THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ODELL FORT, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 1-04-1937
First District (2nd Division)
May 29, 2007
373 Ill. App. 3d 882
PRESIDING JUSTICE WOLFSON
Reversed and remanded.
HOFFMAN and HALL, JJ., concur.
Opinion filed May 29, 2007.
Richard A. Devine, State‘s Attorney, of Chicago (James E. Fitzgerald, Annette Collins, Sally Dilgart, and Paula Borg, Assistant State‘s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
PRESIDING JUSTICE WOLFSON delivered the opinion of the court:
The trial judge convicted defendant, Odell Fort, of possession of a controlled substance and sentenced him to 30 months’ imprisonment. Defendant does not challenge the conviction or the sentence. He does raise issues concerning other orders that flowed from the conviction.
Defendant contends: (1) it was error to impose a $500 assessment without first determining whether he had the ability to pay it; (2) he was entitled to a credit against the assessment based on the days he spent in custody before sentencing; (3) the statute mandating a $5 fee for deposit in the Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis Cure Research Trust Fund is unconstitutional; and (4) the compulsory extraction of his blood and perpetual storage of his DNA violate his fourth amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.
We agree defendant is entitled to the credit against the assessment. We reject his other contentions.
FACTS
Since defendant does not challenge his conviction, there is no need to go into facts that led to it. Suffice it to say a police officer saw him
At the sentencing hearing, after reviewing the presentence investigation report and hearing arguments of counsel, the trial court sentenced defendant to 30 months’ imprisonment. The court noted defendant spent 37 days in custody before the conviction, but did not credit those days against the assessment.
A form in the record lists the “fines, fees, assessments, penalties, and reimbursements” imposed by the court on defendant. They total $1,224. The following boxes are marked on the form:
| “Costs and Fees | |
| Felony Complaint Filed—Clerk*** | $190 |
| Felony Complaint Conviction—State‘s Attorney*** | $60 |
| Preliminary Hearing—State‘s Attorney*** | $20 |
| *** | |
| State DNA ID System*** | $200 |
| Violent Crime Victim Assistance*** | $20 |
| Criminal/Traffic Conviction | |
| Surcharge—Additional Penalty*** | $4 |
| Automation—Clerk*** | $5 |
| Document Storage—Clerk*** | $5 |
| Court Services—Sheriff*** | $15 |
| *** | |
| Controlled Substance/ Cannabis/ Hypodermic Needles Offenses | |
| *** | |
| Assessment Controlled Substance*** | $500 |
| *** | |
| Crime Lab Drug Analysis—Northern*** | $100 |
| Trauma Fund*** | $100 |
| Trauma Fund Spinal Cord*** | $5 |
| *** | |
| TOTAL*** | $1224” |
DECISION
I. The Drug Assessment
Defendant was ordered to pay the $500 assessment pursuant to
First, he contends the assessment really is a fine and should
“In determining the amount and method of payment of a fine, *** the court shall consider:
(1) The financial resources and future ability of the offender to pay the fine.”
730 ILCS 5/5-9-1(d) (West 2002) .
Second, he contends
“Any person incarcerated on a bailable offense who does not supply bail and against whom a fine is levied on conviction of such offense shall be allowed a credit of $5 for each day so incarcerated upon application of the defendant.”
725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2002) .
To resolve the issues raised by defendant we first must determine whether the legislature intended the assessment to be a fine, that is, a pecuniary punishment imposed as part of a sentence, or something else, like a fee or court cost, which is a charge taxed by a court, compensatory in nature. People v. Elizalde, 344 Ill. App. 3d 678, 682, 800 N.E.2d 339 (2003); People v. Littlejohn, 338 Ill. App. 3d 281, 283, 788 N.E.2d 339 (2003). If it is a fine, defendant is entitled to the $185 setoff.
Contrary to the State‘s contention, the credit issue was not forfeited by defendant‘s failure to raise it at sentencing or in a post-sentencing motion. The normal rules of forfeiture do not apply to a sentence credit request. A defendant has the right to raise it for the first time on appeal. People v. Woodward, 175 Ill. 2d 435, 457, 677 N.E.2d 935 (1997).
That brings us to the tricky thicket of statutory interpretation. First and foremost, we must ascertain and give purpose to the legislature‘s intent. People v. Ward, 215 Ill. 2d 317, 324, 830 N.E.2d 556 (2005). We first look to the language of the statute we are attempting to construe. Castaneda v. Illinois Human Rights Comm‘n, 132 Ill. 2d 304, 318, 547 N.E.2d 437 (1989). The best indication of legislative intent is the “plain and ordinary meaning of the language used.” Littlejohn, 338 Ill. App. 3d at 283. We are permitted “to turn to a dictionary when determining the meaning of an otherwise undefined word or phrase.” People v. Skillom, 361 Ill. App. 3d 901, 909 (2005), citing Ward, 215 Ill. 2d at 325.
There are times when courts cannot determine the meaning of a
The word that commands our attention is “assessment,” as used in section 411.2.
Section 411.2 makes no reference to the sentence credit provisions of
The State, pointing to the wording and placement of section 411.2, contends the assessment is something other than a fine, making incarceration credits and inquiries into ability to pay inapplicable.
Several courts from other appellate districts have decided the credit issue. They represent a shutout against the State. No reported decision supports the State‘s position. We summarize the relevant decisions:
- Second Appellate District: People v. Rodriguez, 276 Ill. App. 3d 33, 41, 657 N.E.2d 699 (1995) (“A defendant is entitled to a $5-a-day credit for each day incarcerated on a bailable offense when he does not supply bail [citation], and this credit is applicable to a statutory drug offense assessment“); People v. Otero, 263 Ill. App. 3d 282, 287, 635 N.E.2d 1073 (1994) ($5-per-day credit may be applied against either the $2,000 statutory assessment or the street value fine, but not both).
- Third Appellate District: Littlejohn, 338 Ill. App. 3d at 284 (“Pursuant to section 110—14, the defendant should be awarded a credit of $1,360 against his drug assessment fines, his street-value fines, the trauma center fine and the crime stoppers fine“); People v. Gathing, 334 Ill. App. 3d 617, 620, 778 N.E.2d 215 (2002) (the mandatory drug assessment “is in the nature of a fine and is properly offset by the presentence credit created by section 110-14 of the Code“);
People v. Reed, 255 Ill. App. 3d 949, 951, 627 N.E.2d 729 (1994) (the $5-a-day credit for each day incarcerated on a bailable offense when defendant did not supply bail is applicable to a street value fine “and to a statutory drug offense assessment“); People v. Brown, 242 Ill. App. 3d 465, 466, 610 N.E.2d 776 (1993) (defendant‘s “$5-per-day credit for pretrial incarceration which is allowed by section 110-14 should have been used to offset his $500 assessment“). - Fifth Appellate District: People v. Haycraft, 349 Ill. App. 3d 416, 430, 811 N.E.2d 747 (2004) (the $5-per-day credit “may be applied against either the statutory assessment or the street value fine, but not both“).
The First and Fourth Appellate Districts have not yet spoken on the sentence credit issue. Defendant relies primarily on Gathing. The State contends Gathing and all the other cases cited above were wrongly decided.
Admittedly, the cases do not contain in-depth analysis of legislative intent. Gathing relies on two points. The first is Black‘s Law Dictionary definitions of “assessment“—” ‘[i]mposition of something, such as a tax or fine, according to an established rate’ “—and “fine“—” ‘[a] pecuniary criminal punishment or civil penalty payable to the public treasury.’ ” Gathing, 334 Ill. App. 3d at 620, quoting Black‘s Law Dictionary 111, 647 (7th ed. 1999). The second point relied on in Gathing is that payment of the assessment is to a special treatment fund “within the State Treasury.” Gathing, 334 Ill. App. 3d at 620.
Brown supplies another reason for holding the credit applies: “Had the legislature clearly intended to exclude section 411.2 from such credits, the legislature could have specifically made such an exclusion.” Brown, 242 Ill. App. 3d at 466.
We would add that the legislature has demonstrated it knows how to make the $5-per-day credit inapplicable to a special fund. It did so in 1985 when it amended the Violent Crime Victims Assistance Act to provide fines imposed for certain listed offenses are “‘not subject to the provisions of Section 110-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 ***.’ (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 70, par. 510(b).)” People v. Hare, 119 Ill. 2d 441, 450, 519 N.E.2d 879 (1988).
We decline the State‘s invitation to reject the consistent line of appellate decisions that allow the sentence credit against the drug assessment.
We are instructed:
“[O]ne district of the State appellate court is not always bound to follow the decisions of other districts, although there may be compelling reasons to do so when dealing with similar facts or circumstances. [Citation.] Otherwise, such decisions have only
persuasive value for the appellate court.” In re May 1991 Will County Grand Jury, 152 Ill. 2d 381, 398, 604 N.E.2d 929 (1992).
We are persuaded.
A strong case can be made that section 411.2 is ambiguous on the question of fine versus fee. It is in a section separate from the fines provision for convictions under the Illinois Controlled Substances Act (
Assuming the existence of ambiguity, we believe there are two sound reasons for adopting the results reached by the appellate court decisions.
First, we take note of the Senate debate on July 18, 1991. Referring to the proposed section 411.2, Senator Cullerton asked: “I‘m just curious, though, if—does this reallocate money which is now being sent somewhere, or does it purport to increase the fines for people who are charged with drug offenses?” (Emphasis added.) 87th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, July 18, 1991, at 186 (statement of Senator Cullerton). Senator Barkhausen, a sponsor of the bill, answered:
“Yes, it‘s an increase. It‘s a new fine; although, we had amended the bill a second time through, and I believe the provisions are here again—I was just looking for them—to give the court some discretion to require community service work for those who can‘t pay fines. But this is new money. It‘s not a reallocation of any old money.” (Emphasis added.) 87th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, July 18, 1991, at 186-87 (statements of Senator Barkhausen).
When we construe a statute, “it is instructive to consider relevant statements by legislatures concerning the nature and effect of the proposed law.” Sulser v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 147 Ill. 2d 548, 555, 591 N.E.2d 427 (1992). Nothing in the Senate debates indicates an intent that the drug assessment was to be anything other than a species of fine.
The second reason for following the appellate decisions has to do with a well-established rule of legislative construction. Our supreme court has held: “[W]hen the legislature amends a statute, but leaves
Section 411.2 was amended in 1994, 1995, and 1997. None of the amendments referred to the credit against assessment issue. Brown was decided in 1993, Reed in 1994, Otero in 1994, and Rodriguez in 1995. The legislature is presumed to know how courts have interpreted a statute and may amend the statute if it intended a different construction. People ex rel. Illinois Department of Labor v. Tri State Tours, Inc., 342 Ill. App. 3d 842, 847, 795 N.E.2d 990 (2003). We assume the legislature saw no need to change the results reached in the appellate decisions.
We conclude defendant was entitled to a credit of $185 against the $500 assessment. Although we agree the assessment is a kind of fine, we see no need to remand for an inquiry into defendant‘s ability to pay it. The assessment is mandatory. The legislature provided for ways to eliminate or reduce it. Defendants convicted of drug offenses are given the opportunity to improve their lives and the lives of others (subsections (e) and (f)). That is the statutory plan set out in section 411.2 and it tells us why the legislature placed it in its own section, separate from traditional fines.
II. Spinal Cord Fund Fee
Defendant contends his due process rights were violated by the trial court‘s imposition of a $5 fee for deposit into the Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis Cure Research Trust Fund (Spinal Cord Fund).
Our supreme court recently upheld the constitutionality of the statutory provision imposing a fee earmarked for the Spinal Cord Fund in People v. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d 569, 605-06, 861 N.E.2d 967 (2006). The court held the $5 charge may properly be viewed as a criminal penalty, and “it is well established that the legislature has broad authority to determine the nature and extent of criminal penalties.” Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 602.
Accordingly, we reject defendant‘s argument and affirm the trial court‘s assessment of the $5 fee for the Spinal Cord Fund.
Defendant contends the compulsory extraction and perpetual storage of his DNA violate his fourth amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures under the federal and state constitutions.
This court repeatedly has addressed this issue and rejected defendant‘s position. See People v. Redmond, 357 Ill. App. 3d 256, 264, 828 N.E.2d 1206 (2005); People v. Foster, 354 Ill. App. 3d 564, 571, 821 N.E.2d 733, 740 (2004); People v. Butler, 354 Ill. App. 3d 57, 68-69, 819 N.E.2d 1133 (2004); People v. Edwards, 353 Ill. App. 3d 475, 486, 818 N.E.2d 814 (2004); People v. Peppers, 352 Ill. App. 3d 1002, 1007-08, 817 N.E.2d 1152 (2004); People v. Ramos, 353 Ill. App. 3d 133, 154, 817 N.E.2d 1110 (2004); People v. Hall, 352 Ill. App. 3d 537, 549-50, 816 N.E.2d 703 (2004); People v. Garvin, 349 Ill. App. 3d 845, 856 (2004), appeal allowed, 212 Ill. 2d 541, 824 N.E.2d 287 (2004). Every state and federal court that has addressed the constitutionality of a similar DNA statute has upheld the statute. Peppers, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 1004-05, citing Green v. Berge, 354 F.3d 675, 679 (7th Cir. 2004), and Garvin, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 854.
We find, consistent with virtually unanimous authority, that
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we amend the “Costs and Fees” order to reflect a credit of $185 against the $500 “Assessment Controlled Substance,” and we affirm the $5 fee for the Spinal Cord Fund. We affirm the trial court‘s order that blood be extracted from the defendant for storage of his DNA.
Affirmed as modified.
GARCIA and HALL, JJ., concur.