The prosecution appeals as of right from the trial court’s order dismissing charges of possession of less than twenty-five grams of cocaine and possession of marijuana, MCL 333.7403(2)(a)(v) and (d); MSA 14.15(7403)(2)(a)(v) and (d). The dismissal followed the court’s order granting defendant’s motion to suppress evidence seized by a police officer incident to defendant’s lawful arrest following a traffic stop. We reverse.
Defendant was observed traveling at a speed in excess of the posted limit and was stopped. He was unable to produce a valid driver’s license and was arrested. Incident to that arrest, the officer searched the passenger compartment of defendant’s vehicle and located the drugs underneath the gearshift located on the center console. The officer testified that he had to “take the plastic apart and snap it out of its casing in order to find the narcotics.” He also testified that the area beneath the gearshift was “a well-known spot for transporting narcotics.”
Defendant moved to suppress the evidence, claiming that the officer had conducted an unlawful inventory search and that the prosecution did not establish that an investigative search was warranted under the facts of this case. The prosecution responded that the search was incident to a lawful arrest and that it was *461 not an inventory search. After hearing oral arguments, the court instructed the parties to brief the issue whether the search was incident to a lawful arrest. Without stating its reasons, the court thereafter granted defendant’s motion.
Our review is de novo in cases where the trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress evidence is based on an interpretation of the law.
People v Zahn,
The question presented is whether the search without a warrant of defendant’s automobile, made incident to his lawful arrest, exceeded what is considered reasonable under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Const 1963, art 1, § 11. The Fourth Amendment guarantees the right of persons to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. 1 As a general rule, evidence that is obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible as substantive evidence in criminal proceedings. Houstina, supra at 74.
In order to show that a search was legal, the police must show either that they had a warrant or that their conduct fell under one of the narrow, specific exceptions to the warrant requirement.
People v Davis,
There are two historical rationales for the “search incident to arrest” exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment: (1) the need to disarm the suspect in order to take him into custody, and (2) the need to preserve evidence for later use at trial.
United States v
Robinson,
A custodial arrest involves “danger to an officer” because of “the extended exposure which follows the taking of a suspect into custody and transporting him to the police station.” Robinson, supra at 234-235. In Robinson, the Supreme Court recognized that “[t]he danger to the police officer flows from the fact of the arrest, and its attendant proximity, stress, and uncertainty, and not from the grounds for arrest.” Id. at 234, n 5. The Robinson Court relied on the differences between searches incident to lawful custodial arrests and Terry 2 “stop-and-frisk” searches to reject an argument that the limitations established in Terry should be applied to a search incident to arrest. Robinson, supra at 228.
*463 Defendant argues that the officer lacked probable cause to search the vehicle for illegal drugs. “A custodial arrest of a suspect based on probable cause is a reasonable intrusion under the Fourth Amendment; that intrusion being lawful, a search incident to the arrest requires no additional justification. It is the fact of the lawful arrest which establishes the authority to search . . . .” Robinson, supra at 235. Fundamental to the search incident to arrest exception is the requirement that there must be a lawful arrest in order to establish the authority to search. Houstina, supra at 75. Defendant does not dispute that he was lawfully arrested for driving without a valid driver’s license. No further authority or probable cause for the search incident to his arrest was necessary.
When conducting a search incident to a lawful arrest, the police may search the arrestee and the area within his immediate control.
Chimel, supra
at 763. This includes the search of the passenger compartment of an automobile occupied by the arrestee as a contemporaneous incident of that arrest.
New York v Belton,
The Belton Court recognized that containers located within the passenger compartment and searched by officers “will sometimes be such that they could hold neither a weapon nor evidence of the *464 criminal conduct for which the suspect was arrested.” Id. at 461. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court rejected the notion that such a container located during a search incident to an arrest could not be searched. Id., citing Robinson, supra. Here, the area beneath the gearshift was observed during the search incident to defendant’s arrest and was subject to search.
Although no Michigan case has addressed the specific question, other courts have addressed what constitutes a container within the passenger compartment subject to search incident to the lawful arrest of the occupant of the vehicle. In
United States v Veras,
In support of his argument that the search exceeded the scope allowed under
Belton,
defendant cites several decisions involving the seizure of evidence from a motor vehicle. All the cases cited by defendant involved searches outside the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
California v Acevedo,
Although not clear from the record, the trial court’s decision to grant defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence seems to have been based on a finding that the area beneath the gearshift was not a container within the passenger compartment of defendant’s car or that the officer’s act of taking the console apart to reach the container exceeded the scope of a search incident to an arrest. We find that the area beneath the gearshift was a container within the passenger compartment of defendant’s car and was subject to search under Belton. The search did not exceed the scope of a search incident to an arrest, and the trial court erred in suppressing the evidence.
Reversed.
Notes
A defendant from whom narcotic drugs are seized is provided no greater constitutional protection under art 1, § 11 of the Michigan Constitution than that provided by the Fourth Amendment.
People v Toohey,
Terry v Ohio,