THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. STEVE GOODEN, Appellant.
No. 85439
Supreme Court of Illinois
February 17, 2000
189 Ill. 2d 209
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is reversed and plaintiffs’ cause of action is dismissed.
Reversed.
James E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Joel D. Bertocchi, Solicitor General, and William L. Browers and Adrian J. Barrio, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People.
JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the opinion of the court:
Following a bench trial, the circuit court of Washing
BACKGROUND
The State‘s Attorney of Washington County filed a criminal information against defendant on December 21, 1995, charging defendant with one count of home invasion. The information alleged that defendant had knowingly entered the dwelling of the victim, his ex-wife, without authority and had intentionally caused injury to the victim by striking her in the head with a gun. On that same date, an arraignment was held at which defendant pled not guilty to the charge. The circuit court set bail at $500,000 and further ordered that defendant was to have no contact with the victim. Defendant, unable to post bond, remained in the custody of the sheriff of Washington County.
The circuit court held a preliminary hearing in the matter on December 27, 1995. At that proceeding, an investigator for the Washington County State‘s Attorney testified that he had interviewed the victim shortly after the occurrence at issue. She related to him that, on December 20, 1995, she had been asleep at her home between 7 and 7:30 p.m., when she was awakened by the sound of breaking glass. She arose to investigate and was eventually confronted by the defendant, who was armed with a shotgun. At first, defendant merely argued with the victim because he was upset that she had been seeing another man. As the argument escalated, defendant struck the victim in the chest with the butt of the
Defendant and the victim then returned to the dining room and tried to converse once more. At this time, defendant became remorseful and told the victim that he would allow her to go to the hospital, and he put the shotgun down on the floor. He later changed his mind and took the victim into a bedroom where he removed a knife that he had on his belt. He then told the victim to remove her clothing. The victim attempted to dissuade defendant and told him to put down the knife. The victim ultimately removed her clothes, and defendant performed an act of intercourse on her. Eventually, defendant brought her back out to the dining room area, where more talking and arguing ensued. Defendant left the victim‘s residence after she persuaded him to let her go and to leave the ammunition of his shotgun with her.
The investigator told the court that several pieces of physical evidence had been found at both the victim‘s home and defendant‘s residence, including bedsheets, clothing, and a 12-gauge pump shotgun. According to the investigator, the victim had admitted to him that she had sexual relations with another man earlier on the day in question.
The record reveals that the circuit court docketed the case for trial during the weeks of April 22 and April 29, 1996. On April 4, 1996, defendant requested a continuance in the matter for the funding of a mental health expert. Defense counsel told the court that he had explained to defendant that defendant had the right to be tried in the matter within 120 days of his arrest, that defendant‘s request would toll the statutory period, and
The court then asked the State for its position with regard to the continuance. The assistant State‘s Attorney replied that he had no objection to the request. The court then explained to defendant, on the record, the effect that his request would have on his right to be tried within 120 days of his arrest, noting that the trial would be held during the week of August 19, 1996. Defendant stated that he understood, and the court granted the continuance.
The cause came before the court several weeks later for a hearing on the State‘s motion for discovery. Specifically, the State sought to have defendant produce a saliva sample for genetic testing purposes.
The State subsequently filed an amended criminal information in the case on July 26, 1996. The amended information contained the original home invasion charge as well as five additional charges of aggravated criminal sexual assault. Defendant moved to dismiss the criminal sexual assault charges, arguing that the State did not bring him to trial on those charges within 120 days of his arrest. According to defendant, the 120-day speedy-trial period began to run on December 21, 1995, the day of his arrest, because the State knew of the sexual assault charges at that time. The State maintained that the 120-day period did not apply to the criminal sexual assault charges because those charges were based on separate acts from the original home invasion charge. The State
On August 20, 1996, the circuit court conducted a stipulated bench trial in the matter. The parties stipulated that the victim, if called to testify, would testify that defendant broke into her home armed with a shotgun. He proceeded to argue with the victim, striking her about the head and face with the weapon. The victim would also testify that defendant committed several acts of nonconsensual intercourse on her. Based on the parties’ presentation of the stipulated facts, the court found defendant guilty of home invasion and one count of aggravated criminal sexual assault. The court dismissed the remaining counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault. Subsequently, the court denied defendant‘s post-trial motion and sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms of 12 years. Defendant appealed.
The appellate court affirmed. In so doing, the court held that defendant‘s speedy-trial rights were not violated because the sexual assault and home invasion charges arose from different acts and were not required to have been joined. Alternatively, the court held that defendant‘s 120-day term had been extended by the continuance that defendant had obtained from the circuit court. The appellate court also rejected defendant‘s request that he receive day-for-day good-conduct credit because the truth-in-sentencing law, under which he had been sentenced, violated the single subject clause of the Illinois Constitution.
Speedy Trial
Defendant maintains that the State violated his statutory right to a speedy trial when the State delayed charging him with aggravated criminal sexual assault until July 26, 1996. According to defendant, the sexual assault charges clearly arose from the same set of facts as the home invasion charge. Moreover, defendant points out that the State knew at time of his arrest for the home invasion charge that the victim had claimed that defendant had sexually assaulted her, yet the State did not charge him with that offense until 217 days later. For these reasons, defendant believes that reversal of his conviction for aggravated criminal sexual assault is mandated on speedy-trial grounds.
The State responds that it did not violate defendant‘s statutory right to a speedy trial with respect to the aggravated criminal sexual assault charges because those charges were not required to have been joined with the home invasion charge. Thus, according to the State, the 120-day statutory period for the criminal sexual assault charges began to run on the date that the charges were brought, i.e., July 26, 1996. The State insists that the speedy-trial act was not violated in this case because defendant was tried within 30 days of being charged with the assault.
As an initial matter, we note that the right to a speedy trial, guaranteed to a defendant under both the sixth amendment and the due process clause of the federal constitution (Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1, 87 S. Ct. 988 (1967)), is fundamental. An additional statutory right can also be found in section 103-5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, which specifies periods of time within which an accused must be brought to trial. See
Defendant‘s argument is based upon a rule first announced by our appellate court in People v. Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d 241 (1981). The court held that
“[w]here new and additional charges arise from the same facts as did the original charges and the State had knowledge of these facts at the commencement of the prosecution, the time within which trial is to begin *** is subject to the same statutory limitation that is applied to the original charges.” Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 248-49.
Defendant contends that, under this rule, it is immaterial whether the additional charges must be joined because the inquiry turns strictly on the State‘s knowledge at the time of the commencement of the prosecution and not on whether the charges are based on the same act for purposes of compulsory joinder, as the State insists.
Compulsory joinder requires that, in certain situations, the State bring multiple charges in a single prosecution unless the circuit court determines that the interests of justice require a separate trial. See
Although this court has never addressed the question presented in this appeal, we have had occasion to consider the Williams rule in the recent past. In People v. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d 1 (1998), we emphasized the important interaction that exists between the speedy-trial provisions and the compulsory-joinder provision when additional charges are brought against a defendant who had been previously charged. See Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d at 12-13. We held, consistent with the opinion in Williams, that “[i]f the charges are required to be brought in a single prosecution, the speedy-trial period begins to run when the speedy-trial demand is filed, even if the State brings some of the charges at a later date.” People v. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d 1, 13 (1998).1 Given the fact that this court in Quigley recognized, and in fact relied upon, the interplay between compulsory joinder principles and speedy-trial principles in holding that the Williams rule applies in cases of compulsory joinder, we cannot conclude that compulsory-joinder principles are irrelevant to the
Our compulsory-joinder statute provides that
“If the several offenses are known to the proper prosecuting officer at the time of commencing the prosecution and are within the jurisdiction of a single court, they must be prosecuted in a single prosecution *** if they are based on the same act.”
720 ILCS 5/3-3(b) (West 1996).
Once a defendant has been prosecuted for an offense, the State is barred from prosecuting him or her for any other offense which, pursuant to section 3-3(b), should have been joined with the original prosecution.
Nevertheless, the fact that multiple offenses arise from distinct, but related, acts in the course of a single incident is irrelevant for purposes of compulsory joinder. People v. Mueller, 109 Ill. 2d 378, 385 (1985) (and cases cited therein). Indeed, this court has acknowledged that “[t]here is no requirement of joinder where multiple offenses arise from a series of related acts.” Mueller, 109 Ill. 2d at 385, citing People v. Griffin, 36 Ill. 2d 430, 433-34 (1967). This is so because the compulsory joinder provision was not “intended to cover the situation in which several offenses—either repeated violations of the same statutory provision or violations of different provisions—arise from a series of acts which are closely related with respect to the offender‘s single purpose or plan.” Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 38, par. 3-3, Committee Comments—1961 at 102 (Smith-Hurd 1972); see also Mueller, 109 Ill. 2d at 385 (same). Thus, independent, overt acts that constitute different offenses are not required to
Accordingly, because the home invasion and sexual assault charges in this case were based on separate acts, the compulsory joinder statute did not require the State to prosecute both offenses in the same proceeding. During oral argument, defendant‘s attorney stated that while the charges in this case were not required to be joined, she believed that a piecemeal prosecution of defendant would have been unfair. We disagree. As our appellate court has held, “[t]here is no fundamental unfairness in prosecuting a defendant in separate trials for similar statutory violations based on separate and distinct acts.” People v. Thomann, 197 Ill. App. 3d 516, 521 (1990). In our view, defendant is attempting to enlarge the reach of the compulsory-joinder statute by way of the speedy-trial statute. Under defendant‘s theory, the speedy-trial act would compel the State to join charges that are otherwise not mandated to be joined under our compulsory-joinder statute. We will not interpret the speedy-trial act in such a way that the plain language of the compulsory-joinder statute is overridden. Thus, because the State was not required to join the offenses in this case, there is no reason to apply the speedy-trial term applicable to the home invasion charge to the sexual assault charges. Nevertheless, we will examine whether the State‘s decision to permissively join these charges thwarted, in any way, the purposes behind the speedy-trial act.
In People v. Stuckey, 34 Ill. 2d 521 (1966), this court explained that the speedy-trial act operated to prevent the constitutional speedy-trial issue from arising in a case. The “evil intended to be prevented by the speedy trial provision is wrongful incarceration *** [and] is based upon the right of the individual to liberty.” People v. Garcia, 65 Ill. App. 3d 472, 475 (1978), citing People v. Kidd, 357 Ill. 133 (1934). As our appellate court has
Defendant here was incarcerated for the offense of home invasion from December 21, 1995, until the filing of the amended information on July 26, 1996. From July 26, 1996, until the date of his trial, August 20, 1996, defendant was incarcerated for both the offense of home invasion and the offense of criminal sexual assault. We fail to see how defendant‘s right to a speedy trial with respect to the sexual assault charges was violated when defendant was tried on those charges within 30 days of their being filed. We must emphasize that the bulk of defendant‘s pretrial incarceration in this case was due to defendant‘s inability to post bond for the home invasion charge. Stated differently, defendant suffered fewer than 30 days of pretrial incarceration with respect to the sexual assault charges. Under these facts, defendant simply cannot maintain that he was denied a speedy trial on the sexual assault charges.
The record demonstrates that the delay which caused defendant‘s trial to be postponed until August was occasioned in April, when defendant requested a continuance for the appointment of a mental health expert. The State had no role in causing the original April trial date to be continued until August. Defendant, however, argues that the April continuance cannot be used to extend the speedy-trial term for the sexual assault charges because those charges were not in existence at the time he sought that continuance. We agree. However, it is precisely because those charges were not in existence at that time that we cannot say, as a matter of law, that defendant‘s speedy-trial rights with respect to those charges were violated. Defendant received a speedy trial with respect
That said, we believe, consistent with our opinion in Quigley, that the concerns that attend to the right to a speedy trial come into play in those cases where the later-filed charges are based on the “same act” as the original charges, i.e., in cases where the charges must be brought in a single prosecution. In other words, had the sexual assault charges been required under section 3-3(b) to have been joined, we would not allow the State to circumvent the original speedy-trial term. The later date could not be used by the State to “restart” the speedy-trial period, and any delay occasioned by such a late filing would not be attributable to the defendant. The State would be required to bring defendant to trial on all of the charges within the original speedy-trial term or face dismissal of the new charges. In such cases, fairness dictates that those charges “relate back” to the date the original charges were filed.
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court correctly denied defendant‘s motion to dismiss, on speedy-trial grounds, the aggravated criminal sexual assault charges.
Truth-in-Sentencing
Defendant also contended in the appellate court that Public Act 89-404, which created the truth-in-
The State concedes that the appellate court‘s resolution of this issue conflicts with this court‘s decision in People v. Reedy, 186 Ill. 2d 1 (1999). There, we held that defendants sentenced under the truth-in-sentencing provisions could challenge the enactment‘s constitutionality on direct appeal. Reedy, 186 Ill. 2d at 6-8. Moreover, in Reedy, we agreed that Public Act 89-404 was enacted in violation of the single subject rule and was therefore unconstitutional. We further held that Public Act 90-592 (Pub. Act 90-592, eff. June 19, 1998), applying to offenses committed on or after June 19, 1998, served to cure the effect that the former act‘s invalidation had on the truth-in-sentencing law. Reedy, 186 Ill. 2d at 17-18. The State concedes that because the offenses at issue in this case took place prior to June 19, 1998, defendant is entitled to day-for-day good-conduct credit against his sentence. We therefore modify the judgment in this case accordingly.
CONCLUSION
In light of the above, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed in part and reversed in part. Defendant‘s
Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part; circuit court judgment affirmed as modified.
CHIEF JUSTICE HARRISON, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
The majority determines that the State‘s decision to “permissively join” the charges of aggravated criminal sexual assault to the original home invasion charge, some 217 days after defendant was taken into custody on the home invasion charge, did not thwart the purposes behind the speedy-trial act. I disagree.
Section 103-5(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (
The majority declines to “extend the Williams rule” to cases where the charges are not subject to compulsory
This implicit overruling of Williams is not supported by this court‘s decision in People v. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d 1 (1998), which cited the Williams rule with approval. The majority states that because Quigley recognized the interplay between compulsory joinder principles and speedy-trial principles in holding that the Williams rule applies in cases of compulsory joinder, compulsory joinder law must dictate the result in this case. Quigley mandates no such finding. While the majority correctly states that in Quigley this court relied upon the interaction between the compulsory joinder and speedy-trial principles, we did not have occasion to reach the scenario presented here, a speedy-trial violation arising from multiple charges which the State chose to try together, though it
Here, as in Williams, while the State chose to try defendant for multiple offenses in a single prosecution, the State was not required to do so. I agree with the majority that had the State chosen to prosecute these offenses separately, they would not be subject to the same speedy-trial limitation. See
The majority argues that defendant was not denied a speedy trial on the sexual assault charges, as he was tried on those charges within 30 days of their being filed. Sadly, this ignores the reality of the situation, i.e., that defendant had been in custody for over 200 days on a charge “aris[ing] from the same facts” as the sexual assault charges, that the State had known “these facts at the commencement of the prosecution,” and that defendant had not contributed to any delay with regard to the new and additional charges. Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 248-49. Because it had chosen to proceed on the home invasion charge alone, the State, and only the State, was responsible for the separation of charges and the long delay in filing the sexual assault charges. See People v. Williams, 2 Ill. App. 3d 993 (1971)
The majority also wrongly concludes that applying the Williams rule to cases like the one at bar would compel the State to join charges that are otherwise not mandated to be joined under the compulsory joinder statute. The State retains the power to decide whether to join related offenses or to try them separately. However, if the State voluntarily joins offenses in a single prosecution, it must adhere to the speedy-trial rule as if those offenses were subject to compulsory joinder.
In the case at bar, if the State incurred problems obtaining evidence necessary to the prosecution of the aggravated criminal sexual assault charges, the State could have avoided a speedy-trial violation by prosecuting defendant in separate cases, or by applying for an additional period of time in which to obtain this evidence, as was its prerogative under section 103-5(c). However, the State took no action, despite its continuing burden to take the necessary steps to bring about a prompt trial in conformance with the provisions of the speedy-trial act. See Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 249. Thus, where only the State‘s tardiness in filing the new and additional charges of aggravated criminal sexual assault precluded commencement of prosecution on these charges within the original charge‘s speedy-trial term, the State violated
JUSTICES HEIPLE and RATHJE join in this partial concurrence and partial dissent.