People v. FernandezPeople v. Fernandez
Between August 2005 and December 2005, defendant (born in 1987) allegedly engaged in sexual conduct with the complainant (born in 1997), a member of his family, on at least three occasions. The complainant did not reveal this until 2008, at which time defendant was charged with course of sexual conduct against a child in the first and second degrees, rape in the first degree, sexual abuse in the first and second degrees and endangering the welfare of a child. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of sexual abuse in the first degree, sexual abuse in the second degree and endangering the welfare of a child. Defendant unsuccessfully moved to set aside the verdict and was then sentenced to an aggregate jail term of four months to be followed by 10 years of probation.1 Defendant appeals.
Initially, we agree with defendant that count 5 of the indictment, charging him with sexual abuse in the second degree (see
Next, while we find that the evidence presented was legally sufficient to support the remaining convictions, we agree with defendant that County Court improperly precluded him from presenting testimony of two family members regarding the complainant‘s reputation in their family for untruthfulness. Defendant has the absolute “right to present to the jury a witness with personal knowledge of complainant[‘s] bad reputation for truthfulness and veracity in the community” (People v Hanley, 5 NY3d 108, 113 [2005]; see People v Pavao, 59 NY2d 282, 290 [1983]; People v Bouton, 50 NY2d 130, 138-140 [1980]). Here, the court precluded reputation testimony by Juan Collazo on the basis that defense counsel had failed to lay a proper foundation for such. However, our review of the record reveals that defense counsel questioned Collazo about his relation to both
In light of the foregoing, we need not address defendant‘s remaining contentions.
Kavanagh and Garry, JJ., concur.
McCarthy, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part). We agree with the majority that defendant‘s conviction of sexual abuse in the second degree must be reversed and that count dismissed as an inclusory concurrent count. We also agree that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the remaining convictions. We disagree, however, with the majority‘s conclusion that County Court erred in precluding defendant from presenting reputation evidence. We would not remit for a new trial, but would instead affirm the convictions of sexual abuse in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child.
Evidence of a key witness‘s reputation for untruthfulness is admissible as a matter of right if the proper foundation has
To establish a foundation to admit testimony that a key witness has a reputation for untruthfulness in the community, the proponent must show that the character witness is a member of the same community, has been a member of that community for a substantial period of time, knows others in the community who also know the key witness, has heard those other people discuss the key witness and knows from those discussions the key witness‘s reputation for untruthfulness (see 1-5 Jonakait, Baer, Jones & Imwinkelried, New York Evidentiary Foundations, ch 5, part 2, § F [2] [2d ed rev 2009]; see also Michelson v United States, 335 US at 478). Underlying these foundational elements is the requirement that the proponent of the testimony identify a sufficiently large community that includes the key witness and the character witness as members. “A reputation may grow wherever an individual‘s associations are of such quantity and quality as to permit him [or her] to be personally observed by a sufficient number of individuals to give reasonable assurance of reliability. In short, the evidence must demonstrate a reputation rather than merely ‘individual and independent dealings‘” (People v Bouton, 50 NY2d 130, 139-140 [1980] [citations omitted], quoting People v Colantone, 243 NY 134, 139 [1926]).
We cannot say that County Court abused its discretion in ruling that the foundational testimony of the proposed character witnesses was insufficient to allow admission of reputation evidence in this case. When asked if other people in her family also knew the victim, Ramona Fernandez testified, “Yes, all my family.” When asked to clarify that answer, she responded, “And friends, my sisters and my nieces, my nieces, friends of the family.” Defense counsel asked whether Fernandez had been present when these people discussed the victim, eliciting the vague answer, “Oh, we always talk about the children, so I guess,
Considering the vague response that Fernandez “guess[ed]” that she had been present when people talked about the victim, her generic answers regarding who specifically she included when she referred to her family, and her failure to provide a responsive answer when asked how many persons were included in the purported community, County Court acted within its discretion in determining that defendant failed to establish a foundation for reputation evidence. Fernandez‘s testimony did not establish that a sufficient number of individuals were included in the identified group so as to qualify as a community and “demonstrate a reputation rather than merely ‘individual and independent dealings‘” (People v Bouton, 50 NY2d at 139-140, quoting People v Colantone, 243 NY at 139; see United States v Augello, 452 F2d at 1140; Norton v State, 785 NE2d 625, 629-632 [Ind 2003]; State v Ricker, 770 A2d 1021, 1024 [Me 2001] [noting that the “community must be sufficiently numerous for the opinion of reputation to be reliable“]).
County Court similarly did not abuse its discretion by precluding Juan Collazo from testifying regarding the victim‘s reputation. When initially asked if he was related to the victim, Collazo responded in such a rambling fashion that the court was required to ask, “Does that mean you were or you weren‘t related?” When defense counsel asked how often he had come in contact with the victim, Collazo responded, “I couldn‘t tell you numbers but very often.” That nebulous answer was never clarified. In response to a question as to whether he knew other people in the family that also know the victim, he responded that “the whole family knows her.” When asked who those people are, Collazo referred to some individuals by name and others by familial relationship, but completed his answer saying, “I can‘t remember every name but at least twenty-five, thirty in the family.” He was then asked how many times he had heard these people discuss the victim, but answered that he “really can‘t pinpoint a number.” Again, defense counsel did not follow up on that answer or attempt to clarify it. Collazo testified that he had heard the victim‘s reputation for truthfulness discussed in the family, but County Court sustained the foundational objection when counsel asked him what that reputation was. Although 25 to 30 individuals may be a sufficiently
Granting appropriate deference to County Court‘s evidentiary rulings that defendant failed to establish the proper foundation to admit evidence of the victim‘s reputation for untruthfulness, this Court should affirm the convictions of sexual abuse in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child.
Peters, J.P., concurs. Ordered that the judgment is reversed, on the law, count 5 of the indictment dismissed, and matter remitted to the County Court of Ulster County for a new trial on counts 4 and 6 of the indictment.