delivered the opinion of the court:
Following a bench trial, defendant, Christopher Dawson, was found guilty of three counts of aggravated discharge of a firearm (720 ILCS 5/24 — 1.2(A)(2) (West 2006)) and two counts of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) (720 ILCS 5/24 — 1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A) (West 2006)). Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of eight years’ imprisonment for the aggravated discharge of a firearm convictions and three years’ imprisonment for the aggravated unlawful use of a weapon convictions. Defendant was also assessed a $5 court system fee pursuant to section 5 — 1101(a) of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5 — 1101(a) (West 2006)).
On appeal, defendant argues that the aggravated unlawful use of a weapon is unconstitutional following the decisions of the United States Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller,
The State concedes that the conviction under count III for aggravated discharge of a firearm at an occupied vehicle should be vacated as it is based on the same operative facts supporting defendant’s conviction in count IV The State also concedes that there was no evidence as to defendant’s ownership rights to the property where the second shooting occurred. Therefore, it conсedes that the conviction under count VII, for AUUW must be vacated.
Finally, defendant contends, and the State concedes, that the $5 court system fee should be vacated because his convictions did not violate the Counties Code. Accordingly, that charge is vacated. For the following reasons, the judgment and sentence against defendant are affirmed in part and reversed in part.
I. BACKGROUND
Defendant was arrested in the early morning hours of July 24, 2007, in connection with two shootings that occurred earlier that day. Defendant was charged with the attempted murder of Mario Brantley, aggravated discharge of a firearm at a vehicle, aggravated discharge of a firearm at Mario Brantley, AUUW and aggravated unlawful restraint. Defendant and codefendant Cedric McRаy were tried simultaneously in a severed bench trial.
At trial, the State first presented Mario Brantley’s testimony. Brantley testified that on July 23, 2007, he was driving his car when a light-colored vehicle driven by defendant with McRay in the passenger seat pulled up next to him. Brantley was friends with both men, but they “had a few words” at this time. At approximately 2:15 a.m. on July 24, 2007, Brantley was a “little intoxicated” and driving to purchase some cigarettes on the way to his baby’s mother’s house. The same light-colored car from the earlier confrontation approached him and he drove into an alley near South Green Street and West 53rd Street. The car followed him into the alley and he heard someone say “what up?”
Brantley testified that when he looked out the window he heard several gunshots from the light-colored car. Brantley sped off and then drove around for a while to make sure that he was not hit and that his vehicle was all right. Brantley testified that he encountered a marked police car and flagged it down. Brantley told the police officers what happened and that he knew where defendant lived.
Brantley led the police to the scene of the shooting and then to defendant’s home. Brantley saw the light-colored vehicle at the side of defendant’s home and when he approached the house he heard someone say “[t]here go Mario.” At that time, someone came out of the front door of the house and four or five shots were fired. Brantley drove off immediately, but heard shots hit his vehicle. He soon returned to see the policе approaching the house. Brantley saw a flash when the shooting occurred, but testified that he could not see who was shooting.
Brantley was questioned on his testimony given in court a week after the incident. The testimony was elicited for the purpose of admitting the statements as substantive evidence under section 115 — 10.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963. 725 ILCS 5/115 — 10.1 (West 2006). Brantley admitted that he had testified under oath that in the first shooting, defendant and McRay started shooting at him after asking him “what’s up?” Brantley also admitted that he previously testified that in the second shooting, he saw defendant and McRay come toward him from the house with handguns and start shooting at him. The State also elicited testimony from Brantley regarding his four prior convictions in 2001, 2002, and 2004 on various narcotics charges and on unlawful use of a weapon by a felon.
Brantley admitted on cross-examination that, in his statement to the police, he stated that the first shooting occurred minutes after the first conversation with defendant and McRay. He also admitted that he told police that he saw defendant shooting at him in the first incident. However, Brantley testified at trial that he could not see the shooter.
Detective Paulette Wright testified that on July 24, 2007, she arrived at the police station at about 8:30 a.m. and spoke with Brantley. Brantley did not appear intoxicated. Wright testified that her reports indicated that Brantley first identified McRay, but not defendant, as the shooter in the first shooting. Wright was also present for Brantley’s statement to the assistant State’s Attorney. Brantley identified defendant as the driver of the light-colored car during the first shooting. He also indicated that the two incidents occurred minutes apart from each other.
Officer Tom Rosales testified that on July 24, 2007, at approximately 2:26 a.m., he and his partner, Officer Steve Schmid, were on patrol and responded to a radio call of shots fired at West 53rd Street and South Halsted Avenue. At about West 53rd Street and South Sangamon Street, Brantley flagged the officers down from his vehicle and told them that he was the victim of a drive-by shooting. Rosales followed Brantley to 918 West 52nd Street from about two car lengths behind. When they approached, Brantley slowed down and Rosales was approximately one car length behind when he saw two men open fire as they stood in front of the building. Rosales testified that he heard 8 tо 10 shots fired.
Rosales testified that he turned on his spotlight, illuminating two subjects whom he identified as defendant and McRay. The offenders turned toward the police and then turned to go back into the residence. Rosales testified that he saw defendant throw his weapon in the gangway between the residence and the adjacent residence. Rosales and Officer Andrew Thomas went to the gangway and retrieved the handgun that defendant had thrown. Rosales testified that about one minute elapsed between the time the gun was thrown and when Thomas retrieved it. Rosales never lost sight of the gangway where the gun was thrown.
While in the gangway, Rosales saw defendant lean out of a window of the residence and throw a handgun on the roof. Rosales testified that McRay then also leaned out of the window and threw another handgun toward the roof. However, the gun hit the roof and fell to the ground between Rosales and Thomas. Rosales testified that they secured the handguns and then entered the residence and placed defendant, McRay and a third person into custody. The Chicago fire department was summoned and Officer David Tencza climbed a fire ladder to the roof to retrieve the third handgun.
Rosales testified that the weapons were taken to the police station and he detailed the process that was followed to enter them into evidence. Rosales testified that the handgun recovered by Thomas was a 9-millimeter huger, the second handgun that he recovered from the gangway was a .45-caliber Taurus, and the handgun retrieved from thе roof was a Bersa Thunder .380.
On cross-examination, Rosales testified that he did not observe any behavior indicating that Brantley was intoxicated and did not question him regarding the shooting, but followed him to the scene. Rosales admitted that his incident report detailed that he was following at approximately three or four car lengths behind Brantley but that he testified that he was one or two car lengths behind Brantley during this time. He also testified that it was dark and there were no streetlights where the shooters fired their weapons.
Officer Thomas testified that, on July 24, 2007, he was dispatched to the scene of the shooting at approximately 2:25 a.m. and he heard shots fired while en route to the scene. When he arrived at the scene, Thomas went to the gangway and recovered a High Pоint 9-millimeter Luger. Thomas testified that he carried the weapon until he returned to the police station to enter the weapon and its magazine into evidence. Thomas admitted that he never saw defendant fire any handgun.
Officer Tencza testified that he responded to a call to assist in shots fired at 918 West 52nd Street at approximately 2:35 a.m. on July 24, 2007. Approximately 10 squad cars were on the scene when he arrived and the Chicago fire department reported to the scene soon thereafter. Tencza testified that he climbed a ladder to the roof and recovered a Bersa handgun and two empty magazines. Tencza testified that he placed the weapon and magazines into inventory upon returning to the police station. Tencza did not witness defendant engage in any illegal conduct.
Physical evidence was presented by stipulation and the testimony of evidence technicians. Ballistics evidence linked the .45-caliber Taurus recovered by Rosales to five shell casings found outside 918 and 920 West 52nd Street, one bullet found in the trunk of Brantley’s vehicle, one bullet found in a vacant lot at 916 West 52nd Street, and one of the magazines recovered from the roof. The Bersa handgun found on the roof of the building was linked to two shell casings and one bullet fragment found in the alleyway, a bullet fragment found in the trunk of Brantley’s vehicle, and the other magazine recovered from the roof of the building. The 9-millimeter Luger was linked to a shell casing recovered near 920 West 52nd Street, four shell casings recovered from inside thе light blue Oldsmobile parked near 918 West 52nd Street, a bullet fragment from the alley near West 53rd Street, and one magazine. Brantley’s vehicle had five apparent bullet strikes in the rear and left side.
The trial court struck several counts upon defendant’s motion for directed verdict based on a lack of evidence presented. After closing arguments, the trial court stated that it had considered the evidence, the credibility of witnesses, and arguments of the parties. The trial court explicitly noted the statement given by Brantley to the assistant State’s Attorney that was introduced as substantive evidence. Defendant was found not guilty of several counts because the State failed to present evidence to prove elements of those counts. For the attemptеd murder counts, the trial court found defendant not guilty. The trial court stated that, based on the “relatively short distance between the shooters and the shootee, Mr. Brantley, one can only come to the conclusion that the two individuals firing the shots are horrendous shooters or their intent was to shoot up the car and scare Mr. Brantley and not kill him. *** Do they fire the gun? Yes. Was there intent to kill? I can’t tell beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Defendant’s posttrial motion was denied and arguments in aggravation and mitigation were presented before sentencing. The trial court noted the nature of the offense and “great risk” defendant put citizens in, and opined that probation was inappropriate. Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of eight years’ imprisonment for all three aggravated discharge of a firearm convictions and three years’ imprisonment for the AUUW convictions.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Aggravated Unlawful Use of a Weapon and the Second Amendment
Defendant argues that this court should declare the AUUW statute unconstitutional as violating the second amendment and vacate his convictions under that statute. The second amendment states, in full, “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” U.S. Const., amend. II. In his initial brief, defendant argued that the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Heller held that the second amendment provides the individual right to bear arms for self-defense and this court should find that right a fundamental right applicable to thе states through the fourteenth amendment. District of Columbia v. Heller,
Following briefing and oral arguments in this case, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in McDonald v. City of Chicago,
In his initial brief, defendant argued that the historical findings in Heller “shortened the reasoning needed to reach this conclusion to that of a mere syllogism.” Defendant now maintains that with the holding in McDonald, this court must strike down the AUUW statute as an unconstitutional restriction on his fundamental right to bear arms. We begin review of such an argument with the presumption that the statute is constitutional. Because of this presumption, and the legislature’s wide latitude in prescribing criminal penalties under the police power, the challenging party has the burden of proving the legislation fails to comply with due process requirements. People v. Jones,
The AUUW statute under which defendant was convicted reads as follows:
“(a) A person commits the offense of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon when he or she knowingly:
(1) Carries on or about his or her person or in any vehicle or concealed on or about his or her person except when on his or her land or in his or her abode or fixed place of business any pistol, revolver, stun gun or taser or other firearm; *** [and]
(3) One of the following factors is present:
(A) the firearm possessed was uncased, loaded and immediately accessible at the time of the offense[.]” 720 ILCS 5/24 — 1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A) (West 2006). 1
Defendant maintains that, after Heller and McDonald, his challenge of the AUUW statute must be considered under strict scrutiny review because a fundamental right is at issue. In re R.C.,
The State counters that, as noted above, when reasonably possible, a court has the duty to uphold the constitutionality of a statute. People v. Dinelli,
In Wilson, we highlighted the Heller Court’s explicit reluctance to clarify the field in one case. We also noted that Heller clearly implied that the clock on the incorporation question was ticking loudly, however the second amendment right would eventually be defined. Wilson,
Despite some 370 pages of slip opinion in these two cases, the Court deliberately and expressly maintained a controlled pace of essentially beginning to define this constitutional right. Again, it is essential to the resolution of this issue to understand that the Heller Court ultimately limited its holding to the question presented — that the second amendment right to bear arms protected the right to possess a commonly used firearm, a handgun, in the home for self-defense purposes. Heller,
The specific limitations in Heller and McDonald applying only to a ban on handgun possession in a home cannot be overcome by defendant’s pointing to the Heller majority’s discussion of the natural meaning of “bear arms” including wearing or carrying upon the person or in clothing. See Heller,
With this understanding of the right announced by the Heller and McDonald courts, we consider the limited treatment of gun regulations in those opinions. The McDonald Court “repealed] those assurances” from Heller that “the right to keep and bear arms is not ‘a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose’ ” and no doubt was to be cаst on longstanding regulatory measures such as “ ‘prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill,’ ‘laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.’ ” McDonald, 561 U.S. at_,
In his dissent, in a clear case of purposeful understatement, Justice Breyer commented that “ ‘only a few uncertainties that quickly come to mind’ ” when considering the issue of state and local regulations:
“Does the right to possess weapons for self-defense extend outside the home? To the car? To work? What sort of guns are necessary for self-defense? Handguns? Rifles? Semiautomatic weapons? When is a gun semi-automatic? Where are different kinds of weapons likely needed? Does time-of-day matter? Does the presence of a child in the house matter? Does the presence of a convicted felon in thе house matter? Do police need special rules permitting pat-downs designed to find guns? When do registration requirements become severe to the point that they amount to an unconstitutional ban? Who can possess guns and of what kind? Aliens? Prior drug offenders? Prior alcohol abusers? How would the right interact with a state or local government’s ability to take special measures during, say, national security emergencies?” McDonald,561 U.S. at _,177 L. Ed. 2d at 1011 ,130 S. Ct. at 3126-27 (Breyer, J., dissenting, joined by Ginsburg and Sotomayor, JJ.), quoting Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.,556 U.S. 868 , 898,173 L. Ed. 2d 1208 , 1231,129 S. Ct. 2252 , 2272 (2009) (Roberts, C.J., dissenting, joined by Scalia, Thomas and Alito, JJ.).
The infancy stages of defining a protected right is a challenging time for legislators, judges and law enforcement alike, but necessary to provide proper consideration. Despite this seemingly open road to future litigation, the McDonald majority reiterates the Heller majority’s holding in clearly defining the protected right to be to keep and bear arms in the home for the purpose of self-defense. All of the Justices who wrote in McDonald make clear that there is a bevy of empirical evidence that must be considered in future litigation concerning this right and that many of the present-day limitations and prohibitions on firearms will not only stand, but assist in defining the parameters of the second amendment right.
As addressed by the State, our appellate courts have undertaken constitutional review of the AUUW statute in a line of criminal cases and each time the statute has been found constitutional. Our supreme court has denied appeals in these cases and nоt undertaken a review of the AUUW statute as it is currently written. Based on claims that the statute was overly broad or failed to require a mental state, the Sole, Austin, Marin and McGee courts upheld the constitutionality of the statute under the rational basis review standard.
Clearly, these cases were all decided prior to Heller and McDonald. However, as we have discussed, Heller and McDonald do not define the fundamental right to bear arms to include activity barred by the AUUW statute. Therefore, these opinions’ discussions of the legislative purpose behind the statute and constitutional findings prevail here and we follow these holdings in rejecting defendant’s claim. See Sole,
B. Aggravated Discharge of a Firearm
First, as noted above, the State concedes that defendant’s conviction of aggravated discharge of a firearm under count III based on the shots fired at the vehicle in the alleyway must be vacated as it is based on the same act as alleged in count iy aggravated discharge of a firearm at a person. Defendant also argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him on the remaining charges of aggravated discharge of a firearm. We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence by viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine if any rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. De Filippo,
Defendant concedes that the testimony of a single witness may be sufficient to convict a defendant, but asserts that testimony must be positive and the witness must be credible. He further notes that credibility determinations are the province of the trier of fact and entitled to great weight, but are not conclusive. People v. Smith,
In Arcos, the key evidence was a written statement and grand jury testimony of an eyewitness submitted as substantive evidence that the defendant had murdered the victim. At trial, the witness disavowed his statement and grand jury testimony, claiming that he was under the influence of narcotics when he made the statement, that he feared for his life, and that he wanted to avoid incarceration with gang members who wanted to kill him. Arcos,
In Reyes, the defendant was found guilty of attempted murder and aggravated battery under an accountability theory as part of a group that beat the victim. Two witnesses for the State testified to the grand jury that, from a vehicle approximately 30 feet away from the fight, they saw the defendant kicking the victim. However, at trial, the witnesses testified that they could not remember seeing the defendant take part in the beating or how long he was at the scene as it was a general melee with people coming and going. One of the witnesses also testified that she had consumed 15 beers at a party before witnessing the beating. Reyes,
Defendant asserts that Brantley is a four-time felon who gave the police a self-serving statement and the conditions at the times of the shootings discount his identifications as well. Not only did Brantley admit that he was a little intoxicated, but it was dark outside with limited lighting to provide any visibility. Accоrdingly, defendant contends that Brantley is not the type of witness who could provide credible evidence to sustain a conviction and the corroborating evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s acceptance of Brantley’s disavowed statements.
We agree with the State that the trial court’s credibility determination was not in error and the use of Brantley’s prior testimony and statement as substantive evidence was proper. Despite Brantley’s obvious imperfections as a witness, his prior testimony and statements comport with the physical evidence, testimony and circumstantial evidence presented at trial. At trial, Brantley denied seeing who shot at him, who drove the light blue Oldsmobile in the alley or who shot at him in the second shooting. Brantley’s disavоwed statements identified defendant as the driver of the car and as a shooter in both incidents.
In this case, there is ample corroborating evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion. Unlike in Reyes, in this case, Officer Rosales identified defendant as one of the shooters in the second shooting and corroborated much of Brantley’s disavowed testimony as to that event. Further, physical evidence linked both shootings to the handguns, shell casings and bullets that were found at the scene of the second shooting, in the light blue Oldsmobile and in Brantley’s vehicle. Further, defendant was positively identified as one of the men holding a gun at the second shooting and discarding the guns through the window. This corroborating evidence provided direct support and circumstantial evidеnce sufficient to support Brantley’s disavowed statement.
Further, as the State argues, for aggravated discharge of a firearm at a person it need only prove that defendant discharged his firearm in the direction of Brantley. 720 ILCS 5/24 — 1.2(a)(2) (West 2006); People v. James,
C. Aggravated Unlawful Use of a Weapon
The State also concedes that count VII, one of defendant’s convictions for AUUW, must be vacated because there was no evidence to conclude whether defendant had any ■ ownership rights to the property where the second shooting occurred. Defendant argues that the remaining AUUW conviction of count VIII for carrying the firearm loaded, uncased and accessible in an automobile must be reversed. Defendant asserts that this charge is a lesser included offense of the unlawful discharge of a firearm convictions and must fail under the one-act, one-crime rule. People v. Harvey,
We agree with the State that the circumstantial evidence produced at trial supports the conviction for AUUW for its transport from the first shooting to the residence. This was a distinct act from the discharge of the weapon. The physical evidence and testimony linked defendant to the handgun that was used in the first shooting and its disposal after the second shooting. Shell casings and bullet fragments linked to the Bersa that defendant was seen throwing out the window of the house were discovered at the scene of the first shooting. As addressed above, the trial court properly determined that the record supported the finding that defendant was involved in the first shooting.
When a charging instrument is attacked for the first time on appeal, it need only be specific enough to allow preparation of a defense and allow pleading a resulting conviction as a bar to future prosecution arising from the same conduct. People v. DiLorenzo,
D. Sentencing
Finally, defendant argues that, if his charges are not reversed, this matter must be remanded for another sentencing hearing because several charges will be vacated. Defendant asserts that where the appellate court cannot say that the trial court did not consider vacated convictions in imposing a sentence, remand is required. People v. Alejos,
Defendant’s cited cases do not require remand. In Alejos, the matter was remanded for resentencing because the trial court “obviously, but mistakenly” determined that the defendant’s use of a handgun merited an enhanced punishment for his sentence for voluntary manslaughter. Alejos,
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the $5 court system fee imposed pursuant to section 5 — 1101(a) and defendant’s convictions under counts III and VII are vacated. Defendant’s remaining convictions and sentence are affirmed.
Affirmed in part and vacated in part.
QUINN and STEELE, JJ., concur.
Notes
We note that in August 2009, subsequent to defendant’s convictions, our legislature amended the AUUW statute, expanding the exceptions in subsections 24 — 1.6(a)(1) and (a)(2) to include in his or her “legal dwelling” and when he or she is “on the land or in the legal dwelling of another person as an invitee with that person’s permission.” Pub. Act 96 — 742, eff. August 25, 2009.