46 N.Y.S. 970 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1897
Lead Opinion
The learned counsel for the appellant presses upon our consideration upon this appeal numerous exceptions taken upon the trial and in the proceedings in the action. We have examined them with the care which the importance of the subject demands, and do not
First. The admission of the judgment roll in the action of Rich v. Tiffany in evidence.
Second. As to the sufficiency of the second count in- the indictment.
■ Third. As to the admission of the evidence concerning the defendant’s membership of a Baptist church and the admission of proof of the proceedings in the Supreme Court to disbar and the disbarment of the.defendant as an attorney at law.
Fourth. The denial of the motion for a new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence.
Upon the trial the People offered in evidence the judgment roll in Rich v. Tiffany. It was a history of the proceedings of the trial and of the judgment, and it was important to establish a disputed fact as to the date of the referee’s report and to .show the relations of the defendant to the case, the People claiming that this record'was evidence that the claim of the defendant that he in any manner represented the heirs at law of Taylor in that action was without foundation, and that, as he was acting as attorney for the executors, he could-not also represent the other parties to the action, and that, therefore, his claim for compensation as against Rich and his clients could not be maintained. We think this judgment roll was competent for the purposes claimed by the People- and for other purposes, and we find no reversible error in its admission as evidence.
Hor was there error in the ruling by the trial court as to the sufficiency of the second' count in the indictment. This count charged as a fact that in the transaction concerning the $250 received by the defendant from Rich that Dorthy was the servant, agent, attorney and. bailee of Rich and occupied a fiduciary relation to him. It is contended by the learned counsel for the defendant that this was not a sufficient allegation to establish such an agency or relation, but that the indictment should have set forth the facts showing the agreement which constituted the defendant an' agent,, bailee or attorney, and that the allegations in the indictment are mere conclusions of law; but it is usually sufficient, and we hold it in this case to be sufficient, if the indictment avers the offense as the statute defines it to be. (Phelps v. The People, 72. N. Y. 349;
Folger, J., said in Phelps v. The People (supra): “ If the indictment avers the offense as the statute defines it, the averment is sufficient.. For the rule is that while, in framing an indictment on a statute, all the circumstances which constitute the definition of the offense in the statute itself, so as to bring the accused precisely within it, must be stated, yet no other description of the thing in which the offense was committed is necessary to be stated than that contained in the statute itself.”
The term “servant, agent, attorney and bailee,” used in this indictment, in describing the defendant in his relation to this money charged to have been stolen, are terms well understood both at law and in common parlance, and the defendant could not in any manner have been prejudiced or misled by the use of -any of these terms, and they are the same terms used in the statute itself.
But more serious questions confront us.
Upon the trial the defendant was sworn as a witness in his own behalf, and, after testifying to matters in issue, he was cross-examined by the district attorney, and we quote from the record: “ Q. You were a member of the Baptist church once, weren’t you ? [Mr. Van Voorhis objected' as incompetent and immaterial. • Received and exception.] A. I was. Q. Are you a member now ? [Mr. Van Voorhis objected as incompetent and immaterial. Received and exception.] A. No, sir. Q. Did you state in a communication to the Baptist church authorities of the city of Rochester, or any of them, that while they had withdrawn from you the hand of Christian fellowship, that you should still continue to work in the cause of Christ ? [Mr. Van Voorhis objected as incompetent and immaterial, and because that any statement he made in a letter can only be proved by the letter. Received and exception.] . A. My answer is that all the communications that I had with the Second Baptist Church are in writing, and I desire to produce them if you are going into the subject.' I said in one communication that, notwithstanding their action, I should still continue to be interested in the cause. I am not here to say whether I am a moral gentleman or not. I so regard myself.”
Upon the cross-examination of the defendant by 'the district attorney, that officer holding in his hand what purported to be charges of the Bar Association of Rochester against the defendant as an attorney, and for which proceedings for disbarment had occurred, asked a question and the following proceedings occurred: “ Q. You were suspended from the practice of law by the Supreme Court of this State ? [Objected to by defendant’s counsel as incompetent and immaterial. Received and exception by defendant.'] A. Yes, sir; I was. Q. And you were suspended upon the charges Which were those which I have ' already shown you ? [Mr. Van Voorhis objected as incompetent and immaterial and upon the further ground that the charges are not in evidence. Received, exception by defendant.] A. I . say I was suspended. I do not ■answer that by either yes or no because I was not suspended upon all of the charges. Q. There was. one of them that you were not suspended upon? [This was objected to as incompetent and immaterial. Received and defendant excepted.] A. Yes, sir.; there was one. Q. These charges were tried before a referee, Mr. Farnum ? A. The testimony was taken before him. They were not tried before him. Q. You were sworn as a witness upon those proceedings ? A: Yes, sir. Q. And the referee made his report to the Appellate Court of this State of the facts? ' [Same .objection by defendant’s
These questions and answers indicate, and the record discloses, that prior to the trial of Dorthy for larceny proceedings had been taken by the Bar Association of Rochester upon the charges indicated by the above questions, and others, to disbar Dorthy, and, upon application to the General Term of the .fifth department, a referee had been appointed, who took evidence, and sustained by his report all but one of the eight charges which had been preferred against the defendant, and that this court had" affirmed the report of the referee and disbarred the defendant. All of the evidence was called out upon this subject by the district attorney, over strenuous objections by the defendant’s counsel, except such as the defendant gave upon his re-direct examination, after the foregoing questions had been answered by the defendant. The matter was wholly' collateral to the matters in issue upon the trial of the defendant, and was concededly introduced for the purpose of discrediting him-as a witness. The effect of these questions and answers was to show that the referee and the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court had, in this proceeding, convicted Dorthy of several larcenies not connected with the one upon which he was on trial, and of one attempt to Suppress testimony which should have been submitted to the grand jury. The learned district attorney insists that it was proper to interrogate the defendant and call out this evidence from him, because it proved facts of misconduct and crime on his part which it was competent to show for the purpose of destroying his credit as a witness. This we deem an extraordinary proposition, in view of the settled law of this State. The proposition is simply this, that it is competent to ask a witness upon cross-examination not as to his own acts, but as.to the acts, conclusions and opinions of others, not in a criminal proceeding, not upon a conviction for crime, not upon a trial in accordance with rules of criminal law, but in a civil proceeding ; in an investigation to determine whether a man should be turned out of a church or a society or a bar association, or deprived of the privilege of practicing law or of some other franchise. • The Court of Appeals of this State has directly declared against this proposition in several cases.
In People v. Brown (72 N. Y. 571) the rule was laid down that, where a defendant in a criminal action takes the stand as a witness in his own behalf, he is subject to the rules applicable to -the examination of other witnesses, and is hot thereby deprived of his rights as a party; his counsel may speak for him while he' is a- witness, and an error committed by the court against him may inure to his benefit as a party, and that it was error to ask such a witness how many times he had been arrested.
In People v. Crapo (76 N. Y. 288) it was also held to be error to. ask a defendant in a criminal case if he had been arrested.
In Ryan v. People (79 N. Y. 593) it was held that it could not be shown by a witness upon his cross-examination that he had been indicted for an offense.
In Lindsley v. Miller (3 App. Div. 127, 128) this court held that it was not competent in order to affect the credibility of a witness, to ask him if “ he had never been charged with ‘ crooked driving,’ ” and “ if he had recently been taken out of his sulky at Syracuse for ‘crooked driving.’”. Follett, J., said: “The purpose of the question was to affect the defendant’s credibility, and. the tendency of it and of the answer was to prejudice him before the jury. It is well settled in this State that it is not competent to ask a witness on his cross-examination, for the purpose of affecting his credibility, if he has been charged with crimes or misdemeanors, or if he had been turned out of a social organization.” Citing many cases. • •
At common law persons convicted of infamous crimes were excluded from being witnesses altogether, but by statutes adopted in most of the United States the disqualification of infamy is removed, and the conviction may be proved to affect credibility (1 Whart. on Ev. § 397), and by our Penal Code (§ 714) a person convicted of a crime is a competent witness in any cause or proceeding, civil
The rule goes no further than to permit the witness to be asked as to specific facts or acts in his own career which tend to discredit him or to impeach his moral character, and that only to a reasonable extentwithin the discretion of the court, subject to review, however, if that discretion is abused (Ryan v. People, supra; The People v. Irving, 95 N. Y. 544-546 and cases cited; Spiegel v. Hays, 118 id. 660), and this was a modification of the rule which did not permit the examination into specific acts of a witness to discredit him. (1 Whart. on Ev. § 56.)
Judge Church said in People v. Crapo (supra), at page 291, as late as 1879, in quoting from Greenleaf: “ The great question, however, whether a witness may not be bound in some cases to answer an interrogatory to his own moral degredation when, though it is collateral to the main issue, it is relevant to his character for veracity, has not yet been brought into direct and solemn judgment, and must, therefore, be regarded as an open question.”
This statement indicates the extreme caution with which the courts have at last reached the conclusion that a witness may be compelled to testify as to collateral acts of his own, tending to prove his moral degradation, but it has never been the law that a witness may be compelled to testify to the conclusions of others to prove such moral degradation or to impeach him as a witness, except it be the conviction for a crime, or such confinement in prisons or jails as would indicate a conviction. The reason of this distinction is plain. Where a person is interrogated as to his own acts, he is supposed to be familiar with what he, himself, has done, and can give any explanation that may exist consistent with his innocence, and as the question .is collateral to the issues on trial, his answer concludes the other side and he cannot be contradicted; but if he is interrogated concerning the acts and decisions of others, which tend to disgrace him, the case is different; he may not be able to protect himself by explanation; he may be ignorant of the facts upon which the acts or conclusions of others are based; the court will not stop to try the merits of such collateral accusations, and the witness may thus be injured and disgraced by results for which he is not responsible.
A person under our system of jurisprudence can only be convicted of a crime after a fair trial in the appointed way, where he can be fully heard in his defense, and where he can be protected by all the presumptions with which the law surrounds a defendant, upon his trial for crime. A conviction upon such a trial may be properly shown to impair -the credit of a witness; though it is the act of others, it is the deliberate act of the law upon a trial duly had before the court and a jury.
But the proceeding to disbar an attorney under sections 67, 68 and 69 of the Code.of Civil Procedure is a summary one. It is not a trial. It is simply an investigation. A copy of the charges must be delivered to the attorney, and he may be heard in an informal way-in his defense; the result of the proceedings can'only be a suspension or removal from the courts of the State. (§ 68.) If the attorney has been oowoioted of a felony, he may be disbarred for that reason alone.
•As we have seen, a witness cannot be compelled to state whether he has been indicted. An indictment is an accusation from a body charged and sworn to investigate crime upon the oath of witnesses, and it acts judicially. If its conclusions cannot be shown to discredit a witness, upon what principle should charges made by a bar, or any other association, he given in evidence ?
The Court of Appeals has said in the proceedings to disbar the defendant (152 N. Y. 601), that the effect of the “proceeding to disbar is not criminal and is not intended for punishment, but to protect the court from the official ministration of persons unfit to practice as attorneys therein.”
The charges of the bar association and the report of the referee were simply charges, not facts, and did not prove facts, but in the estimation of the jury the disbarment of the defendant upon these serious charges by- this court may have had all the effect of convictions for crime upon a trial duly had.
The learned trial court charged the jury upon this subject, as follows, after speaking of this court having disbarred the defendant: “Yon have a right, therefore, to assume, that they investigated these charges carefully; that they would not have disbarred the
In admitting this evidence the learned trial court was doubtless influenced by the case of The People v. Reavey (38 Hun, 418), where the defendant was convicted of larceny in the second degree and while upon the stand as a witness he was asked upon cross-examination if he had been suspended- by the action of the Supreme Court from his office as attorney and counselor. Judge Daniels held that this was competent as affecting his credibility, upon the authority of The People v. Irving (supra).
With all due respect to the learned judge, we do not see that The People v. Irving sustains this ruling. The distinction between showing the witness’ own acts and the acts of others to impeach him, which we have pointed out, does not seem to have occurred to the learned judge.
Judge Finch in The People v. Irving (at page 544), in commenting upon Nolan, v. Brooklyn City (supra), clearly pointed out the distinction in this pithy statement: “ There the witness was asked not what he had done, but what the fire department had done; whether it had expelled him.”
But The People v. Reavey is no authority for proving under the guise of a proceeding to suspend an attorney the charges made against him upon which that suspension was obtained. The mere fact only of the suspension was shown; that is very different from the case at bar, where the prosecution sought to prove the charges upon which the disbarment was founded and to establish that several distinct felonies had been committed by the defendant. These different offenses the prosecution would not have been permitted to
That the evidence of the charges against the defendant and of' his disbarment was most prejudicial to him cannot be denied.
Upon the trial there was a closely contested question of fact as to whether the defendant received the $250 as the agent and in a fiduciary capacity of whether he received it upon a claim which he made in good faith for services rendered in the- action of Rich v. Tiffany. Several witnesses testified in behalf of the defendant sustaining his side of this issue; witnesses testified to sustain the side of the People, and circumstances and facts were adduced by the People to the same end. The defendant was the most important witness in his own behalf, and if he were disgraced and discredited his conviction was quite certain to follow. We should not permit his conviction to stand if it has been or might have been secured by incompetent or illegal evidence; that much of this evidence was incompetent, especially that portion most dangerous to the defendant, seems to us entirely clear. The' evidence before the jury that the defendant had been expelled from the church that he had been expelled from the bar on charges of numerous crimes and for gross misconduct in the discharge of his professional duties, we may safely assume, substantially destroyed all credit as a witness which the jury might otherwise have given him.
- These conclusions lead to a reversal of the judgment appealed ' from.
The remaining point, the denial of the motion for a new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence, it is hardly necessary to consider in view of the conclusions thus reached, but we will dispose of that motion also.
Late in the history of this case, and after the appeal had been taken to this court, the defendant claimed that he had just discovered a letter from William G. Rich dated July 20, 1895, which was not admitted in evidence upon the trial, but was exceedingly material and important to him upon such trial. An examination of that letter fails to disclose the importance attached to it by the defendant. At most- it was but cumulative evidence, and under the circumstances under which it came to light it should not constitute a
The judgment and the order denying the motion for a new trial, made upon the minutes, should be reversed and a new trial granted.
All concurred, except Adams, J., dissenting, and Follett, J., . not sitting.
Concurrence Opinion
The statute gave to the defendant the opportunity of being a witness in his own behalf, and he availed himself of the provisions of the statute.
In People v. Tice (131 N. Y. 656) Andrews, J., said: “ The accused is not compelled-to become a witness. When he avails himself of the privilege conferred by the statute, he. subjects himself voluntarily to the situation of any other witness, and if he is compelled to answer disparaging questions, or to give evidence relevant to the issue, which is injurious, it is the consequence of an election which he makes to become a witness, which involves a waiver on his part at that time of the constitutional exemption. If he accepts the privilege given by the statute, he takes it with its attendant dangers. ' His own act is the primary cause; and, if that is voluntary, he has no reason to complain.’ (Church, Ch. J. Connors v. People, 50 N. Y. 240.) The principle that an accused person, who becomes a witness in his own • behalf, thereby places himself in the attitude of any other witness in respect to the right of cross-examination, has been announced in many cases in this court. (Brandon v. People, 42 N. Y. 265; Connors v. People, supra; Stover v. People, 56 N. Y. 315; People v. Casey, 72 id. 394.) * * * This being the construction put by our courts upon the statute, there is no' constitutional right infringed if the accused, having elected to take the stand as a witness, is subjected to the ordinary rules of examination. The range and extent of the cross-examination is within the discretion of the trial judge, provided only that it relates to relevant matters or to matters affecting credibility.”
The same principle was referred to and stated in Nolan v. B. C. & N. R. R. Co. (87 N. Y. 68); and, in disposing of the ruling.
That case was referred to with approval in People v. Irving (95 N. Y. 544), and the same judge who prepared the opinion in the former case stated in the latter case: “ There the witness was asked not what he had done, but what the fire department had done; whether it had expelled him. * * * An expulsion from the fire department might be' summary or arbitrary and with little or no chance of a fair ■ trial, or for causes involving no crime and not affecting the moral character.”
In People v. Oyer & Terminer (83 N. Y. 438) it was held that “ the range and extent of a cross-examination is, as a general rule, within the discretion of the court, subject to the limitation that it must relate to matters pertinent to the issue or which tend to discredit the witness or impeach his moral character.”
It is difficult, upon an inspection of the record (p. 396), to discover how the fact that the 'defendant was once a member of the Baptist church was relevant to the issue,, or tended to affect his credibility. ¡Nor do we see how the fact that he was not, at the time he was cross-examined, á member of the church, was pertinent to the issue or tended to impair his credibility. He may have resigned or voluntarily severed his connection with the church.
■The prosecution propounded to the witness a question which assumed.that the church “had withdrawn from you (him) the hand of Christian fellowship,” and required the witness to answer what communication he had made bearing upon the subject of his intention to “ still continue to work in the cause of Christ.” That question was objected to as incompetent and immaterial, and upon the further ground that “ any statement he made in a letter can only be proved by the letter.” ¡Notwithstanding those objections, . the court allowed the evidence against the defendant’s exception. The question propounded in behalf of the People, and the answers which the witness was' compelled to deliver, brought out the fact that the Baptist church “ had withdrawn ” from the defendant “ the hand of Christian fellowship.”
The foregoing views lead to the same result stated in the elaborate opinion of Waed, J., in. which I concur.
Judgment of conviction and orders reversed and a new trial directed, and proceedings remitted pursuant to section 547 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
