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and reverse in part.[2]
Evidence adduced at trial demonstrates that on October 1, 1997, after receiving an informant's tip that a produce stand on Ogden Avenue would be burglarized, Chicago police officers Daniel DeLopez and Mark Zawila of the Area Four mission team conducted stationary undercover surveillance of the produce stand. The officers were wearing jeans and black hooded sweatshirts with their hoods pulled up and were sitting in a "covert" (nonpolice) vehicle, a blue Pontiac Sunbird. Zawila sat in the driver's seat, DeLopez in the front passenger seat. The Sunbird was parked in a lot located at 643 North Ogden Avenue. The car was facing and perpendicular to the street, with the front end of the car approximately 8 to 10 feet from the curb. The street was well-lit.
Two other Chicago police officers assigned to the Area Four mission team, Baudilio Lopez and Jacob Galavan, were conducting mobile surveillance of the produce stand from a "covert" white Buick, with Lopez driving and Galavan in the front passenger seat. Lopez and Galavan were also dressed in jeans and black hooded sweatshirts with the hoods pulled up. Around 11 p.m., Lopez and Galavan drove northbound on Ogden Avenue and approached the parking lot where DeLopez and Zawila were parked. Lopez pulled onto the sidewalk so that the white Buick was perpendicular to the blue Sunbird and parallel to Ogden Avenue, with the driver's door of the Buick approximately two to three feet from the curb. The front ends of the two vehicles were approximately one to two feet apart.
Galavan rolled down the passenger side window and began speaking with DeLopez and Zawila. About 30 seconds later, a brown Oldsmobile approached the parked cars in the northbound lane of Ogden Avenue nearest the curb. Because they were facing right, toward the blue Sunbird, Lopez and Galavan did not see the Oldsmobile approaching from their left rear. DeLopez and Zawila observed the brown Oldsmobile slow to 5 to 10 miles per hour and saw defendant Green lean out of the passenger window and extend his hand. The officers saw that Green was holding a small-caliber semiautomatic pistol. As Green's car passed the white Buick, Green fired four to five times in the direction of the officers. Green's car never came to a complete stop. Green's car then fled northbound on Ogden Avenue with both of the police vehicles in pursuit.
DeLopez notified the 911 communications center that shots had been fired at police officers. The officers pursued Green's car as it turned left onto Milwaukee Avenue and left again onto Chicago Avenue, moving approximately 50 to 55 miles per hour. Green's car then attempted to turn left onto Ada, but was prevented from doing so by a marked squad car moving along Ada in the opposite direction. *138 Green's car veered back onto Chicago Avenue and then turned left onto Noble Street, where it was stopped by another marked squad car. The two "covert" cars pulled in behind Green's, with several other marked squad cars arriving within moments.
Green and the driver of the brown Oldsmobile, Eric Fields, both exited the vehicle as it stopped. Green fled toward the sidewalk. Zawila and DeLopez pursued Green on foot. DeLopez reached Green first, tackling Green and pushing him into a parked car. Zawila then joined in DeLopez's attempt to subdue Green, who was struggling violently. Lopez and Galavan also assisted in the struggle; together, the officers were finally able to handcuff Green. Green continued to resist and rolled on the ground, kicking his legs and shouting obscenities. As Green was taken to a waiting police wagon, DeLopez noticed that Green was bleeding from his head. Galavan and Lopez conducted an initial search of the Oldsmobile but were unable to locate the pistol used in the shooting.
Officers Castaneda and Burmisterz, also assigned to the Area Four mission team, responded to the "shots fired" call. Castaneda was assigned to search for weapons in the area around the shooting scene but found no weapons. Castaneda then went to the Noble Street location where the Oldsmobile had been stopped and was told to search the vehicle. During his search, Castaneda noticed that a plastic panel between the driver's side doors was pulled out from the sidewall of the Oldsmobile approximately one-half inch. Castaneda pulled on the exposed edge of the plastic and a small semiautomatic pistol fell onto the back floor of the car. The pistol was left in place for forensic recovery.
Around 11:40 p.m., forensic investigator Officer Joseph Dunigan and his partner were called in to analyze the scene of the shooting. Dunigan observed expended pistol cartridge cases in the street along the curb at 643 North Ogden Avenue. Dunigan also found a cartridge case and a portion of a spent bullet along a wrought-iron fence at the rear of the lot where the "covert" police cars were parked. Dunigan and his partner photographed the entire area and all of the firearm evidence in situ. Dunigan then recovered the spent casings and the bullet fragment, which he determined to be .25-caliber. Dunigan placed the spent casings and the bullet fragment in a Chicago police department envelope, which he then sealed and initialed.
Dunigan also examined certain vehicles present at the shooting scene. He inspected a camper, a van, a construction crane and DeLopez and Zawila's blue Pontiac Sunbird, which a detective had returned to the shooting scene after Green was in custody. Dunigan determined that both the crane and the Sunbird had sustained probable bullet damage. The crane had a dent in the metal door facing Ogden Avenue and the Sunbird had a cylindrical gouge on the front of the passenger-side windshield, which had also been facing Ogden Avenue.
Dunigan next went to the scene of Green's arrest to process the brown Oldsmobile. Dunigan photographed the vehicle, searched it and recovered the .25-caliber semi-automatic pistol from the floor of the rear seat area. He removed the magazine from the pistol, determined that it was empty, and prepared it for analysis.
Tonia Brubaker, a forensic scientist for the Illinois State Police, analyzed the pistol and the firearm evidence recovered from the shooting scene. Brubaker determined conclusively that the bullet fragment and the expended cartridge casings recovered from the shooting scene were fired from the .25-caliber semi-automatic pistol recovered *139 from the brown Oldsmobile in which Green had been riding.
Green testified at trial and offered an entirely different account of the events of that evening. Green stated that around 10:40 p.m., Fields arrived at Green's apartment at 725 North Ada, where Green was living with Vanessa DeRussy. Fields and Green left in Fields' brown Oldsmobile with the eventual goal of visiting a friend at Norwegian Hospital; however, they first went to look for Juan Renteria in the neighborhood of Green's apartment. They were unable to locate Renteria, so Green asked Fields to take him to meet DeRussy at a local gas station near the intersection of Grand and Armour. Green testified that while he and Fields were parked at a stop sign at the intersection, a white Buick Skylark rear-ended the Oldsmobile. Both the driver and the passenger of the Buick were wearing sweatshirts with the hoods pulled over their heads. Fields asked the occupants of the Buick for insurance information. The occupants did not respond; instead, they "stared down" Fields and Green. The passenger of the Buick then threw garbage at Fields' car through the window of the Buick, after which the Buick drove off. Green testified that the car had neither license plates nor a city sticker. Fields then engaged in a high-speed pursuit, chasing the Buick several blocks and through at least one red light. The Buick finally turned northbound onto Ogden Avenue and, after a few more blocks, pulled abruptly onto the sidewalk on the right side of the street, ending up perpendicular to a blue Pontiac Sunfire that was parked in a lot at that location. Green stated that as he and Fields pulled up next to the white Buick, the driver of the Buick extended his arm out of the window and was holding a gun in his hand. Green and Fields both ducked down, and Fields drove off with the Buick and the Pontiac in close pursuit. Fields turned left onto Milwaukee Avenue and left again onto Chicago Avenue. Green testified that he asked Fields to take him home, but as they attempted a left turn onto Ada, a marked squad car was coming up Ada from the opposite direction. Fields then pulled back onto Chicago Avenue with the squad car falling into place behind Fields' car. The squad car then turned on its roof lights, at which point Fields took the next possible left turn onto Noble Street and stopped. Another squad car on Noble then blocked in the front end of Fields' car.
Green testified that uniformed officers then exited the squad car in front of Fields' Oldsmobile with guns drawn and pointed at himself and Fields. Green raised his hands, at which point plainclothes officers, also with guns drawn, opened the driver's side door of the Oldsmobile and commanded Fields to exit the vehicle. When Fields stepped out, one of the officers forced Fields to his knees, removed the magazine from his pistol and struck Fields in the mouth with the pistol. Another officer attempted to open the passenger door, which was locked, and commanded Green to unlock the door. When Green exited the car, a plainclothes officer cuffed Green's left wrist, pulled it behind his back and reached to immobilize Green's right hand. As he did so, Officer Solis ran up and punched Green in the face. Green then stated that he was pushed to the ground, where Officer Delatorre kicked him between the legs. Galavan then began to choke Green, and other officers repeatedly struck Green as he lay on the ground. Another officer then lifted Green to his feet by his handcuffs and walked him across the street to a waiting paddy wagon. Green began to scream out his name, at which point an unidentified officer struck him and told him to remain quiet. When officers put Green in the *140 paddy wagon, DeLopez entered the wagon behind him and struck Green about the head with a flashlight 15 to 17 times.
Green then testified that officers took him to the Harrison and Kedzie police station, where he was processed and taken to a hospital for treatment consisting of a total of 40 stitches to his chin and the back of his head. He was then returned to the police station. At trial, Green denied any involvement in the shooting incident.
1. Sufficiency of Evidence
Green first contends that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of two counts of attempt (first-degree murder) and one count of aggravated discharge of a firearm. This court recently addressed the proper standard of review of a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence supporting a criminal conviction:
"`A criminal conviction will not be set aside on review unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant remains. [Citation.] Upon a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence of a defendant's guilt, it is not the function of this court to retry the defendant. [Citation.] Rather, determinations of the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence are responsibilities of the trier of fact. [Citation.] In the consideration of a defendant's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant question is whether, after viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.]'" People v. Coleman, 311 Ill.App.3d 467, 473, 244 Ill. Dec. 79, 724 N.E.2d 967 (2000), quoting People v. McLaurin, 184 Ill.2d 58, 79, 234 Ill.Dec. 399, 703 N.E.2d 11 (1998). See also People v. Thompson, 313 Ill. App.3d 510, 515, 246 Ill.Dec. 438, 730 N.E.2d 118 (2000). In order to support a conviction for attempt (murder), the State must establish beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) the defendant performed an act constituting a "substantial step" toward the commission of murder, and (2) the defendant possessed the criminal intent to kill the victim. People v. Carroll, 260 Ill. App.3d 319, 329, 197 Ill.Dec. 696, 631 N.E.2d 1155 (1992).
On appeal, Green does not dispute either the State's characterization of his act of firing a pistol four to five times in the direction of the officers sitting in the "covert" police cars as a "substantial step" toward the commission of murder or the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury's finding in this respect. Rather, Green argues that the totality of the evidence fails to show beyond a reasonable doubt that Green acted with the specific intent to kill. Specifically, Green argues that had he intended to hit the officers, he could not possibly have missed at close range from a slow-moving vehicle, and the fact that no officer was struck is therefore sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to his intent to kill when he fired the shots.
"Intent is a state of mind which, if not admitted, can be established by proof of surrounding circumstances, including the character of the assault, the use of a deadly weapon, and other matters from which an intent to kill may be inferred. [Citations.] Such intent may be inferred when it has been demonstrated that the defendant voluntarily and willingly committed an act, the natural tendency of which is to destroy another's life." People v. Winters, 151 Ill.App.3d 402, 405, 104 Ill.Dec. 344, 502 N.E.2d 841 (1986). "It is the function of the trier of fact to determine *141 the existence of the requisite intent, and that determination will not be disturbed on review unless it clearly appears there exists a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt." Winters, 151 Ill.App.3d at 406, 104 Ill.Dec. 344, 502 N.E.2d 841.
The officers' testimony shows that Green committed a classic "drive-by" shooting: the brown Oldsmobile containing Green and Fields slowed as it passed the cars containing the officers; the officers saw Green fire four to five shots from a pistol in their direction, and Green and Fields then fled in the Oldsmobile down Ogden Avenue. Green argues that he could not possibly have missed the officers from such a close range had he intended to kill them. We agree that one could reasonably argue that the fact that Green failed to strike the officers could support an inference that he lacked the intent to kill. However, that fact also supports the alternative inference that Green was simply unskilled and missed his targets. The decision as to which of competing inferences to draw from the evidence is the responsibility of the trier of fact. Coleman, 311 Ill.App.3d at 473, 244 Ill.Dec. 79, 724 N.E.2d 967. Poor marksmanship is not a defense to attempt (murder). Based on the evidence adduced at trial, a rational jury could readily have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Green intended to kill the officers when he shot at them. Accord People v. Sowewimo, 276 Ill.App.3d 330, 340, 212 Ill.Dec. 702, 657 N.E.2d 1047 (1995). We therefore find that Green's challenge to his conviction on this basis is without merit.
Green's reliance on the decision of this court in People v. Homes, 274 Ill.App.3d 612, 211 Ill.Dec. 200, 654 N.E.2d 662 (1995), is misplaced. In Homes, we held that verdicts finding the defendant guilty of the attempted murder of Moore, a bystander, but innocent of the attempted murder of Shelly, the intended victim, were legally inconsistent, requiring that the conviction as to Moore be vacated. Homes, 274 Ill.App.3d at 622-24, 211 Ill. Dec. 200, 654 N.E.2d 662. We held that where the defendant is found to have lacked the specific intent to kill a particular individual, there remains no intent to be "transferred" to a bystander. Homes, 274 Ill.App.3d at 623, 211 Ill.Dec. 200, 654 N.E.2d 662. Green argues that because DeLopez and Zawila offered the only testimony as to Green's intent, and the jury acquitted Green as to attempt (murder) with respect to those officers, then there remained no intent to be "transferred" in support of Green's convictions as to Officers Lopez and Galavan. Green misconstrues Homes. Unlike Homes, in which there was extensive testimony from Shelly regarding a past altercation with the defendantlending credence to the theory that Shelly had been the intended victim and that Moore truly was an innocent bystanderthere was no evidence in the case at bar that any of the four officers was other than an intended victim of the shooting. Homes, 274 Ill.App.3d at 615-17, 211 Ill.Dec. 200, 654 N.E.2d 662. The State's case against Green was not based on the theory of transferred intent. Homes is of no help to Green.
Green also cites People v. Hartfield, 266 Ill.App.3d 607, 203 Ill.Dec. 612, 640 N.E.2d 39 (1994), arguing that because Lopez and Galavan did not see Green fire, and the jury failed to convict Green as to the attempt (murder) charges relating to DeLopez and Zawila, both of whom testified that they witnessed the shooting, the jury must have disbelieved DeLopez's and Zawila's testimony. Therefore, Green argues, DeLopez's and Zawila's testimony was insufficient to support Green's convictions as to Lopez and Galavan. We disagree. Hartfield stands for the proposition that the *142 State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant fired in the direction of a person in order to sustain a conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm. Hartfield, 266 Ill.App.3d at 608-09, 203 Ill.Dec. 612, 640 N.E.2d 39. The conviction in Hartfield was overturned because the State failed to offer any evidence that the defendant fired in the direction of the complaining detective. Hartfield, 266 Ill.App.3d at 609, 203 Ill.Dec. 612, 640 N.E.2d 39. In the case before us, however, the State offered the testimony of Officers DeLopez and Zawila that they saw Green fire in the direction of all four of the officers. The fact that the jury failed to convict Green as to DeLopez and Zawila does not mean that the jury rejected their testimony outright, nor does it mean that their testimony was thereby rendered valueless in all respects. It merely means that in the view of the jury, for whatever reason, the State failed to carry its burden of proof as to the attempt (murder) charges relating to these officers. Cf. People v. Ethridge, 131 Ill.App.2d 351, 353, 268 N.E.2d 260 (1971) (holding that an acquittal as to one codefendant required that the conviction of a second codefendant on the same evidence be vacated). Credibility determinations are the responsibility of the trier of fact. This court is limited to considering whether a rational trier of fact could have found the required elements of each offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Coleman, 311 Ill.App.3d at 473, 244 Ill. Dec. 79, 724 N.E.2d 967. After a careful review of the record, we find that based on the evidence before it, a rational jury could have found the required elements of attempt (murder) as to Officers Lopez and Galavan, and that Green's conviction on those charges must be affirmed.
2. Exclusion of Evidence
Green also argues that the trial court committed reversible error in excluding certain evidence that would have supported the defense theory of a police "frame-up." Green sought to elicit evidence that: (1) sometime prior to the night of the shooting, Green had filed a brutality complaint against Officers Delatorre and Solis; (2) as a result of the complaint, Delatorre faced suspension from the police force; and (3) Delatorre and Solis, with the full cooperation and participation of Officers DeLopez, Zawila, Lopez and Galavan, had therefore contrived the entire shooting incident as a means of revenge against Green for the filing of the complaint. In a pretrial hearing, the trial court excluded any such evidence on the grounds of relevancy. During trial, the court further barred Green from testifying as to any of the excluded matter. The court also barred the defense both from questioning DeLopez, Zawila and Lopez[3] on cross-examination regarding the excluded matter and from calling Delatorre and Solis as adverse witnesses. The State did not call either Delatorre or Solis as a witness in its case in chief.
Evidence is relevant if it has "any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Fed.R.Evid. 401; Spencer v. Wandolowski, 264 Ill.App.3d 611, 617, 201 Ill.Dec. 422, 636 N.E.2d 854 (1994); People v. Printy, 232 Ill.App.3d 735, 745, 174 Ill.Dec. 149, 598 N.E.2d 346 (1992); People v. Monroe, 66 Ill.2d 317, 322, 5 Ill.Dec. 824, 362 N.E.2d 295 (1977) (adopting the Rule 401 definition of relevance as Illinois law). "This definition of relevancy *143 encompasses the materiality of evidence as well as its probative value." Spencer, 264 Ill.App.3d at 617, 201 Ill.Dec. 422, 636 N.E.2d 854.
"Materiality, or `fact of consequence' as it is referred to in the Federal rules, refers to the relationship a particular proposition bears to the ultimate determination of the action. [Citation.] Probative value, on the other hand, refers to the tendency of the evidence to render a particular proposition more or less probable than it would be without the evidence, and is determined by testing the proffered fact against `the light of logic, experience, and accepted assumptions of human behavior.' [Citation.]" Spencer, 264 Ill.App.3d at 617, 201 Ill.Dec. 422, 636 N.E.2d 854.
Evidence is admissible if it is relevant to an issue in dispute and its probative value is not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. People v. Amaya, 255 Ill.App.3d 967, 971-72, 194 Ill.Dec. 416, 627 N.E.2d 753 (1994). "A trial court's determination of whether evidence is relevant and admissible will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion resulting in prejudice to the defendant." People v. Jones, 306 Ill.App.3d 793, 799, 239 Ill.Dec. 811, 715 N.E.2d 256 (1999).
A careful review of the record reveals that the trial court acted well within the bounds of its discretion in excluding the disputed evidence. The "facts of consequence" to the outcome of Green's trial were limited to those encompassed by the charged offenses, i.e., whether Green committed attempt (murder) and aggravated discharge of a firearm. Officers Delatorre and Solis were not present at the scene of the shooting, did not participate in the car chase, and did not participate in recovering or handling any of the evidence used against Green at trial. Delatorre and Solis were neither witnesses to the occurrence of the charged offenses nor victims thereof. Their sole involvement with Green was to ride in one of the several marked police cars that arrived at the scene of Green's arrest, which was certainly plausible based on the fact that they were assigned to the district in which the arrest took place. We hold that Green's prior involvement with these officers was collateral to the outcome of his trial and that Green suffered no prejudice based on the exclusion of this evidence.
Green further argues that the trial court's decision to bar him from inquiring into this alleged conspiracy on cross-examination of DeLopez, Zawila and Lopez denied Green his constitutional right to confront witnesses and present a defense. U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. "Any limitation of cross-examination is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and a reviewing court will not interfere unless there has been a clear abuse of discretion resulting in manifest prejudice to the defendant." People v. Fierer, 260 Ill.App.3d 136, 148, 197 Ill.Dec. 755, 631 N.E.2d 1214 (1994); People v. Gonzalez, 238 Ill.App.3d 303, 326, 179 Ill.Dec. 472, 606 N.E.2d 304 (1992).
"Cross-examination to show interest, bias or motive on the part of a witness is a matter of right, subject only to the broad discretion of the trial court to preclude repetitive or unduly harassing interrogation and, assuming a proper subject matter, to control the extent of cross-examination. [Citation.] It is a right protected by both the Federal and Illinois constitutions. * * * The interest is satisfied when counsel is permitted to expose the jury [to] facts from which the jurors, as the sole triers of fact and credibility, could appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability of the *144 witness. [Citation.] It is important to note that the constitutional requirement must be satisfied first and only then does the court have discretion to limit the scope or extent of cross-examination. [Citations.] The proposed cross-examination must relate to a proper subject matter * * *.
* * *
The widest latitude possible should be allowed a defendant on cross-examination for the purpose of establishing bias, motive or interest on the part of a witness. [Citation.] Where the defendant's theory is that the prosecution's witness is unbelievable, it is error not to allow the cross-examination on matters which would reasonably tend to show bias, interest or motive to testify falsely. [Citation.] However, evidence of bias, interest or motive must not be remote or uncertain, because the evidence must potentially give rise to the inference that the witness has something to gain or lose by his testimony." (Emphasis added.) People v. Furby, 228 Ill.App.3d 1, 3-5, 169 Ill.Dec. 360, 591 N.E.2d 533 (1992).
"It is well established * * * that a trial judge has wide latitude to impose reasonable limits on cross-examination based on concerns about harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, or interrogation that is repetitive or of little relevance." (Emphasis added.) Fierer, 260 Ill.App.3d at 148, 197 Ill.Dec. 755, 631 N.E.2d 1214. Thus, the potential limitations on a defendant's right to cross-examine a witness as to bias, interest or motive to testify falsely are clearly rooted in the relevancy concepts of materiality and probative value. The proposed line of questioning must relate to a "proper," or material, subject matter, and the evidence that the defendant seeks to elicit must not be "remote or uncertain," i.e., the evidence must be probative of whether "the witness has something to gain or lose by his testimony." Furby, 228 Ill.App.3d at 5, 169 Ill.Dec. 360, 591 N.E.2d 533.
"The test is whether limitation on cross-examination created a substantial danger of prejudice by denying defendant his right to test the truth of the testimony. [Citation.] To determine the constitutional sufficiency of a cross-examination, a court looks not to what a defendant has been prohibited from doing, but to what he has been allowed to do. [Citation.] If the entire record shows that the jury has been made aware of adequate factors concerning relevant areas of impeachment of a witness, no constitutional question arises merely because defendant has been prohibited on cross-examination from pursuing other areas of inquiry." (Emphasis added.) People v. Averhart, 311 Ill. App.3d 492, 497, 243 Ill.Dec. 845, 724 N.E.2d 154 (1999).
Green misconstrues Averhart. In Averhart, the trial court limited the defendant's cross-examination of Officer Smith, who was the arresting officer and the State's key witness, regarding Smith's potential bias based on a past brutality complaint that the defendant had filed against Smith. The theory of the defense was that Smith had framed the defendant in retribution for the filing of the complaint. Averhart, 311 Ill.App.3d at 498, 243 Ill.Dec. 845, 724 N.E.2d 154. On appeal, we held that it was critical for the jury to have a full understanding of the relationship between Smith and the defendant in order to properly weigh their respective credibility. We further held that the trial court's decision to restrict the defense in presenting the facts of the complaint to the jury indicated that the jury had not been made aware of adequate factors concerning what we found to be a relevant area of impeachment *145 of the witness, thus violating the confrontation clause. Averhart, 311 Ill. App.3d at 499, 243 Ill.Dec. 845, 724 N.E.2d 154.
Green, on the other hand, was allowed ample opportunity to confront, cross-examine and test the truth of the testimony of the State's witnesses against him: DeLopez, Zawila and Lopez. The totality of the record indicates that the jury was made aware of sufficient relevant areas of impeachment of these officers (such as the question of the presence of license plates on the undercover vehicles, the unusual stakeout procedure of having one "covert" vehicle pull up on the sidewalk next to another, the failure to use radios, etc.) that the trial court's restrictions on Green's cross-examination of these officers failed to raise any constitutional issue. Averhart, 311 Ill.App.3d at 497, 243 Ill.Dec. 845, 724 N.E.2d 154.
Also, under the rule in Furby, we fail to see how testimony relating to the past relationship between Green and Officers Delatorre and Solis would "give rise to the inference" that Officers Lopez, Zawila and DeLopez themselves had "something to gain or lose" by testifying as they did. Furby, 228 Ill.App.3d at 5, 169 Ill.Dec. 360, 591 N.E.2d 533. The mere fact that they are all police officers is insufficient. Without more, there is simply too great a leap of logic between evidence that Green filed a complaint against one of their fellow officers and the conclusion that the presentation of such evidence to the jury would reasonably allow the jury to infer that Officers Lopez, Zawila, DeLopez and Galavan joined with that officer and his partner in planning and executing what amounts to a major criminal conspiracy in retribution against Green for filing the complaint, followed by perjuring themselves en masse at trial. People v. Mitchell, 238 Ill.App.3d 1055, 1066, 179 Ill.Dec. 41, 605 N.E.2d 1055 (1992). See People v. Jones, 288 Ill.App.3d 293, 299, 224 Ill.Dec. 222, 681 N.E.2d 537 (1997) ("The question is whether [the] evidence * * * would `reasonably tend to show" any bias, interest, or motive of the police officer to testify falsely"). The fact that the witnesses were police officers does not per se render the matter of Green's prior complaint against another officer a "relevant area [] of impeachment." Averhart, 311 Ill.App.3d at 498, 243 Ill.Dec. 845, 724 N.E.2d 154.
The confrontation clause guarantees criminal defendants the opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way and to whatever extent the defense desires. Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S.Ct. 292, 294, 88 L.Ed.2d 15, 19 (1985). We find that the evidence that defense counsel sought to elicit was sufficiently remote and speculative that the trial court's limitations on Green's cross-examination of the officers, including the court's refusal to allow the defense to call Delatorre and Solis as adverse witnesses, failed to create a substantial danger of prejudice to Green. The ruling of the trial court in this respect was not an abuse of discretion and must be affirmed. People v. Rivera, 307 Ill.App.3d 821, 833, 241 Ill. Dec. 293, 719 N.E.2d 154 (1999); People v. Jones, 288 Ill.App.3d 293, 299, 224 Ill.Dec. 222, 681 N.E.2d 537 (1997); People v. Smith, 172 Ill.App.3d 94, 109, 122 Ill.Dec. 456, 526 N.E.2d 849 (1988); People v. Brouder, 168 Ill.App.3d 938, 946, 119 Ill. Dec. 632, 523 N.E.2d 100 (1988).
3. One Act, One Crime
Green further argues that his conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm should be vacated as based on the same physical act as the attempt (murder) convictions. We agree. In People v. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d 335, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 *146 N.E.2d 1117 (2001), the supreme court discussed the issue of whether multiple convictions could be premised on the same act. The defendant in Crespo stabbed one of the victims three times in rapid succession. 203 Ill.2d at 338, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117. With respect to that stabbing, the defendant was charged with one count of attempt (first degree murder), two counts of aggravated battery, (one count based on battery with a deadly weapon, and one count based on great bodily harm), and one count of armed violence. The armed violence charge was predicated on the great bodily harm aggravated battery charge. He was convicted of armed violence, aggravated battery based on great bodily harm, and aggravated battery based on the use of a deadly weapon. 203 Ill.2d at 339, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117. On appeal, the defendant maintained that his aggravated battery conviction should be vacated, because it was based on the same physical act as his armed violence conviction. According to the defendant, the three stab wounds to the victim did not constitute "different offenses" such that multiple convictions could be sustained. The appellate court rejected the defendant's "same physical act" argument, but the supreme court accepted his petition for leave to appeal. 203 Ill.2d at 337, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117.
In its decision, the supreme court first acknowledged that the "seminal case in this area" is People v. King, 66 Ill.2d 551, 6 Ill.Dec. 891, 363 N.E.2d 838 (1977). There, the court explained:
"Prejudice results to the defendant only in those instances where more than one offense is carved from the same physical act. Prejudice, with regard to multiple acts, exists only when the defendant is convicted of more than one offense, some of which are, by definition, lesser included offenses. Multiple convictions and concurrent sentences should be permitted in all other cases where a defendant has committed several acts, despite the interrelationship of those acts. `Act,' when used in this sense, is intended to mean any overt or outward manifestation which will support a different offense. We hold, therefore, that when more than one offense arises from a series of incidental or closely related acts and the offenses are not, by definition, lesser included offenses, convictions with concurrent sentences can be entered." King, 66 Ill.2d at 566, 6 Ill.Dec. 891, 363 N.E.2d 838.
Based on this reasoning, the court in King upheld the defendant's convictions for rape and burglary because the offenses were based on separate acts, each requiring proof of a different element. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d at 337, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117.
The court went on to discuss its holding in People v. Dixon, 91 Ill.2d 346, 63 Ill. Dec. 442, 438 N.E.2d 180 (1982), in which it rejected the argument that striking the victim several times with a club constituted a continuous beating and therefore a single physical act. Rather, in Dixon, the court held that the separate blows, although closely related, constituted separate acts, which could properly support multiple convictions with concurrent sentences. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d at 341, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117. The problem, the court in Crespo went on to explain, was that, in that case, although each of the victim's stab wounds could support a separate offense, this is not the theory under which the State had charged the defendant, nor did it conform to the way the State presented and argued the case to the jury. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d at 342, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117.
*147 Reviewing the indictment, the court noted that the counts charging the defendant with armed violence and aggravated battery did not differentiate between the separate stab wounds. Instead, they charged the defendant with the same conduct (stabbing with a knife) under different theories of criminal culpability. Nowhere in the charges did the State attempt to apportion those offenses among the various stab wounds. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d at 343-44, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117. Specifically, the State argued to the jury that the three stab wounds constituted aggravated battery and armed violence, but never argued that only one of the stab wounds would be sufficient to sustain those charges. The court was careful to point out that the State could have, under King and progeny, charged and argued that the separate acts of stabbing individually constituted different crimes, but did not. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d at 344, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117. The court then stated that, to apportion the crimes among the various stab wounds for the first time on appeal would be profoundly unfair, and would invade the province of the jury, which may or may not have determined that any one of the stab wounds constituted a separate crime. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d at 344, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117.
Here, as in Crespo, Green committed a series of closely related but separate acts when he fired four or five shots with a pistol. And, as in Crespo, the State in this case did not apportion those shots in its charging instrument so that each formed the basis for separate crimes. Rather, the information relies on the fact that Green "discharged a firearm," without separation of the shots fired, to support the charges of both aggravated discharge of a firearm and attempt murder. In accordance with the holding in Crespo, we now hold that, because the State failed to treat the conduct of Green as multiple acts, convictions cannot be sustained for both aggravated discharge of a firearm and attempt murder. We therefore reverse Green's conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm.
4. Extended-term Sentence
Green argues, and the State concedes, that the trial court improperly imposed upon Green an extended-term sentence of 25 years on the aggravated discharge of a firearm count, predicated on Green's past felony convictions. In light of our reversal of Green's conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm, we need not further address the propriety of his sentence for that offense.
In light of the foregoing, we affirm Green's conviction for attempt first degree murder, but reverse his conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
McNULTY and TULLY, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] Justice Judith Cohen wrote the original opinion disposing of this appeal. Upon Justice Cohen's retirement, Justice James Smith substituted in her place.
[2] On April 2, 2003, the Illinois Supreme Court vacated our previous opinion in People v. Green, 322 Ill.App.3d 747, 255 Ill.Dec. 916, 751 N.E.2d 10 (2001), vacated 203 Ill.2d 555, 271 Ill.Dec. 665, 785 N.E.2d 859 (2003), with directions to reconsider our ruling in light of the supreme court's decision in People v. Crespo, 203 Ill.2d 335, 273 Ill.Dec. 241, 788 N.E.2d 1117 (2001). We now proceed under that directive.
[3] Officer Galavan was in California working for the Drug Enforcement Administration at the time of trial and did not testify.