People v. GarnicaPeople v. Garnica
Opinion
Defendant Jose Juan Garnica appeals his convictions of two counts of first degree murder (
Defendant appeals, contending (1) the trial court improperly answered a jury inquiry, (2) the sentence for his conspiracy conviction should have been stayed, (3) one of the life terms for the murders should have been stayed under Penal Code section 654 because it constitutes double punishment for the same act, and (4) the court erred in imposing multiple gun use enhancements. We agree that the sentence must be modified to stay punishment on the conspiracy count and that one of the gun use enhancements should be stayed. We otherwise reject defendant’s contentions, however, and affirm the judgment.
Facts
On August 6, 1991, defendant shot and killed Derrick Jackson and Anthony Gonzales, who were standing outside a convenience store in Ontario, California. The prosecution presented evidence to indicate that defendant shot the victims because they or their associates had previously shot at and attempted to kill defendant’s cousin, David Garnica.
In the late afternoon of August 6, 1991, Eliapo “Junior” Sega was riding with his cousin, Robert Sega, and Robert’s girlfriend in the girlfriend’s Suzuki Sidekick. As they passed a convenience store on Mountain Avenue, Junior recognized Derrick Jackson, Anthony Gonzales and Juan Arreola near the telephone booths outside the store. Junior was a member of the Sons of Samoa gang, and he recognized Jackson, Gonzales and Arreola as members of another gang. Junior testified that the three gang members “mad-dogged” him; he responded by “throwing” his S.O.S. (Sons of Samoa) gang sign, and they in turn “threw” the sign of the 18th Street gang and shouted out their 18th Street gang affiliation. Arreola testified that he recognized Junior from Montclair High School. As the Suzuki drove away, Junior told Robert that “those were the guys” he had fought with earlier.
As Junior, Robert and Amber Carlson (Robert’s girlfriend) were driving toward Robert’s house, they saw defendant and defendant’s cousin, David
David drove defendant and Junior to the convenience store. David let Junior and defendant out of the car near the store. Junior testified he knew that defendant had a gun, so he let defendant go on alone while he started walking home.
Juan Arreola went inside the convenience store as defendant was approaching. He did not see the confrontation. Carmen Gonzales was parking her truck in front of the convenience store, and witnessed the attack on Jackson and Anthony Gonzales. She heard defendant say something to two young Mexicans standing near the telephone booths; the Mexican youths answered. Defendant pulled out a gun and shot one of the victims. The other victim pushed defendant, and defendant “just started shooting rounds.” Carmen Gonzales did not see that the victims had anything in their hands when defendant shot them.
Deborah Meraz, another eyewitness, saw defendant shoot one person and, after that person fell, defendant shot at the second person. Defendant continued to shoot both victims while standing over them as they lay on the ground. Meraz also did not see either victim with anything in his hands when defendant fired.
After the shooting, Jesus Flores saw defendant walking casually away. David Garnica picked up defendant in the white Riviera, and they drove back to Robert Sega’s house. When they arrived back at the house, defendant told Robert, “You should have been there, I shot him, I shot him.” Junior arrived back at the house a short while later. Defendant changed clothes at Robert’s house. Junior took the gun, which defendant had apparently left on Robert’s bed, wrapped it up and threw it in some weeds along the side of the house.
Defendant was arrested later that night. After he was advised of his constitutional rights, defendant talked to police. Defendant at first denied any knowledge of the shooting. Then he admitted shooting the victims “because they shot my cousin.” Defendant told police he shot the victims because one of the victims tried to hit him with a bottle, and because the victims faked pulling weapons out of their pockets.
Defendant testified in his own behalf at trial. Defendant testified that he did not intend to shoot anyone when he went to the convenience store. He wanted to confront them and might have fought them with his fists. Defendant denied saying, “Let’s go do it”; he testified that he had only said “Let’s go.” Defendant testified that one of the victims had something in his hands when defendant approached. When defendant tried to ask the victims about the prior attempt to shoot David Garnica, the victims just laughed and said, “So what?” One of the victims said, “Let’s get him,” and they moved toward defendant. One of the victims threw something at defendant, and the other reached into his pocket. Defendant became angry and started shooting. The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder with a multiple-murder special circumstance as to each victim. The jury also found defendant personally used a firearm in the killings. Defendant was also convicted of conspiracy to commit murder. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
Discussion
I., II *
III. Concurrent Life Terms for Two Murders
Defendant also argues that the trial court violated Penal Code section 654 in sentencing him to two concurrent terms of life in prison (LWOP). Defendant contends the sentences for the two murders constitute impermissible double punishment for the “same act,” i.e, the act of committing two murders. That is, his sentence as to each murder was enhanced to LWOP because of the other murder. He appears to argue that, because there can be only one multiple-murder special-circumstance allegation, there can be only one LWOP sentence. We disagree.
Penal Code
“(3) The defendant has in this proceeding been convicted of more than one offense of murder in the first or second degree.” (Italics added.)
The multiple-murder special circumstance is a legislative choice to treat as deserving of the most severe punishment a murderer convicted of more than one murder. In any one proceeding in which such a finding is made, the fact that a murder is one of multiple murders applies equally to all the murders of which the defendant is convicted. Each of the murders is deemed the more heinous because it is one of multiple killings. We cannot gainsay this legislative determination.
Defendant can take no comfort from those cases holding that, regardless of the number of murders committed, only one multiple-murder special circumstance can be charged. (See, e.g.,
People
v.
Anderson
(1987)
The California Supreme Court has expressly held it is proper to require the jury to make separate penalty determinations on
each
of several capitalligible counts: in
People
v.
Sandoval
(1992)
Both parties state that this is an issue of first impression. The issue may not have been addressed in a published case because there could be little practical impact or prejudice from imposition of multiple death or LWOP verdicts. In reality, defendant can serve only one such sentence, no matter how many are imposed and no matter whether they are consecutive or concurrent. An LWOP defendant can effectively serve only one life sentence. There are reasons, however, to permit imposition of multiple LWOP sentences. As noted, it has been legislatively determined that multiple murder is especially deserving of the most severe punishment. Neither from a legislative point of view nor from the perspective of the victims’ families is there any valid basis upon which to single out any one murder as less deserving of full punishment than the others. Moreover, it is a remote but real possibility that one or another of the sentences might be commuted by the governor. If only one LWOP was imposed and the governor were to commute the sentence on that conviction, Penal Code
Finally, we cannot conceive that defendant would suffer any actual prejudice from the imposition of more than one LWOP sentence, whether consecutive or concurrent. Accordingly, any possible error would not be reversible.
Disposition
The abstract of judgment should be modified to reflect that the term for the conspiracy count (count 3) and the gun use enhancement on count 2 are stayed. Otherwise, the judgment is affirmed.
Ramirez, J., and McKinster, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied February 16, 1995.