delivered the opinion of the court:
Dеfendant, while a juvenile, was transferred to the criminal courts where he was charged with and convicted of two counts of first-degree murder, two counts of attempted first-degree murder, and home invasion. Defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder convictions and lesser concurrent terms on the other convictions. Defendant’s convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct appeal. People v. Davis, No. 1 — 93—1821 (October 23, 1995) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23), appeal denied,
On appeal, defendant contends that: (1) the circuit court erred in dismissing his petition where defendant made a substantial showing that, pursuant to our supreme court’s holding in People v. Miller,
I. BACKGROUND
Defendant and two codefendants 1 were charged with the first-degree murders of Bryant Johnson and Keith Whitfield, the attempted murders of Melvin Harvey and Keith McGee, and home invasion. Following a hearing, defendant’s case was transferred from the juvenile division of the circuit court of Cook County to the criminal division. Defendant and codefendant Caffey were tried simultaneously with separate juries, whereas codefendant Bowman elected to have a bench trial and was tried separately.
The following evidence was adduced at trial. The third-floor apartment located at 5616 South Calumet Avenue, in Chicago, Illinois, was used by the Black Disciples, a street gang, as a residence to sell drugs. The building at 5616 South Calumet Avenue was nearly abandoned, except that Alfred Weeden lived in the third-floor apartment and his mother lived on the first floor of the building. Weeden controlled the drug operations in the third-floor apartment, paid the workers, and gave the proceeds to the “minister of the city,” who was the leader within the Black Disciples. Weeden allowed defendant and codefendants, who were members of the Gangster Disciples, another street gang, to “double up,” which is a street term referring to reselling drugs that they purchased from Weeden. Weeden warned defendant and codefendants to sell the drugs in the back of the building and not to get caught by the “minister of the city.” Several days before thе murders in this case, the “minister of the city” caught codefendant Caffey selling drugs and slapped him in the face. As a result, defendant and his codefendants started shooting at the Black Disciples, which resulted in the Gangster Disciples and the Black Disciples shooting back and forth throughout an entire weekend.
At about midnight on October 9, 1990, Weeden and Bryant Johnson arrived at the third-floor apartment at 5616 South Calumet Avenue to begin their shift of selling drugs. On that evening, Weeden was to sell drugs and Johnson was responsible for security. When they arrived at the apartment, Keith McGee, Keith Whitfield, Melvin Harvey, Lamont Baxter and Weeden’s girlfriend, Joann Reed, were already at the apartment. At about 1 a.m., Baxter, who was not a gang member, left the apartment to purchase fast food for the group.
At about the same time on October 9, 1990, defendant and his two codefendants took a taxicab to the area of 56th Street and Calumet Avenue to seek revenge against the Black Disciples for the insult against Caffey and to claim a spot in the area for the Gangster Disciples to sell drugs. As defendant, Caffey and Bowman contemplated their next move, they saw Baxter exit the apartment building at 5616 South Calumet Avenue and decided to use Baxter to gain entrance into the third-floor apartment building. Baxter testified that defendant, Caffey, and Bowman ran up to him. Caffey raised a gun to Baxter’s head and demanded to know who was in the third-floor apartment and whether there were any guns or drugs in the apartment. Baxter testified that all three mеn had guns. Baxter testified that defendant, Caffey, and Bowman discussed whether they were going to kill everyone in the apartment or whether they were going to let Reed, Weeden’s girlfriend, live. Baxter testified that defendant and Bowman made the final decision that they were going to kill everyone in the apartment except for Reed. Baxter testified that as he begged for his life, defendant, Caffey and Bowman forced him back to the third-floor apartment and made him knock on the apartment door while the three men stooped down behind him.
Weeden testified that about 10 minutes after Baxter left the apartment, he heard knocking on the door and opened the door after Baxter responded that he had returned. Weeden testified that defendant, Cаffey and Bowman then charged into the apartment and Caffey and Bowman ran to the living room. Weeden testified that defendant stopped in front of him and held a gun toward him. Weeden testified that he was able to knock the gun out of defendant’s hand and defendant ran toward Caffey and Bowman. Harvey testified that he saw defendant, Caffey, and Bowman fire their guns before he dove between the couch and the radiator to hide from the shooting. Weeden and Baxter ran out of the apartment and heard about five gunshots as they ran away. Baxter then called the police. Defendant, Caffey, and Bowman left the scene together. Weeden and Baxter subsequently identified defendant in a police photo array.
Johnson died due to multiple gunshot wоunds, and Whitfield died due to a single gunshot wound to the chest. McGee and Harvey sustained multiple, nonfatal gunshot wounds. Police recovered .38- and .32-caliber bullets from the bodies of Johnson and Whitfield, and a .22- caliber bullet from the window of the apartment. A .22-caliber handgun was also recovered in the closet of the apartment but that gun was found not to have been the same gun that fired the recovered .22-caliber bullet. Police recovered a plastic bag containing 43 separate packets of narcotics from the apartment.
Defendant provided a statement to Assistant State’s Attorney Brian Sexton, who read the handwritten statement attributed to defendant to the jury. In that statement, defendant described the shootings as detailed abovе. Defendant stated that he spoke with Caffey and Bowman about getting revenge on the Black Disciples for slapping one of their gang members. Defendant stated that he, Caffey and Bowman agreed to go to the third-floor apartment, located at 56th Street and Calumet Avenue, and shoot their guns to kill anyone in the apartment. On October 9, 1990, defendant took a cab to the apartment with Caffey and Bowman. When they arrived outside the apartment building, Bowman gave each of them a gun. Defendant stated that they saw Baxter leave the apartment and defendant decided to use Baxter to gain access to the apartment. Defendant, Caffey and Bowman decided that they would have Baxter knock on the apartment door, they would tell everyone to lie down on the floor, get the drugs, money and guns, then kill everyone except for Reed. Defendant stated that after Baxter knocked on the door, Weeden opened the door and knocked the gun out of defendant’s hand. Defendant heard Caffey and Bowman fire about five shots and they all ran down the stairs, got into a cab, and left the area.
Defendant’s mother testified that she was present when defendant provided his statement, but that she was intoxicated and on drugs. Defendant’s grandmother testified that she had been defendant’s legal guardian since his birth until he became a ward of the State a few weeks prior to the shootings.
During closing arguments, the State discussed the law of accountability and argued that defendant was respоnsible for his actions and accountable for the actions of Caffey and Bowman where defendant was involved in the planning and commission of the shootings. Instructions on accountability and felony murder were provided to the jury. The State also argued that there were three guns in the apartment and that defendant fired his gun. During deliberations, the jury sent a note to the trial court asking, “Does a defendant actually have to be proven to have pulled the trigger of the murder weapon during a home invasion or is that person legally responsible for the conduct of another who did?” The trial court responded, “no” to the first part of the jury’s question and “yes” to the second part. Defendant objected to the trial court’s response. The jury subsequently found defendant guilty of the first-degree murders of Johnson and Whitfield, guilty of the attempted first-degree murders of Harvey and McGee, and guilty of home invasion. Defendant was sentenced to natural life in prison for the first-degree murders, 30 years in prison for each count of attempted first-degree murder, and 30 years in prison for home invasion, all to run concurrently.
On direct appeal, defendant argued that: the circuit court erred when it transferred his case to the criminal court because the circuit court did not consider that defendant was subject to a mandatory life sentence; the circuit court failed to consider limiting the charges transferred to the criminal court; and the circuit court did not consider that the juvenile authorities failed to provide him with adequate services. Defendant also claimed that his mandatory natural life sentence was unconstitutional. This court affirmed the circuit court’s judgment. People v. Davis, No. 1 — 93—1821 (October 23, 1995) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23), appeal denied,
Defendant filed his first pro se postconviction petition on October 11, 1996, more than eight months after his leave to appeal was denied. In that petition, defendant argued that: the circuit court abused its discretion by sentencing him to natural life and “90 years at the age of 16 (but arrested at 14 years-of-age),” the circuit court erred by precluding expert testimony regarding his ability to understand his Miranda rights; it was error for witnesses to testify in front of his jury and codefendant’s separate jury during their simultaneous trial; the proseсutor erred by discussing accountability in his opening statement; it was error not to suppress defendant’s statement; trial counsel was ineffective for not raising an insanity defense; and the evidence was insufficient to convict defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. The circuit court summarily dismissed defendant’s petition on November 20, 1996.
On December 18, 1996, defendant filed a motion for a substitution of judge and an “amended” pro se postconviction petition. In his amended pro se postconviction petition, defendant claimed his first postconviction petition was dismissed because of judicial bias. Defendant also claimed that trial and appellate counsel were ineffective; that his statement should have been suppressed; that the State knowingly used perjured testimony; that the circuit court allowed improper stipulations denying his right to cross-examination; that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions; and that he was punished for exercising his right to a jury trial. The circuit court dismissed defendant’s amended pro se petition on March 17, 1997, and defendant appealed the dismissal of both the initial and the amended postconviction petitions. The office of the public defender of Cook County subsequently filed a motion seeking to withdraw as appellate counsel. This court, pursuant to Pennsylvania v. Finley,
On November 10, 1998, defendant filed a third pro se postconviction petition. In his petition, defendant alleged that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to produce exculpatory witnesses. Defendant attached an affidavit from Keith McGee, one of the victims in this case. In that affidavit, McGee stated that he did not see defendant or his codefendants during the shooting, and that neither defendant nor his coefendants shot him. On November 30, 1998, the circuit court denied defendant’s petition. The circuit court held that defendant’s claims were barred by the doctrine of res judicata because he had raised an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his previous petition. The circuit court also determined that defendant’s petition was untimely because it was not commenced within the time limitation imposed by the Post-Conviction Hearing Act and defendant failed to show that the delay was not due to his culpable negligence. Defendant appealed and the public defender of Cook County sought to withdraw as appellate counsel pursuant to Finley,
On September 25, 2002, defendant filed a petition, which is the subject of this appeal, seeking relief pursuant to section 2 — 1401 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2 — 1401 (West 2002)). In his petition, defendant alleged, inter alia, that mandatоry life imprisonment for a juvenile convicted through accountability is unconstitutional, and that the indictment did not provide defendant with formal notice that the offense for which he was being tried was not first-degree murder, but rather an aggravated form of first-degree murder mandating natural life in prison. This petition was apparently not placed on the court call, and on April 24, 2003, an assistant public defender filed a motion to appoint the public defender of Cook County and to advance the petition to the second stage of postconviction proceedings as it was not summarily dismissed within 90 days.
On June 2, 2005, assistant public defender Timothy J. Leeming filed a supplemental postconviction petition, relying on People v. Miller,
The State filed a motion to dismiss defendant’s petition on September 8, 2005. In its motion, the State argued that if the circuit court treated defendant’s petition pursuant to section 2 — 1401 of the Code, the petition should be dismissed because it was not filed within the applicable two-year statute of limitations. The State also argued that if the circuit court treated defendant’s petition as a рostconvietion petition, it should be dismissed as untimely where it was filed well beyond the six-month limitation of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122 — 1(c) (West 2002)). The State also noted that defendant had filed at least two previous postconviction petitions and, therefore, the principles of waiver and res judicata barred further review of defendant’s claims. The State further argued that defendant had not even attempted to demonstrate cause and prejudice in order to obtain leave to file a successive postconviction petition. With respect to the substance of defendant’s petition, the State argued that defendant’s reliance on Miller was misplaced where defendant was an active participant before, during, аnd after the shootings. The State also disagreed that defendant’s conviction was based upon an accountability theory because the State argued at trial that defendant fired his weapon and only argued accountability as an alternative theory.
Defendant subsequently obtained private counsel, who filed a “Verified Second Supplemental Petition for Post Conviction Relief,” further alleging that Miller prohibited the imposition of a natural-life sentence for a juvenile who has been deemed accountable for the actions of an adult. The petition also alleged that defendant’s mandatory life sentence was unconstitutional because it violated the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution. Private counsеl also filed a supplemental response to the State’s motion to dismiss, asserting that Miller should be applied retroactively, that defendant was clearly convicted under a theory of accountability, and that the statute requiring a mandatory life sentence violated the Illinois Constitution, as applied to 14-year-old defendant.
Following a hearing, the circuit court granted the State’s motion to dismiss defendant’s “petition for postconviction relief.” In doing so, the circuit court found that defendant’s involvement in the multiple killings was distinguishable from the defendant’s involvement in Miller. The court noted that while the defendant in Miller only acted as a lookout and “did not enter the edifice where the actual murder took place,” defendant in this case “hаd great participation in the murders.” The court explained that the evidence showed that defendant “actually went to the location with the offenders, he actually entered the abode that the murders took place,” and he carried a weapon to the crime scene, which he “perhaps dropped,” but he nonetheless carried to the scene. Defendant appealed and while defendant’s appeal was pending, this court granted the Illinois Coalition for Fair Sentencing of Children leave to file an amicus curiae brief in this case.
Following oral arguments in this case, we asked the parties to file supplemental briefs addressing whether the holding in Miller is applicable to cases on collaterаl review.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Retroactive Application of Miller
In his supplemental brief on appeal, defendant argues that the holding in Miller, that a mandatory sentence of natural life imprisonment for a juvenile found guilty through accountability violated the proportionate penalties clause, applies retroactively because it is a new substantive rule. The State argues that Miller did not create a new substantive rule and, therefore, is not subject to retroactive application in a collateral proceeding.
The United States Supreme Court in Teague v. Lane,
In the supplemental briefs filed pursuant to this court’s order, the parties discuss the United States Supreme Court’s recent decision in Danforth v. Minnesota,
“What we are actually determining when we assess the ‘retroactivity’ of a new rule is not the temporal scope of a newly announced right, but whether a violation of the right that occurred prior to the announcement of the new rule will entitle a criminal defendant to the relief sought.” Danforth,552 U.S. at 271 ,169 L. Ed. 2d at 865-66 ,128 S. Ct. at 1035 .
The court suggested that “redressability” is a more accurate term. Danforth,
In Danforth, the Supreme Court reversed the holding of the Minnesota Supreme Court that Teague precluded state courts from retroactively applying the holding in Crawford v. Washington,
“This interest in uniformity, however, does not outweigh the general principle that States are independent sovereigns with plenary authority to make and enforce their own laws as long as they do not infringe on federal constitutional guarantees.” Dan-forth,552 U.S. at 280 ,169 L. Ed. 2d at 871 ,128 S. Ct. at 1041 .
Unlike the Minnesota Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Illinois has never held that it was required to apply the holding in Teague. However, the Supreme Court of Illinois has applied it on numerоus occasions. See People v. De La Paz,
In deciding whether to retroactively apply the holding in Miller, we note that this court lacks the authority to not follow the decisions of our supreme court, which are binding on all lower courts. See People v. Artis,
In Miller, our supreme court found that the mandatory natural life sentencing statute, section 5 — 8—1 of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5 — 8—1(a)(1)(c)(ii) (West 2002)), was unconstitutional as applied to the Miller defendant. Miller,
“[T]he convergence of the Illinois transfer statute, the accountability statute, and the multiple-murder sentencing statute eliminate the court’s ability to consider any mitigating factors such as age or degree of participation. A life sentence without the possibility of parole implies that under any circumstances a juvenile defendant convicted solely by accountability is incorrigible аnd incapable of rehabilitation for the rest of his life.” Miller,202 Ill. 2d at 342-43 .
Defendant maintains that Miller announced a new substantive rule that should be applied retroactively under the first prong of the Teague rule. However, our supreme court’s holding in Miller did not create a new substantive rule prohibiting the imposition of a natural life sentence for all juveniles or for all juveniles convicted based on a theory of accountability. Rather, our supreme court held that the sentence was unconstitutionally disproportionate as applied to the Miller defendant. This determination was based upon the convergence of the accountability statute, the transfer statute, and the mandatory sentencing statute, combined with the fact that the Miller defendant was “the least culpable offender imaginable.” Miller,
Defendant cites Atkins v. Virginia,
Unlike Atkins, which prohibited a category of punishment (i.e., the death penalty) for a class of defendants (i.e., mentally retarded criminals), the holding in Miller did not prohibit the imposition of a natural life sentence for all juveniles or for all juveniles convicted based on a theory of accountability. Instead, our supreme court, in Miller, concluded that the natural life sentence was unconstitutionally disproportionate as applied to the Miller defendant. Miller,
This court has previously upheld the constitutionality of the mandatory natural life sentencing statute as applied to juvenile principals against proportionate penalty challenges after Miller. See People v. Smolley,
We acknowledge defendant’s argument that there is an element of inequity to our refusal to consider whether his natural life sentence is unconstitutionally disproportionate as applied because his case comes to us on collateral review rather than on direct appeal. We further note that very few juvenile defendants are serving natural life sentences based on having been convicted of multiple counts of first-degree murder under a theory of accountability. This would make it comparatively easy for the courts of this statе to consider whether the holding in Miller should be applied to cases on collateral review. It is the opinion of this panel of the appellate court that if there was ever a case that should be applied to cases on collateral review even though it does not meet the requirements of Teague, People v. Miller,
B. Notice of Mandatory Life Sentence
Defendant next contends that the circuit court erred by dismissing his postconviction petition where he made a substantial showing that his indictment did not place defendant on notice that he faced the possibility of a mandatory natural life sentence.
The State initially argues that defendant has forfeited this claim because he failed to raise the issue in his motion for a new trial, in his direct appeal, or in his postconviction petitions. The record shows that in defendant’s pro se petition at issue here, defendant argued that he “received sentences far beyond the range available for his offenses without having been given notice of the factor which rendered the charges against him aggravated forms of first degree murder.” Section 122 — 3 of the Act provides that “[a]ny claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is waived.” 725 ILCS 5/122 — 3 (West 2002). Accordingly, where defendant did not raise this claim in his original petition, he forfeited the claim.
Forfeiture aside, we find that the circuit court’s dismissal was proper where defendant failed to provide a substantial showing of a constitutional deprivation. Defendant argues that under section 111 — 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/111 — 3 (West 2002)), the State was required to notify defendant that he was eligible to receive a mandatory natural life sentence pursuant to section 5 — 8—l(l)(c)(ii) of the sentencing statute.
Section 111 — 3(a) provides that a charging document must be in writing and allege the commission of an offense by: “(1) Stating the name of the offense; (2) Citing the statutory provision alleged to have been violated; (3) Setting forth the nature and elements of the offense charged; (4) Stating the date and county of the offense as definitely as can be done; and (5) Stating the name of the accused, if known, and if not known, designate the accused by any name or description by which he can be identified with reasonable certainty.” 725 ILCS 5/111— 3(a)(1) through (a)(5) (West 2002). Section 111 — 3(c) provides that “[w]hen the State seeks an enhanced sentence because of a prior conviction, the charge shall also state the intention to seek an enhanced sentence and shall state such prior conviction so as to give notice to the defendant.” 725 ILCS 5/111 — 3(c) (West 2002).
Our supreme court, in People v. Jameson,
In addition, we note that thе record rebuts defendant’s claim that he was unaware that he faced a mandatory natural life sentence. At the transfer hearing and on direct appeal, defendant argued that it was improper to transfer his case from the juvenile justice system to the adult criminal courts because he faced a natural life sentence. Also, in granting the transfer, the circuit court noted that “if [defendant] [was] found guilty, in adult court that would require natural life for the offense of murder.”
C. Postconviction Counsel’s Compliance With Rule 651(c)
Defendant lastly contends that this court should remand his case for privately retained postconviction counsel to demonstrate compliance with Supreme Court Rule 651(c). Defendant argues that he received inadequate representation because private postconviction counsel did not file a Rule 651(c) certificate and there is no evidence in the record to show that counsel communicated with defendant about his contentions of deprivation of constitutional rights.
Initially, we note that defendant is not constitutionally entitled to the effective assistance of counsel at a postconviction proceeding. People v. Vasquez,
Supreme Court Rule 651(c) requires that the record in postconviction procеedings demonstrate that counsel “has consulted with petitioner either by mail or in person to ascertain his contentions of deprivation of constitutional rights, has examined the record of proceedings at the trial, and has made any amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” 134 Ill. 2d R. 651(c); Vasquez,
Here, retained postconviction counsel failed to file a Rule 651(c) certificate. However, our supreme court has held that the absence of a Rule 651(c) certificate is harmless if the record shows that counsel met the requirements of the rule. People v. Guest,
For the above reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Affirmed.
MURPHY, P.J., and THEIS, J., concur.
Notes
Codefendants Aaron Caffey and Eugene Bowman are not parties to this appeal.