People v. ForbesPeople v. Forbes
Late in the evening on June 13, 2010, defendant and his
When the victim failed to return home, his brother began sending him text messages inquiring as to his whereabouts. According to Young, defendant had the victim‘s cell phone and responded to the incoming messages—directing the victim‘s brother to their location. While searching for the victim during the early morning hоurs of June 14, 2010, the victim‘s brother encountered three young men, two of whom he subsequently identified as Young and Ervin, who told him that the victim was attending a party at a nearby apartment. Suspecting that something was not quite right, the victim‘s brother remained in his vehicle and eventually left the area and reported the victim as missing. The victim eventually regained consciousness and found his way to Albany Medical Center—where he presented with “significant head and facial injuries,” including multiple
Later that day, defendant, Young and Ervin—among others—met in the general vicinity of Swinburne Park in the City of Albany and decided to go to Crossgates Mall in the Town of Guilderland, Albany County. Prior to boarding a bus to that location, the trio discarded the victim‘s blue cell phone and driver‘s license.3 Upon arriving at the mall, defendant used the victim‘s credit card to successfully purchase a quantity of baseball hats. Following a failed transaction at a second store, defendant was apprehended at a bus station outside of the mall.
Young, Ervin and defendant thereafter were indicted and charged with assault in the first degree (two counts), robbery in the first degree (two сounts) and robbery in the second degree. Young and Ervin pleaded guilty and agreed to testify against defendant. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted on all counts; however, because defendant was only 15 years old at the time that the underlying crimes were committed, County Court dismissed the two nonjuvenile offender counts of the indictment as legal nullities (see
Defendant primarily contends that the verdict is not supported by legally sufficient evidence and is against the weight of the evidence and, further, that certain commеnts made by the prosecutor during the course of the People‘s summation deprived him of a fair trial. With respect to defendant‘s challenge to the underlying verdict,4 the crux of defendant‘s argument on this point is that the testimony offered by Young and Ervin was not sufficiently corroborated and, additionally, wаs so inconsistent as to be deemed unworthy of belief. We disagree.
“New York‘s accomplice corroboration rule minimally requires
Here, the accomplice testimony offered by Young and Ervin was corroborated by, among other things, (1) dеfendant‘s testimony placing him with Young and Ervin both immediately prior to and shortly after the attack, his admitted use of the victim‘s credit card to make a purchase at the mall and his testimony that he discarded the victim‘s cell phone—allegedly in Young‘s possession at the time—while en route to the bus stop on the morning following the assault; (2) the testimony of Young‘s girlfriend, who stated that she saw Young, Ervin and defendant together during the early morning hours of June 14, 2010, at which time defendant was in possession of a blue cell phone; (3) Hairston‘s testimony that, on the morning following the attack, defendant was in possession of a blue cell phone and was bragging about the robbery and “[running the victim‘s] pockets“; (4) the recovery of the tree branch used to strike the victim from the location described by Young and Ervin; and (5) the testimony detailing the recovery of the victim‘s license, as well as a portion of his blue cell phone, from the general locations where Young, Ervin and defendant each described the items as being discarded. Such proof, in our view, is more than sufficient “to satisfy the minimal corroboration requirement connecting defendant to these crimes and provid[es] a sound basis for the jury to credit the accomplice[s‘] testimony” (People v Matthews, 101 AD3d at 1365-1366). To the extent that defendant argues that certain of the People‘s witnesses had prior criminal histories, received advantageous plea bargains in exchange
We now turn tо defendant‘s argument regarding the People‘s summation. Summations afford counsel the opportunity to comment upon the evidence adduced at trial and to suggest to the jury whatever inferences and conclusions logically and reasonably may be drawn therefrom. It is, therefore, entirеly permissible for counsel not only to highlight the proof favorable to his or her position but, further, to call to the jury‘s attention evidence that contradicts opposing counsel‘s theory of the case. In so doing, however, counsel may not become a witness in the case or vouch for the credibility of the witnesses who testified (see People v Spence, 92 AD3d 905, 905 [2012]; People v Russell, 307 AD2d 385, 386 [2003]), nor may he or she comment upon matters not in evidence or otherwise engage in speculation (see People v Woodrow, 91 AD3d 1188, 1190 [2012], lv denied 18 NY3d 999 [2012]; People v Paixao, 23 AD3d 677, 678 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 816 [2006]; People v Washington, 21 AD3d 253, 253 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 834 [2005], cert denied 546 US 1104 [2006]). To our analysis, the prosecutor strayed far beyond those well-defined parameters here.
During the course of his summation, thе prosecutor, among other things, repeatedly vouched for the credibility of the People‘s witnesses (“He‘s telling the truth“). Such comments clearly are impermissible (see People v Spence, 92 AD3d at 905; People v Russell, 307 AD2d at 386). We reach a similar conclusion regarding the prosecutor‘s statement that if the jury was inclined to believe defendаnt, he had “a bridge in Brooklyn [to] sell” as well (see People v Moore, 115 AD2d 495, 496 [1985]). These errors were compounded by the prosecutor‘s completely speculative comment that “the only reason that [defendant] wasn‘t involved in the other robbery that [Young] and [Ervin] committed” not long after the attack upon the victim “wаs because he couldn‘t be there with them“—suggesting that had defendant not been in custody at the time that the subsequent robbery was committed, he would have participated in that crime as well. Although the prosecutor‘s comment in this regard undeniably was improper (cf. People v Spence, 92 AD3d at 906), it paled in comparison to his statement that, in order to believe
The problem with the foregoing statement is three-fold. First, the comment made by the prosecutor relative to what the jury would need to believe in order to find that defendant was not guilty arguably shifted the burden of proof from the People to defendant. Additionally, the prosecutor‘s reference to a conspiracy in no way constitutes fair comment upon the evidence adduced. Although defendant indeed testified that Young and Ervin were not being truthful, he never suggested that the People‘s witnesses, among others, were engaged in a conspiracy to wrongfully convict him, and there is nothing in the record to support such a claim. Finally, there is no question that one of the jury‘s key roles in a criminal trial is to assess the credibility of the witnesses who testify on behalf of the People and, in those instances where the defendant takes the stand or otherwise presents witnesses in support of his or her defense, to weigh the credibility of the People‘s witnesses vis-à-vis the defendant‘s witnesses. Such a “credibility contest” is entirely permissible, and there is nothing inherently prejudicial about that evaluative process. Here, however, the prosecutor‘s commentary set up a far different credibility contest by suggesting to the jury that it could believe defendant only if it also believed that the trial judge, among others, had permitted the People‘s witnesses to lie to the jury and/or otherwise engaged in some form of misconduct. Simply рut, the prosecutor‘s conduct in pitting defendant against the very judge who had presided over the course of the trial was inexcusable and, despite defense counsel‘s prompt objection and County Court‘s appropriate curative
Summations rarely are perfect. For that reason, we accord counsel a certain amount of leeway in this regard and recognize that not every improper comment made by the prosecuting attorney during the course of closing argumеnts warrants reversal of the underlying conviction (see e.g. People v Story, 81 AD3d 1168, 1169 [2011]; People v White, 79 AD3d 1460, 1464-1465 [2010], lv denied 17 NY3d 803 [2011]; People v Newkirk, 75 AD3d 853, 857 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 834 [2011]). Rather, reversal “is warranted [only] if the misconduct is such that the defendant suffered substantial prejudice, resulting in a denial of due process” (People v Story, 81 AD3d at 1169; see People v Newkirk, 75 AD3d at 857; People v Russell, 307 AD2d at 386)—a determination that, in turn, hinges upon “the severity and frequency of the conduct, whether the trial court took appropriate action to dilute the effect of the conduct and whether, from a review of the evidence, it can be said that the result would have been the same absent such conduct” (People v Tarantola, 178 AD2d 768, 770 [1991], lv denied 79 NY2d 954 [1992]; accord People v Russell, 307 AD2d at 386; see People v Story, 81 AD3d at 1169).
Here, “given [both the catalogue and] the magnitude of the errors [committed by the prosecutor] and the fact that defendant‘s credibility was central to his defense,” we are unable to conclude that the foregoing errors were harmless (People v Tarantola, 178 AD2d at 770 [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; see People v Russell, 307 AD2d at 387). Thus, despite the ample evidence to support defendant‘s conviction, we nonetheless find that the prosecutor‘s comments during his summation operated to deprive defendant of a fair trial (see People v Wlasiuk, 32 AD3d 674, 681 [2006], lv denied 7 NY3d 871 [2006]; People v Russell, 307 AD2d at 386-387; People v Tarantola, 178 AD2d at 770-771; see also People v Moore, 115 AD2d at 496), thereby necessitating reversal of defendant‘s conviction and remittal of this matter for a new trial. Defendant‘s remaining contentions, to the extent not specifically addressed, have been examined аnd found to be lacking in merit.
Lahtinen, J.P., Stein and Spain, JJ., concur. Ordered that the judgment is reversed, on the law and as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice, and matter remitted to the County Court of Albany County for a new trial.