We granted the people’s application for rehearing in this cause to determine whether our original opinion incorrectly concluded that there was insufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation, independent of the defendant’s confession, to support defendant’s first-degree murder conviction.
In the original opinion in this matter, the majority reversed the defendаnt’s first-degree murder conviction and remanded to the trial court for entry of a judgment of conviction on the reduced charge of second-degree murder with an option afforded the prosеcutor to retry defendant for first-degree murder. I dissented because I was convinced that there were enough facts for the trial court, sitting as the finder of fact, to conclude that there was sufficiеnt evidence of premeditation and deliberation independent of the defendant’s confession.
After considering the issue of whether there was sufficient evidence of premeditation and dеliberation aliunde the defendant’s confession, we reverse our original opinion and reinstate defendant’s first-degree murder conviction.
It is the well-accepted general rule that the corpus delicti of a crime must be established by evidence other than a confession or admission of
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the accused. In order to establish the corpus delicti of a crime, the prosecution must introducе evidence from which a trier of fact reasonably may find that acts constituting all the essential elements of the crime have been committed and that someone’s criminality was responsible for the commission of those acts.
People v Hamp,
Premeditation and deliberation characterize a thought proсess undisturbed by hot blood.
People v Michael Johnson,
Evidence of the following can indicate that the defendant had an opportunity for a "second look”:
1. A prior relationship tending to show motive;
2. A murder weaрon acquired and positioned in preparation for homicide;
3. Evidence in the record supporting the inference that the killer transported the victim to a secluded location for illiсit or criminal purpose;
4. Circumstances surrounding the killing suggesting premeditation and deliberation; and
5. Organized conduct subsequent to the killing suggesting the existence of a plan.
*94 These factors are not exclusive.
Further, premeditation and deliberation need not be established by direct evidence. The appropriate state of mind may be inferred from all the facts and circumstances but the inferences must have support in the recоrd and cannot be arrived at by mere speculation.
People v O’Brien,
Aside from defendant’s confession, the evidence established that the victim’s body was found by a detective in a cornfield. The body was clad only in a pair of jeans. The detective testified as to the condition of the body:
"The face * * * appeared to be smashed, and * * * it was very badly decomposed. The skull was exposed, and we сould see that there was a section of the skull that had been knocked out.
"[W]hen we found the body, the * * * skull was completely exposed. Ah the skin had been beaten off the skull, and — and the skull laying there — there was quite a large hole knocked out of the skull.”
A tire iron with the victim’s shirt wrapped around it was lying about six inches from the victim’s head. Hair and blood found on the tire iron were consistent with the victim’s hair and blood.
The victim’s car was discovered in a parking lot in the City of Monroe the day before the body was found. It "was covered with cornstalks, * * * leaves, grain, vines and mud, and appeared to have been driven through a cornfield or some other type of field”. Inside the vehicle was a pair of ladies’ shoes, a sock, several 8-track tapes, a pillow, and a purse. The purse had been opеned and its contents were scattered about the car. *95 Also, small amounts of dried human blood were found inside the vehicle by the headrest on the front passenger side seat, the rearview mirror, the stеering wheel and the center of the front seat.
The victim’s mother testified that the last time that she saw the victim was one week before the body was found. The victim was wearing the shirt found wrapped around the tire iron.
A pathologist testified that there was "a large piece or pieces of bone broken out of the skull” and that the edges were "beveled”, making it "quite apparent that there was an external blow probably with a blunt instrument” such as "a tire iron or club of some type”. The "large defect” in the victim’s skull was on the right, front side, near the forehead and temple, and was the "only evidence of violence” to the victim’s body. Further, the pathologist testified that, given the nature of the fractures, it looked like there had been at least two, and possibly more, forceful blows.
The trial court found:
"The court does find that there was sufficient time for the defendant to subject his responses to a second look.
"The court finds, on considering the totality of the circumstances, that there was premeditation in this casе, and that the defendant is guilty of first-degree murder.
"This, of course, is inferred from the circumstances, as I’ve indicated before, and in reaching that inference, the court has considered all of the circumstances, specifically, the severity of the wounds that the victim suffered; the weapon that was used, the tire iron being ah found adjacent to the body; the fact that the defendant would have had to have gotten the tire iron out of the car; the fact that the defendant had an opportunity to consider everything that he was going to do.”
Although there was no evidence of a prior rela
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tionship between the parties, independent of the defendant’s confession, we can infer from the totality of the circumstances that there was sufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation to support defendant’s first-degree murder conviction. The nature of the wounds suffered by the victim indicate a brutal killing. Even though "the brutality of a killing cannot in itself support a finding that the killer acted with premeditation and deliberation”,
People v Hoffmeister,
The victim was found in a cornfield. In
People v O'Brien, supra,
the Court cited the fact that the killing occurred in a field as one of the factors indiсating premeditation and deliberation. Also, in
People v Gilbert,
Further evidence of premeditation and deliberation is the fact that the murder weapon was a tire iron. The victim’s blood and hair were found on the tire iron which was wrapped in the victim’s shirt and lying close to her head. Although there was no evidence that the tire iron was in the trunk of the car prior to the murder, thereby necessitating the defendant to first obtain it before using it as the murder weapon, we think that it is a reasonable assumption based on common sense. The trunk of a car is the usual place for keeping a tire iron. This fact was later confirmed by the confession.
The abоve evidence and inferences to be drawn from it clearly establish the requisite corpus delicti, aliunde the defendant’s confession, sufficient to support an inference of premeditation and deliberation. We find no error on the part of the trial court in admitting the defendant’s confession. The defendant voluntarily confessed to the following: (1) He knew the deceased since he had met her earlier that afternoon. (2) They drove in her car to a dirt road where the defendant says they willingly engaged in sex. This was followed by an argument, whereupon he hit her. She fell, hit her head, which began to bleed рrofusely, and she was *98 rendered unconscious. Defendant then drove her unconscious body to another lane, dragged her body out of the car and took the tire iron out of the trunk of the car. Therе now is the evidence of the tire iron being used by the defendant to bludgeon the deceased’s skull. (3) Thereafter, defendant drove the deceased’s car back to Monroe, parked it, and he fled from the crime.
The original opinion is rescinded and defendant’s conviction for first-degree murder is reinstated.