delivered the opinion of the court:
Henry Dugas was convicted in the circuit court of Vermilion county of an assault upon August Obert, Jr., with intent to murder him, and has sued out a writ of error to reverse the judgment.
The affray out of which the indictment arose occurred on the night of January 20, 1923, in VVestville, about eleven o’clock. Dugas was conducting a garage on the west side of a street in Westville just south of what is called a soft drink parlor conducted by John Dixon, which was separated from the garage by an alley. For some time before eleven o’clock the plaintiff in error, together with Vannis Mullin, Frank Barker and another person, were in the soft drink parlor standing at the bar just behind the screen, at its east end. Dixon was behind the bar. About 10:30 Obert, Franklin Quick and Mrs. Mabel Moore, who was Quick’s cousin, came into the soft drink parlor and went to the west end of the bar, where they ordered drinks, and Dixon waited on them. Dugas and his companions were singing. Someone said it was closing-up time, and the Dugas party went out. There was no light on the street. Obert and his party went out on the sidewalk and immediately a fight began. The evidence is confusing and contradictory. Obert and his two companions testified for the prosecution, and Dugas, Barker and Mullin for the defense. The witnesses do not agree as to who began the difficulty,— as to whether Dugas struck Obert or Obert struck Dugas,— but they engaged in a fight on the sidewalk and in the space between the buildings. Dugas testified that Obert knocked him down and was on top of him; that Mullin came to Dugas’ assistance and pulled Obert off of him; that Obert and Mullin had a struggle and Obert got Mullin down and got on top of him. Dugas ran into the soft drink parlor and got a piece of inch-and-a-quarter gas pipe about two feet long, which was on the floor behind the door, and came out where Obert was just getting up off of Mullin and hit Obert a blow on the head which knocked him down, fractured his skull and caused serious injury, some pieces of the fractured bone piercing the substance of the brain. Obert testified' that as he went out the door he saw Dugas, Mullin and two others whom he did not know, right outside the door, and all four “jumped” him and “smashed” him and backed him up against the soft drink parlor, and the next thing Dugas or somebody went into the saloon and got a pipe or something and hit him with the pipe. It would do no good to review the account of each witness giving the details of the fight. It is enough to say that the evidence was contradictory and of such a character as to require that the trial should have been conducted without serious error.
The plaintiff in error testified that he had seen Obert for the first time in the previous October ,• that the next time he saw him was in front of his garage about four weeks before the fight, when he had a difficulty with Obert. Obert stopped in front of Dugas’ gasoline tank and Dugas went up to the tank and asked him if he wanted gas, and he said no. Dugas then asked him to drive up or back up, because if somebody drove up to get gasoline he would be in the way and Dugas would have to bother him. Obert was intoxicated, and stepping out of the car he advanced on Dugas, calling him a foul name, and said, “You are going to make me get away from there?” Dugas said, “No; you can stand there if you want to.” Obert struck at Dugas. Dugas backed away and Obert struck at him again. Then Dugas walked through the garage, picked up a bottle and threw at him, and Obert ran Dugas back of the counter and struck at him twice there. Dugas dodged and Obert ran him out of the office. He went toward the garage and Obert followed him. Passing a coal pile Du-gas picked up a piece of coal and Obert swore at him. A few minutes afterward Dugas saw Obert in front of the garage, and Obert said, “I will kill you,” repeating the foul name which he had called Dugas. Three or four days after-wards Dugas saw Obert in Dixon’s soft drink parlor. He looked at Dugas and came toward him and was saying something which Dugas did not understand, but Dugas ran out of the place.
The defense offered to prove these facts also by Vannis Mullin and Prank Laker, but an objection by the prosecution to the testimony was sustained. The reason given for sustaining the objection was that the testimony of the defendant showed that at the time the blow was struck he was not being assaulted but there was an altercation between the prosecuting witness and another party, and that the defendant got up and went away some fifteen or twenty feet into the building and came back to the place without any assault of any kind being made upon him and struck the prosecuting witness the blow upon which the indictment was based. The court said that the proof was not competent when the statement of the defendant clearly showed that there was no assault being made upon him at the time the blow was being struck. The court was in error in excluding the testimony and in assuming that the plaintiff in error, under the evidence, had no right to strike the blow. That was a question for the jury to determine from all the competent evidence that might be produced. The plaintiff in error, according to his statement, had been knocked down, and his friend who. interfered for his protection had also been knocked down. The plaintiff in error, leaving Obert fighting Mullin, ran into the saloon and got the gas pipe and immediately ran out. The whole matter occupied but a few seconds. He found Obert rising up from Mullin, but it was for the jury to say whether under the circumstances the fight was over and Obert’s assault had ceased, or whether Dugas might justifiably think that for the protection of himself and Mullin, or either one of them, it was necessary for him to strike the blow which he did strike. The evidence was admissible for the purpose of showing the state of mind of Dugas, his relations with Obert and the violence of Obert’s character, to enable the jury to determine whether his action was influenced by fear and was for his own protection or the protection of Mullin, or was a blow struck in the heat of passion aroused by the assault which had gone before, or was the result of malice and an intention to murder Obert. When evidence has been introduced from which, if they believe it, the jury may find that the person injured in an affray was the assailant, evidence of his wicked or vicious disposition or of threats made against the defendant is admissible as tending to show the circumstances by which he was surrounded, the extent of his apparent danger and the motive by which he was influenced. (Cannon v. People,
Objection is made to a number of the instructions which were given for the People. The first instruction told the jury that “the law of self-defense cannot be successfully invoked by the defendant if he acted from a spirit of revenge or from a spirit of utter disregard of human life when he assaulted August Obert, Jr., and at a time when he had no reasonable cause to apprehend injury to himself.” The objections made to it are, that it assumes that the defendant assaulted Obert and that the assault was made at a time when he had no reasonable cause to apprehend injury to himself, and that it limits the right of defense to the danger of injury to the defendant himself even though there was good reason to apprehend injury to Mullin. Whether the instruction makes the supposed assumptions or not, it clearly limits the defense to defense of the defendant’s own person and is erroneous for that reason.
In the fifth instruction the jury were told that a defendant charged with assault with intent to commit murder can not avail himself of the claim of necessary self-defense if the necessity for self-defense was brought on by his own deliberate and wrongful act. It is argued that the use of the word “claim” is erroneous on the authority of People v. O’Gara,
By the third instruction the jury were told that “while under apparent necessity one may use force in self-defense, yet if the force used is carried beyond the point of apparent necessity for protection of life or to prevent receiving great bodily harm, then it may in its turn constitute an assault which is unlawful and criminal.” This instruction does not limit the apparent necessity to the necessity which was apparent to the plaintiff in error, but it is likely to mislead the jurors to believe that they should decide whether in their judgment the act of the defendant was apparently necessary in self-defense. The question for the jury to determine was not whether it appeared to the jury, from the evidence in the case, that the act of the plaintiff in error was necessary, but the question is whether it appeared to the defendant, under the circumstances under which he was placed and acting as a reasonable person, that he or his companion was in danger of receiving great bodily harm.
The eleventh instruction was:
“The court instructs the jury that the true test of self-defense is, was the defendant attacked by August Obert, Jr., in such a manner and under such circumstances as were calculated to raise in the defendant’s mind a reasonable and well grounded belief that he was in imminent danger of life, or of great bodily harm. The danger, if any, must have been really or apparently imminent and pressing, and not merely imaginary or existing in the defendant’s imagination; for unless there was some overt act by August Obert, Jr., apparently indicating the design on the part of August Obert, Jr., to take the life of the defendant, or to do the defendant great bodily harm, the defendant was not justified in committing any assault on August Obert, Jr., in manner and form as charged in the indictment.”
This instruction was erroneous because it confines the right of defense to defense against acts apparently indicating design on the part of Obert to take the life of the defendant or to do the defendant great bodily harm. The defendant, upon the version of the affair given by him and his witnesses, had the same right to defend against the assault on Mullin as the assault on himself.
The case was tried at the January term, 1923, and the verdict was returned on March 10. Motion was made for a new trial, which was pending on April 16, when Obert died. At the May term Dugas was indicted for the murder of Obert, was tried and was acquitted on July 6. The motion for a new trial in this case had been pending during all this time and after the judgment on the indictment for murder was called for hearing. The plaintiff in error, among other reasons, presented a transcript of the record of the proceedings upon the indictment for murder and claimed that the motion for a new trial should be granted to permit him to plead that acquittal in bar of the charge of assault with intent to murder. Had judgment been entered upon the verdict against the plaintiff in error and had he been sentenced, his conviction would have been no bar to his prosecution upon the indictment for murder. (Commonwealth v. Ramunno,
The acquittal of the plaintiff in error on the indictment which charged him with murder acquitted him of every charge included in that crime. If it had occurred before his trial on the indictment for the assault the judgment would have been admissible on that trial as evidence of a previous acquittal. Because it occurred after the verdict it could not be given in evidence on the trial. The cause, however, was still pending, and when before judgment it was made to appear, «upon his motion for a new trial, that he had already been tried and acquitted of the charge, his motion for a new trial should have been sustained.
The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.