278 A.D. 298 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1951
The appellant, William H. Draper, was convicted in the County Court of Monroe County of the crime of murder in the first degree for the homicide of one Jennie O’Keefe. Upon the recommendation of the jury, the court sentenced appellant to life imprisonment. The appeal from the judgment of conviction brings up for review all questions of fact and of law brought out upon the trial, including the rulings of the court, the statements of the District Attorney, the charge to the jury and, generally, whether the appellant was given a fair trial in accordance with the law of the State.
The indictment contained one count only and that was one of common-law murder in the first degree. The indictment reads: “ The defendant, on or about July 17, 1949, at the Town of Greece, Monroe County, New York, wilfully, feloniously and of malice aforethought killed one Jennie O’Keefe by striking and beating her on the head and body with his hands and fists thereby inflicting injuries which caused the death of said Jennie O’Keefe.”
The evidence was amply sufficient to satisfy any reasonable person that the appellant, during the night of July 16th, transported the deceased in his automobile to a more or less isolated spot on Mill Road in the town of Greece, Monroe County; that not far from the road, the appellant brutally and horribly beat
The appellant, who was a young man of about twenty-nine years of age, at first told the officials of meeting Mrs. 0 ’Keefe, aged about seventy-three years, in a tavern and that he offered' to take her home; that he left her at about 9:30 p.m. on a street corner near her residence. He said he had lost his wallet some days before. Later, however, on further questioning, he told of driving deceased to Mill Road; that he had in mind having intercourse with her and then taking her back; that she objected and that was “ when the trouble started ”. He said she got out of the car. He admitted hitting her but did not account for the terrible beating which took place. He said he put her back in the car and drove around for some time; that he thought she was overcome by beer which she had been drinking. Draper was seen pushing his car at about 4:00 a.m. of the 17th on Ridge Road near Hoover Road so it was about that time that, as he told the officials, he placed deceased’s body on the lawn at the location where it was found.
Horrible, brutal and apparently senseless as the beating was by which this appellant brought about the death of this aged woman, this court may not affirm the judgment convicting him of murder in the first degree if it appear that errors prejudicial to the substantial rights of the defendant were made during the course of the trial and if it appear that under the applicable rules of law governing murder trials, questions of fact relating to the degree of homicide and the guilt or innocence of the defendant were decided by the court and not submitted for the determination of the jury. The duty of this court is not discretionary in such case “ but in obedience to the command of law.” (People v. Bonier, 179 N. Y. 315, 325.) In differentiating between technical and substantial errors, it was said in People v.
A review of the record in this case, convinces us that there were errors of which some might be considered as “ technical ” under section 542 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and therefore not regarded as seriously affecting the substantial rights of the defendant. There are, however, other errors which are of such a serious nature, which go to the fundamentals of the charge of the indictment, and which could not have failed to influence the jury in its verdict, that they must be held to be a denial to the defendant of his rights. Three such errors are apparent.
The plea to the indictment was one of not guilty. A plea of insanity, as a specification under the plea of not guilty, was not interposed pursuant to section 336 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. That did not foreclose proof of insanity upon the trial as a defense. (People v. Joyce, 233 N. Y. 61.) The defendant did not testify. The defense was the insanity of the defendant at the time of the commission of the crime. If his act was done while insane, it was not a crime. The defendant was to be excused from criminal liability if he was laboring under such a defect of reason as “ 1. Not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing; or, 2. Not to know that the act was wrong. ’ ’ (Penal Law, § 1120.) The question as to whether the defendant was sane or insane within the provisions of section 1120, was, in certain respects, the main issue on the trial. Proof of insanity following the commission of the crime is relevant upon
Subsequent to the arrest of the defendant, an order was made committing him to the Rochester State Hospital for examination as to his then mental condition (Code Grim. Pro., § 870 et seq.). The director of the hospital appointed two psychiatrists, Dr. Feldman and Dr. McIntosh, to conduct the examination. The defendant was in the hospital about six weeks and on September 16, 1949, the psychiatrists made a report that the' defendant “ is not at this time in such a state of idiocy, imbecility or insanity as to be incapable of understanding the charge against him or the proceedings or of making his defense.” In the meantime, the indictment had been found and sent to Monroe County Court for disposition. On defendant’s application, a hearing was had before said County Court on November 16, 1949. (Code Crim. Pro., § 662-a.) At the hearing, Dr. Libertson, for the defendant, testified that he was insane — dementia praecox, paranoid type. The court held that the findings of the report had not been successfully controverted and that the defendant should stand trial.
Hpon the trial, counsel for the defendant moved for the production of the records of the State Hospital u for use as evidence in this case. ’ ’ Whether these records were then in court does not appear. In any event, the District Attorney objected on the ground that the hospital records were inadmissible as evidence upon the trial by virtue of section 662 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. That section directs the superintendent of the hospital, upon completion of the examination, to transmit to the court ‘ ‘ a full and complete report including the findings of the qualified psychiatrists who have conducted the examination ” and further provides: 66 The report of the psychiatrists made pursuant to this section shall not be received in evidence
A case, similar factually to this case, was recently decided by the Court of Appeals. (People v. Samuels, 302 N. Y. 163, supra.) The defendant was convicted of first degree murder for beating and strangling a woman to death. The defense was insanity at the time of the commission of the crime. At issue also was his mental condition at the time of alleged confessions. Defendant had been committed to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric examination and thereafter to Matteawan State Hospital for fifteen months until he was returned for trial. The hospital records of both hospitals were admitted in evidence for the limited purpose of “ ‘ facilitating the questioning of the experts ’ ’ ’ but were not to be exhibited to the jury 6 É ‘ unless the defendant should desire otherwise.’ ” (P. 168.) Two psychiatrists were called by the People and were asked hypothetical questions which took into consideration the hospital records. They stated that defendant knew the nature and quality of the
While we hold that the hospital records were improperly rejected, we agree that section 662 of the Code of Criminal Procedure forbids the reception in evidence of the report of the psychiatrists. In spite of the fact that, relying on said section and at the insistence of the District Attorney, the hospital records were rejected, the District Attorney was permitted to place the substance of the report of the psychiatrists before the jury by indirection. We think that it was reversible error to permit the People to place before the jury the findings of the psychiatrists who were appointed for the purpose of ascertaining whether the mental condition of the defendant was such thai he could stand trial. That question was not an issue upon the trial and, obviously, the Legislature by section 662 of the Code of Criminal Procedure intended that the findings of the psychiatrists and the decision of the court as to a defendant’s ability to stand trial, should not be before the jury whose duty it was to pass upon his mental condition at the time of the commissioi
“ Q. I will have to rephrase the question, you know the defense in this matter endeavored to controvert or upset the findings of the Rochester State Hospital before Judge O’Hara sitting as a Monroe County Judge, do you not?
“ A. I know that.
“ Q. And on that occasion you testified that in your opinion this defendant was insane?
“A. I did.
“ Q. And you know further, do you not, doctor, that Judge 0 ’Mara did not follow your opinion in that matter, and did not uphold the contravention? [Sic in record — probably * contention ’.]
“ A. I know that, that is a matter of record.”
Again, despite the fact that the District Attorney was successful in keeping out the hospital record, he stated on summation to the jury: ‘‘ We unfortunately are prevented by the law from going into what went on in the State Hospital during this six weeks, but I think you can deduce that the result was certainly that this defendant was discharged as sane or he could not have been here standing trial. * * * So that your deduction is, ladies and gentlemen, that at the end of the six weeks he was discharged by Dr. Feldman as not being insane. Don’t, however, be misled, as has been suggested by the defense, into the mistake of avoiding the doing of an unpleasant duty here by any idea that you can return a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity and, coupled with it, an insurance that this defendant will remain out of society. That doesn’t follow. One State Hospital has already issued him forth as sane.” (Emphasis supplied.)
These remarks were objected to by the defense as being highly prejudicial. We agree that they were. They were not stricken out nor was the jury directed to disregard them.
There are other errors presented by this record hut we do not deem it necessary to point them out except the refusal of
The jury was forced into the position of finding defendant guilty of murder in the first degree or not guilty. This was prejudicial error. Upon the evidence in the record and including all of it pertaining to the mental condition of the defendant,
In People v. Schleiman (197 N. Y. 383) the indictment charged both common-law and felony murder in two counts. The court gave the case to the jury on the felony murder count only and the Court of Appeals sustained the conviction under the facts of that case. The court, however, sounded a warning at the same time by saying: “ The conditions are exceptional, however, which warrant a refusal to instruct the jury as to their power to convict of a lower degree of the crime charged for which the defendant is upon trial and great care should be observed, as was done here, not to withhold such instruction unless the case is one like that before us, where there is no possible view of the facts which would justify any other verdict except a conviction of the crime charged or an acquittal.” (P. 390.)
This caution to trial judges has been repeated by the Court of Appeals in People v. Koerber (244 N. Y. 147); People v. Moran (246 N. Y. 100) and People v. Cummings (274 N. Y. 336). Judge Caedozo said in the Moran case (pp. 103, 105): “If, however, the facts are susceptible of varying interpretations, there must be a submission of whatever forms and grade comport with the proofs and the indictment. * * * Whenever intent becomes material, its quality or persistence — the deranging influence of fear or sudden impulse or feebleness of mind or will — is matter for the jury if such emotions or disabilities can conceivably have affected the thought or purpose of the actor. * * * Evidence uncertain in its implications must not be warped or strained to force a jury into the dilemma of choosing between death and freedom.”
In People v. Cummings (supra, pp. 337-338, 339) the Court of Appeals again laid down the rule. It was there said: “Where the evidence is so substantial as to put in question the mental capacity of the defendant to form an intent to commit the felony, the degrees of homicide should be and must be charged. Only where there is no question of fact as to the killing while in the commission of a felony can the various degrees of homicide
In the instant case, the only charge in the indictment was that of first degree common-law murder. The defense was largely based upon the theory of the insanity of the defendant. The mental capacity of the defendant was in issue as was also the question as to whether the beating occurred during the commission of an underlying felony. The statute requiring the submission of the lower degrees of the crime charged was not complied with. While the defendant did not except to the charge-in-chief which left to the jury only the alternative of guilty of first degree murder or acquittal, a request was made for a charge in reference to manslaughter in the first degree. This charge was refused, the court saying ££ that from all the evidence it would appear the crime could not have been committed in any other way than Murder in the First Degree.” An exception was taken to the refusal to charge as requested. The question of lesser degrees of homicide was sufficiently brought to the attention of the court.
It is our opinion that the fundamental and substantial rights of this defendant were not preserved and protected and that the judgment of conviction should be reversed and a new trial had.
All concur, except Taylor, P. J., who dissents and votes for affirmance, in the following memorandum: Under section 542 of the Code of Criminal Procedure the errors, if any, committed on the trial were not sufficiently prejudicial to defendant to warrant reversal. The facts sustain the findings of the jury, implicit in the verdict, that defendant killed his victim while engaged in the commission of the felony of rape or attempted rape upon her person and that he was not legally insane at the time of the commission of the crime. The theory upon which the case was tried and the proofs adduced upon the trial justified the submission only of the questions of felony murder and legal insanity. (See People v. Brookins, 296 N. Y. 544 and People v. Samuels, 302 N. Y. 163.) Present — Taylor, P. J., McCurh, Kimball, Piper and Wheeler, JJ.
Judgment of conviction reversed on the law and a new trial granted.