*561I. INTRODUCTION
Following a jury trial, defendant and appellant, Richard Garcia, was convicted of first degree residential burglary. ( Pen. Code, § 459.)
*965(hereafter § 667(a) ).)
II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Prosecution Evidence
Around 10:30 a.m. on April 25, 2014, Richard Knowles, who lived in Barstow, was returning home from a walk when he observed a large black vehicle parked on the street between his driveway and the driveway of his next-door neighbor, Sherisa Clark. The vehicle was facing the wrong direction. Knowles also observed a young Hispanic woman in the driver's seat of the vehicle and a White male in the back seat behind her. A second White male came through Knowles's side gate and got into the back passenger seat.
Knowles also observed a Hispanic man walk through Clark's side gate, down her driveway, and get into the front passenger seat of the vehicle. The vehicle then drove away. Later on April 25, Detective Keith Libby showed Knowles a six-pack photographic lineup containing a photograph of defendant in the first position. Knowles told the detective that the first photograph "looked like one of the guys" he saw coming from Clark's home, but at trial, in October 2015, Knowles and Detective Libby both testified that Knowles was "hesitant, uncertain" about his identification of defendant as the Hispanic male. Knowles told the detective he did not look very well at the Hispanic male's face.
At trial in October 2015, Knowles recalled that the Hispanic male was wearing a "hoodie" and a red plaid flannel shirt, *562and was "a little bit buffed up" so Knowles did not want to "mess with him." Knowles testified he "got a look" at the Hispanic male, but the "detail" was "lost" to him because he was not wearing his glasses and the incident occurred quickly. Thus, at trial, Knowles did not "positive[ly]" identify defendant as the Hispanic male. But *966Knowles was able to read the vehicle's license plate number and called 911 shortly after the vehicle drove away. Department of Motor Vehicle records showed the vehicle was a Chevrolet Blazer, registered to defendant, and defendant lived in Victorville. On April 25, 2014, officers did not find defendant at his Victorville address.
The police found signs of forced entry into Clark's home, including pry marks on a side door leading into the garage and pry marks on the interior garage door leading into the home. A blue crowbar which could have made the pry marks and which did not belong to Clark was found inside the home. Latent fingerprints were taken from inside the home, but all of the fingerprints that were suitable for comparison matched Clark's fingerprints; none of them matched defendant's fingerprints.
Clark's bedroom had been "completely ransacked" and the rest of her home had been "somewhat ransacked." A watch, approximately $200 in cash, jewelry, and medical marijuana were missing. No one had permission to be in Clark's home or take her property. Clark did not know defendant. As Clark was leaving her home before the burglary on April 25, she noticed a large vehicle she had never seen before, parked on her street several houses away from hers and facing the wrong direction.
Clark returned home shortly after the burglary, accompanied by her friend, Daniella Watkins. Outside Clark's home, Knowles told Watkins that one of the suspects he saw was a White male with a "purple thing on his cheek." Watkins told Detective Libby that the description sounded like Joshua Kemp, who was "like [her] brother-in-law." Watkins also testified she had grown up with defendant, who was known as Richie, and that defendant and Kemp were "good friends." Before trial, defendant's friend Cassy contacted Watkins and asked whether Watkins would be coming to court, which made Watkins feel "[t]hreatened."
A records check on Kemp revealed he had a purple face tattoo and was wearing a global positioning system ankle monitor at the time of the burglary as a term of his "county parole" or Post-Release Community Supervision. Global positioning system records placed Kemp near Clark's home at the time of the burglary and showed that Kemp traveled from Clark's home to defendant's home in Victorville after the time of the burglary. In April 2015, around one year after the burglary, Knowles identified Kemp from a six-pack photographic lineup as the White man he saw leaving Knowles's property. In identifying Kemp, Knowles was "again uncertain" and "hesitant" about his identification, and was "confused between three of the [six] photos."
Defendant was arrested in August 2014 and later made several phone calls from jail. During one jail call with an unidentified female, defendant said:
*967"I'm really nervous, I'm just hoping they don't have no fingerprints, if they don't then I'm going to fight that shit."
Defendant also made several jail calls to his father. He told his father that "Josh was pretty much busted. They got him there with a monitor ...." Defendant also mentioned that Clark's house had been processed for fingerprints, so he did not "want to keep waiving time" and "wait for fuckin something like that to come up." He said Cassie was willing to write a statement *563for him, and asked his father to ask Kemp's cousin, Rickie, to contact Kemp so that Kemp could make a statement saying he "had nothing to fuckin do with it."
In another jail call, defendant asked his father to "[r]ing Victoria's mom ... and try to set up a witness, saying you know, that I was there at the house the whole time when that shit happened." Defendant's father told defendant that Kemp's aunt, Kelly, would testify that defendant was at "[Kelly's house] the whole day ... and she didn't see, she didn't hear [defendant's] truck leave."
B. Defense Evidence
In August 2015, Kemp pled guilty to the burglary in this case. At trial, Kemp testified he took defendant's Chevrolet Blazer while defendant was asleep at Kelly's house, and that defendant "had nothing to do with" the burglary and was not with Kemp during the burglary. Kemp said he used a blue crowbar to break into the victim's home. Shortly after the burglary, Kemp stopped by defendant's house because he was running out of gas and knew defendant had gas in his work trailer. Kemp told a defense investigator he acted alone in committing the burglary, but at trial Kemp said he did not remember whether another person was with him. Kemp had several prior felony convictions.
III. DISCUSSION
Defendant claims the trial court abused its discretion and violated his due process right to present a defense in refusing to allow Dr. Shomer to testify as a defense expert on eyewitness identifications. He claims Dr. Shomer's testimony was necessary to inform the jury of several factors bearing on the reliability of Knowles's pretrial identification of him as the Hispanic male Knowles saw leaving Clark's property following the burglary. We find no merit to these claims.
A. Relevant Background
Around one week before trial, the defense informed the prosecution that it would be proffering the testimony of Dr. Robert Shomer, an expert on the *968psychological factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness identifications. The prosecution later filed a motion to exclude the testimony, arguing, among other things, that it should be excluded because Knowles's identification of defendant was "substantially corroborated by evidence giving it independent reliability." ( People v. McDonald (1984)
The court deferred ruling on the motion until after Knowles and other witnesses had testified and ultimately excluded Dr. Shomer's testimony on the ground it would be unduly time-consuming and not "at all" helpful to the jury in evaluating the reliability of Knowles's eyewitness identification of defendant. The court pointed out that Dr. Shomer could not explain anything relevant about eyewitness identifications that a jury could not understand; the case was based on circumstantial evidence and Knowles's identification was not the "reasonable basis" of establishing defendant's guilt; that Knowles was "far from certain" of his identification; and any expert testimony concerning six-pack identification procedures was irrelevant because there was no evidence that Knowles's six-pack identification of defendant was "improper." The court also pointed out that, if Dr. Shomer testified, the court would be inclined to allow the prosecution to call an expert to contradict or explain Dr. Shomer's testimony.
B. Applicable Law and Analysis
Expert opinion testimony is admissible on subjects that are "sufficiently beyond *564common experience that the opinion of an expert would assist the trier of fact." ( Evid. Code, § 801, subd. (a) ; People v. Chavez (2018)
The psychological factors and other circumstances that may affect an eyewitness identification are numerous and are listed in CALCRIM No. 315, which was given in this case. These factors include whether the witness knew or had previous contact with the person the witness identified, how well the witness could see the person, whether the witness was under stress when the witness observed the person, whether the witness was asked to pick the person out of a group or from a photographic or physical lineup, how certain the witness was when the witness identified the person, whether the witness and person were of different races, and whether there were any other circumstances that affected the witness's ability to make an accurate identification of the person. ( CALCRIM No. 315.)
*969A trial court has discretion to exclude otherwise relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability its admission will consume undue time, mislead the jury, or confuse the issues. ( Evid. Code, § 352 ; People v. Scott (2011)
In McDonald , the leading California case concerning expert testimony on eyewitness identifications ( People v. Jones (2003)
Under McDonald , we review a trial court's ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony on the psychological factors affecting eyewitness identifications for an abuse of discretion. ( McDonald , supra , 37 Cal.3d at p. 370,
Here, the court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Dr. Shomer's expert testimony. As the court recognized, ample other evidence substantially corroborated Knowles's identification of defendant, giving it independent reliability and substantially reducing the probative value of Dr. Shomer's testimony. Thus, the court reasonably concluded that the probative value of Dr. Shomer's testimony was substantially outweighed by the probability its admission would consume undue court time. ( Evid. Code, § 352 ; People v. Goodwillie , supra , 147 Cal.App.4th at pp. 729-730,
First, other evidence showed that the "black vehicle" that Knowles saw leaving the scene of the burglary was defendant's vehicle. Knowles was able to read the vehicle's license number, and Department of Motor Vehicle records showed that the vehicle, a black Chevrolet Blazer, was registered to defendant. Second, a year after the burglary, Knowles accurately identified Kemp from a six-pack photographic lineup as the second man he saw getting into defendant's vehicle after the burglary.
Third, Watkins testified that Kemp and defendant were good friends, and Watkins felt threatened when another friend of defendant's contacted Watkins and asked whether Watkins would be coming to court. Fourth, Kemp pled guilty to the burglary and admitted his involvement at trial. Kemp's ankle monitor placed him at Clark's home at the time of the burglary and at defendant's home shortly after the burglary.
Fifth, defendant's jail calls showed he was concerned that fingerprints taken from Clark's home might match his fingerprints and provide the prosecution with evidence that he committed the burglary. Sixth, defendant's jail calls also showed he was trying to "set up" an alibi defense, by having several witnesses, including Kemp, say he had "nothing to do with" the burglary and was not at Clark's house at the time of the burglary.
Defendant has also not shown that the exclusion of Dr. Shomer's testimony violated his due process right to present defense evidence. Because ample *971evidence independently corroborated Knowles's identification, Dr. Shomer's testimony was not so vital to the defense that due process principles required its admission. ( People v. Goodwillie , supra , 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 725,
Lastly, any error in excluding Dr. Shomer's expert testimony was harmless. ( People v. Watson (1956)
C. Remand for Resentencing
On September 30, 2018, the Governor signed S.B. 1393 which, effective January 1, 2019, amends sections 667(a) and 1385(b) to allow a court to exercise its discretion to strike or dismiss a prior serious felony conviction for sentencing purposes. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1-2.) Under the current versions of these statutes, the court is required to impose a five-year consecutive term for "any person convicted of a serious felony who previously has been convicted of a serious felony" (§ 667(a) ), and the court has no discretion "to strike any prior conviction of a serious felony for purposes of enhancement of a sentence under Section 667." (§ 1385(b).)
After our original opinion in this case was filed on October 3, 2018, defendant petitioned for rehearing claiming that, in light of S.B. 1393, the matter must be remanded for resentencing so the trial court may exercise its discretion to dismiss or strike the five-year consecutive term that was imposed based on his prior serious felony conviction. (§ 667(a).) We granted defendant's petition for rehearing. We have modified our original opinion to add this section and to remand the matter for resentencing pursuant to S.B. 1393 after January 1, 2019, the date S.B. 1393 becomes effective.
Defendant claims S.B. 1393 applies retroactively to all cases or judgments of conviction in which a five-year term was imposed at sentencing, *972based on a prior serious felony conviction, provided the judgment of conviction is not final when S.B. 1393 becomes effective on January 1, 2019. We agree.
When an amendatory statute either lessens the punishment for a crime or , as S.B. 1393 does, " 'vests in the trial court discretion to impose either the same penalty as under the former law or a lesser penalty,' " it is reasonable for courts to infer, absent evidence to the contrary and as a matter of statutory construction, that the Legislature intended the amendatory statute to retroactively apply to the fullest extent constitutionally permissible-that is, to all cases not final when the statute becomes effective. ( People v. Superior Court (Lara) (2018)
In enacting S.B. 1393, the Legislature did not expressly declare that S.B. 1393, or the amendments it makes to sections 667(a) and 1385(b), will apply retroactively to all judgments of conviction which are not final on January 1, 2019, when S.B. 1393's amendments to sections 667 and 1385 go into effect. ( People v. Arredondo , supra , 21 Cal.App.5th at pp. 509-512,
*973Thus, under the Estrada rule, as applied in Lara and Francis , it is appropriate to infer, as a matter of statutory construction, that the Legislature intended S.B. 1393 to apply to all cases to which it could constitutionally be applied, that is, to all cases not yet final when S.B. 1393 becomes effective on January 1, 2019. ( People v. Superior Court (Lara) , supra , 4 Cal.5th at pp. 307-308 & fn. 5,
The People concede that if defendant's judgment of conviction is not final on January 1, 2019, then S.B. 1393 will apply retroactively to defendant's judgment. They argue, however, that defendant's judgment "should be final" by January 1, 2019, and in any event, defendant's S.B. 1393 claim is not "ripe for adjudication" or justiciable, and should be left for a future forum, because his judgment "should" be final by January 1, 2019. ( People v. Ybarra (1988)
We believe it is highly unlikely that defendant's judgment will be final by January 1, 2019, because he would have to exhaust all of his appeal rights by that date, even if we did not remand the matter for resentencing after January 1, 2019, pursuant to S.B. 1393. " '[F]or the purpose of determining the retroactive application of an amendment to a criminal statute, a judgment is not final until the time for petitioning for a writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court has *568passed.' " ( People v. Vieira (2005)
The matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to resentence defendant after January 1, 2019, pursuant to sections 667(a) and 1385(b), as amended by S.B. 1393 effective January 1, 2019. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
We concur:
RAMIREZ, P. J.
SLOUGH, J.
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
Defendant's 14-year sentence consists of the middle term of four years for the burglary, doubled to eight years based on the prior strike conviction, plus five years for the prior serious felony conviction, plus one year for the prison prior.
Remand for resentencing will not be futile. The record does not indicate that the court would not have dismissed or stricken defendant's prior serious felony conviction for sentencing purposes, had the court had the discretion to do so at the time it originally sentenced defendant. (People v. Almanza (2018)