PEOPLE v FIKE
Docket No. 199564
Court of Appeals of Michigan
Submitted January 7, 1998. Decided February 20, 1998.
228 MICH APP 178
The Court of Appeals held:
1. The defendant‘s unpreserved argument that he received ineffective assistance of counsel as a result of his counsel‘s failure to file a motion to suppress his confession is unavailing. The defеndant did not overcome the presumption that his counsel was effective. The defendant failed to show that his counsel‘s actions were not trial strategy or that counsel‘s actions detrimentally affected the outcome of the trial.
2. The record does not support the defendant‘s contention that his statements to the police were not voluntary or that he did not intelligently and knowingly waivе his rights. Although the defendant may have a less-than-average intelligence level, there is no evidence that he did not understand his right to remain silent, his right to obtain an attorney, or that his statements may be used against him at trial. The police did not take advantage of the defendant‘s intelligence level or subject him to coercion or improper conduct. The record does not suggest that the statеments were the result of the defendant‘s confusion or mental deficiency. The confession was properly admitted and defendant‘s counsel cannot be faulted for failing to raise a futile objection or motion.
3. The Due Process Clause of the Michigan Constitution,
Affirmed.
FITZGERALD, P.J., dissenting in part, would remand for a Walker hearing, People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331 (1965), and a Ginther hearing, People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436 (1973), because there is some record support for the defendant‘s contention that his
- CRIMINAL LAW — CONFESSIONS — MENTAL DEFICIENCIES.
A deficiency in a defendant, such as having a less-than-аverage intelligence level, that is not exploited by the police does not annul the voluntariness of the defendant‘s confession where there is no evidence of police coercion, improper police conduct, or that the confession was the result of the defendant‘s confusion or mental deficiency.
- CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — DUE PROCESS — RECORDING OF CONFESSIONS.
The Due Process Clause of the Michigan Constitution does nоt require the electronic recording of all custodial interrogations or confessions, including the giving of the accused‘s rights under Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 (1966), that occur in a place of detention where recording is feasible (
Const 1963, art 1, § 17 ).
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Randy Colbry, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael E. Moody, Assistant Attorney General, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Randy E. Davidson and Pamella R. Szydlak), for the defendant on appeal.
Before: FITZGERALD, P.J., and O‘CONNELL and WHITBECK, JJ.
O‘CONNELL, J. Defendant appeals as of right from his conviction by a jury of first-degree criminal sexual conduct,
On Seрtember 29, 1995, defendant voluntarily agreed to participate in an interview at the state police headquarters in Lansing. He was taken into an interview room that was being monitored by closed-circuit television, advised of his constitutional rights, and, upon waiving his rights and agreeing to speak, was then questioned for approximately 2 1/2 to 3 hours. During the interview, defendant admitted having sexual intercourse with the cоmplainant, but claimed that it was consensual. The entire interview was observed by Detective Kewish; Kewish thereafter conducted his own audiotaped interview with defendant. In the second interview, defendant was again advised of his constitutional rights and, after agreeing to speak, told Kewish that he had consensual sexual intercourse with the victim. Defendant was arrested and later convicted of first-dеgree criminal sexual conduct.
I
Defendant first argues that he was denied a fair trial because his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a motion to suppress his confession to the
To properly preserve this issue defendant would have had to object to his counsel‘s performance in the court below and establish a record of facts pertaining to such allegations. Hе did neither and therefore failed to preserve the issue. People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 443; 212 NW2d 922 (1973). Accordingly, in determining whether defendant has overcome the presumption that counsel was effective, our review is limited to the facts apparent in the lower court record. People v Sharbnow, 174 Mich App 94, 106; 435 NW2d 772 (1989). After reviewing the record, we find that defendant has failed to overcome that presumption because he has not shown that his trial counsel aсted in a manner that cannot reasonably be attributed to trial strategy or that counsel‘s actions detrimentally affected the outcome of his trial. People v Barnett, 163 Mich App 331, 338; 414 NW2d 378 (1987).
In determining whether defendant‘s confession was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent, we apply an objective standard and examine the totality of the circumstances. People v Cipriano, 431 Mich 315, 334; 429 NW2d 781 (1988). Such circumstances may include the age, education, intelligence level, and experience of the defendant, the duration of the defendant‘s detention and questioning, the defendant‘s
In the prеsent case, the record does not support defendant‘s contention that his statements were not voluntary or that he did not intelligently and knowingly waive his rights. Although defendant may have a less-than-average intelligence level, there is no evidence that he did not understand his right to remain silent, his right to obtain an attorney, or the fact that his statements may be used against him at trial. As the United States Supreme Court has hеld, a deficiency in the defendant that is not exploited by the police cannot annul the voluntariness of a confession unless there is evidence of police coercion. Colorado v Connelly, 479 US 157, 164-165; 107 S Ct 515; 93 L Ed 2d 473 (1986). See also Cheatham, supra at 15-17. Additionally, we find some guidance in the fact that defendant was twice read his rights, that he indicated that he understood them, and that he agreed to speak with the police.
The record does not suggest that the рolice took advantage of defendant‘s intelligence level, that he was in any way subjected to coercion or improper police conduct, or that defendant‘s statements were the result of confusion or mental deficiency. Accordingly, we believe that his confession was properly admitted at trial, and trial counsel cannot be faulted for failing to raise an objеction or motion that would have been futile. See People v Tullie, 141 Mich App 156, 158; 366 NW2d 224 (1985). In any case, our review of the record indicates that trial counsel‘s actions might well have been a matter of trial strategy, an area in which this Court will not substitute its judgment for that of counsel. Barnett, supra.
II
Defendant next argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the police failed to make an audio or visual recording of his interview. To support his contention that the trial court sua sponte should have suppressed his confession, defendant cites an Alaska case, Stephan v State, 711 P2d 1156 (Alas, 1985), wherein the Alaska Supreme Court held that in order to be admissible under the Due Process Clause of the Alaska Constitution, all custodial confessions (including the giving of the accused‘s Miranda1 rights) must be electronically recorded when the interrogation takes place in a place of detention and where recording is feasible. Id. at 1159-1160. In this case of first impression, defendant now urges this Court to extend Michigan‘s constitutional due process guarantees by adopting the same rule. We decline, however, to “fiat” our views of police practice into a constitutional mandate when the Michigan Legislature has not yet spoken on the subject.
In Stephan, the Alaska Supreme Court opined that electronic recordings of custodial interrogations, while not required by the United States Constitution,2
First, we do not believe that the Due Process Clause of our state constitution requires such a practice.
Second, we note that the rule set forth in Stephan is a minority view that has not been generally accepted. Although some state legislatures have adopted statutes requiring that custodial interrogations be recorded, the majority of state courts that have considered this issue have specifically rejeсted the conclusion reached by the Alaska Supreme Court. See, e.g., People v Raibon, 843 P2d 46, 49 (Colo App, 1992); State v James, 237 Conn 390, 430-432; 678 A2d 1338 (1996); Coleman v State, 189 Ga App 366, 367; 375 SE2d 663 (1988); State v Kekona, 77 Hawaii 403, 408-409; 886 P2d 740 (1994); State v Rhoades, 121 Idaho 63, 73; 822 P2d 960 (1991); People v Everette, 187 Ill App 3d 1063, 1074-1076; 543 NE2d 1040 (1989); Commonwealth v Diaz, 422 Mass 269, 272-274; 661 NE2d 1326 (1996); State v Buzzell, 617 A2d 1016, 1018 (Me, 1992); Williams v State, 522 So 2d 201, 208 (Miss, 1988); Jimenez v State, 105 Nev 337, 339-341; 775 P2d 694 (1989), rev‘d on other grounds 112 Nev 610; 918 P2d 687 (1996); State v James, 858 P2d 1012, 1017-1018 (Utah App, 1993); State v Gorton, 149 Vt 602, 604-606; 548 A2d 419 (1988); State v Spurgeon, 63 Wash App 503, 505; 820 P2d 960 (1991); State v Kilmer, 190 W Va 617, 629; 439 SE2d 881 (1993); Gale v State, 792 P2d 570, 588 (Wy, 1990). Several of these courts have concluded that such a requirement may not properly be mandated in the absence of state legislation supplementing the rights set forth in the state constitution. See, e.g., Gorton, supra at 606; Raibon, supra at 49. But see Smith v State, 548 So 2d 673 (Fla App, 1987) (holding that the Due Process Clause of the Florida Constitution requires a recording of custodial interviews).
In the present case, we cannot say that the failure of the police to electronically record defendant‘s confession was so “fundamentally unfair” that the concept of justice was offended. In this regard, we note that defendant does not claim that he was threatened or coerced or that he did not, in fact, waive his constitutional rights. In fact, we are hard pressed to see how а recording of defendant‘s confession might have benefited the defense. Accordingly, because no claim of material misconduct has been presented, we find that the trial court did not commit error requiring reversal in admitting defendant‘s confession without a recording of that statement.3
Affirmed.
WHITBECK, J., concurred.
FITZGERALD, P.J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
The majority concludes that the record does not support defendant‘s contention that his statements were not voluntary or that he did not intelligently and knowingly waive his rights. As a result of this conclusion, the majority holds that a motion to suppress would have been futile and that counsel was therefore not ineffective in failing to move to suppress defendant‘s statement.1 I disagree. Indeed, the lack of record support for defendant‘s argument that his confession was coercеd is attributable to the fact that defense counsel failed to move for a Walker2 hearing regarding the voluntariness of defendant‘s confession. Given defense counsel‘s acknowledgment at sentencing that defendant has a less-than-average intelligence level, is easily confused, and is unable to read or write, together with the fact that defendant was subjected to a nearly three-hour interview after he initially denied any involvement in this incident, see People v DeLisle, 183 Mich App 713, 719, 721; 455 NW2d 401 (1990) (the length of the defendant‘s interview strongly suggested that his statement was not voluntarily made), I can discern no trial strategy that would have prevented trial counsel from moving to suppress defendant‘s confession. Because some record support exists for defendant‘s contention, and because the record is inadequate to permit thorough rеview of defendant‘s claim, I would remand for a Walker hearing and a Ginther3 hearing.
I agree with the majority that the failure of the police to make an audio or visual recording of defendant‘s interview did not violate defendant‘s rights under the Due Process Clause of the Michigan Constitution. I write separately, however, to urge the Legislature to promulgate a statute mandating the electronic recording of prestatement conversation and actual interrogation and, unless and until that time, I urge law enforcement officers to make such recordings voluntarily.
The failure of law enforcement officers to record and preserve an accused‘s statements frequently results in the loss of essential parts thereof. See Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). Even a few hours after hearing a conversation, it is difficult for a person to present preсise and accurate testimony about those recent statements. Therefore, testimony in court weeks or months after confessions and statements are made is inevitably incomplete and at least partially inaccurate. This inevitable fallibility of human memory can be rectified by a contemporaneous recording of the confession and related interrogation.
In Stephan v State, 711 P2d 1156 (Alas, 1985), the Alaska Suрreme Court stated that a recording requirement provides a more accurate record of a defendant‘s prestatement conversation and interrogation and makes it possible for a defendant to challenge misleading or false testimony and, at the same time, minimizes the subsequent assertion of questionable claims of denial of constitutional rights as well as claims of unknowing or involuntаry waiver of such rights. Id. at 1160-1162. Further, recordation of all prestatement
The technology presently exists to record readily and accurately by both video and sound tapes the statements of witnesses and accuseds. Indeed, when it is to the advantage of law enforcement officers to record the actions or statements of acсuseds and witnesses, this is often done. See Stephan, supra. The courts are therefore presented with a situation in which the police, with only a minimal expenditure of effort and money, have the technical capability to preserve vital testimony to assure that the accused‘s rights have been observed and to validate the integrity of the actual interrogation.
Others have recognized the proteсtions that a recording requirement would provide. See, e.g., Hendricks v Swenson, 456 F2d 503 (CA 8, 1972) (suggesting that videotapes of interrogations protected the defendant‘s rights and are a step forward in the
The court system is entitled to receive the best evidence available in order to resolve the serious criminal matters that come before it. A logical consequence of this principle is the need for the consistent systematic recording of all interviews of a detained accused conducted by law enforcement officials. Thus, I am persuaded that the electronic recording of prestаtement conversation and custodial interrogations, where feasible, and where made in a place of detention, is now a reasonable and necessary safeguard, essential to the adequate protection of the accused‘s right to counsel, his right against self-incrimination, and his right to a fair trial.