THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Aрpellant, v. LONDON COLLINS, Appellee.
No. 90679
Supreme Court of Illinois
March 15, 2002
Rehearing denied August 29, 2002
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part; circuit court judgment affirmed.
MCMORROW, J., joined by FREEMAN, J., dissenting on denial of rehearing.
Michael J. Pelletier, Deputy Defender, and Lori L. Mosby, Assistant Appellate Defender, of the Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Chicago, for appellee.
JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the opinion of the court:
The issue presented is whether the circuit court properly dismissed defendant‘s pro se post-conviction petition as frivolous and patently without merit. Seе
BACKGROUND
On August 20, 1998, as part of a negotiated plea agreement, defendant pleaded guilty to one count of possessing a controlled substance with the intent to deliver (
On March 16, 1999, defendant filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief. In the petition, defendant alleged several claims of error, including the following:
“I wanted to appeal the case, which my counsel told me that he will. But never did. that brings mе to submitt this motion. thinking im waiting to go back on appeal. I also ask him to put me in for a reduction sentence. which he mislead me. He never submitted that either.”
The only attachment to defendant‘s petition was the following sworn verification, which states in its entirety:
“I, London Collins, a prisoner incarcerated in Tamms Minimum Security Unit, have read and understand the above Petition for Post Conviction Relief. All the facts presented are true and correct to the best of my recollection.”
The circuit court dismissed defendant‘s petition as frivolous and patently without merit. See
On October 10, 2000, the appellate court issued its initial order reversing the circuit court‘s dismissal of defendant‘s petition. In that order, the appellate court concluded that, although the allegations set forth above stated the gist of a meritorious constitutional claim, the absence of any supporting documentation rendered defendant‘s petition insufficient to justify second-stage review under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (
“minimally address the specifics of the defendant‘s attorney‘s statement that he would appeal the case, describe in detail all of defendant‘s subsequent contacts with his attorney and explain fully the twenty-one month delay
between the defendant‘s conviction and the filing of his petition.”1
According to the appellate court‘s order, if defendant successfully filed the requisite affidavits within the allotted time frame, the circuit court would be required to docket defendant‘s petition for further proceedings. Conversely, if defendant failed to file the necessary affidavits, “the trial court [would be] free to grant a motion to dismiss by the State.”
On October 25, 2000, defendant filed a petition for rehearing, arguing that the appellate court lacked the authority to remand the cause for the submission of additional affidavits. According to defendant, once it concluded that defendant‘s petition statеd the gist of a meritorious constitutional claim, the appellate court was required to remand the cause for second-stage post-conviction proceedings, including the appointment of counsel. On October 26, 2000, the State likewise filed a petition for rehearing, arguing that the appellate court‘s decision ran afoul of the Act in numerous ways. In particular, the State argued that (1) the Act does not contemplate a petition that states the gist of a meritorious claim but nevertheless is insufficient to justify second-stage review, and (2) the circuit court would not be “free to grant a motion to dismiss by the State” based on defendant‘s failure to submit the requisite affidavits, as the Act does not permit the filing of such motions until the second stage of post-conviction review. On November 17, 2000, the appellate court denied both petitions for rehearing without comment.
On November 21, 2000, the appellate court notified the parties of its intent to file a subsequent opinion in this case. The next day, thе appellate court cancelled the filing of any subsequent opinions “until further notice.”
In its new opinion, the appellate court again reversed the circuit court‘s dismissal of defendant‘s petition. 319 Ill. App. 3d 193. As in its initial order, the appellate court concluded that the contested portion of defendant‘s petition stated the gist of a meritorious constitutional claim. Contrary to its initial order, however, the court this time concluded that the absence of supporting affidavits did not render defendant‘s petition legally insufficient. Specifically, the court held that the absence of such documentation was both “unsurprising” and “justified,” given that defendant was “incarcerated, indigent and apparently barely literate.” Moreover, because the only other likely witness to the alleged conversation was the attorney that defendant now claims was ineffective, it would be “both oppressive and unfair” to require independent evidence of that conversation beyond defendant‘s sworn verification. Consequently, the appellate court reversed the circuit court‘s summary dismissal of defendant‘s petition and remanded the cause for second-stage post-conviction procеedings.
The State subsequently filed a motion to substitute a new petition for leave to appeal for the one originally filed in this court, and this court granted both the motion and the petition. 177 Ill. 2d R. 315(a).
Before reaching the merits of this appeal, we must address the validity of the appellate court‘s second decision in this case. In People v. Turnage, 162 Ill. 2d 299, 305 (1994), this court unanimously held that, once a petition for leave to appeal is filed in this court, the appellate court loses jurisdiction over the cause and may not file any additional opinions. Here, the appellate court issued its second opinion sua sponte on December 29, 2000, 10 days after the State petitioned this court for leave to appeal. The appellate court‘s December 29, 2000, decision therefore is void for a lack of jurisdiction, and we order the appellate court to withdraw that opinion and reinstate its decision of October 10, 2000. See Turnage, 162 Ill. 2d at 305.
We now turn to the merits. The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) establishes a procedure for determining whether a criminal defendant was convicted in substantial violation of his or her constitutional rights.
Upon the petition‘s filing, the circuit court has 90 days in which to review the petition and determine whether, on its face, “the petition is frivolous or is patently without merit.”
In this case, the circuit court properly dismissed defendant‘s pro se post-conviction petition. Contrary to the clear mandate of section 122—2 of the Act, defendant‘s petition was unsupported by “affidavits, records, or other evidence” and offered no explanation for the absence of such documentation. This fact alone justifies the summary dismissal of defendant‘s petition. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 380; Jennings, 411 Ill. at 26.
In reaching this result, we necessarily reject defendant‘s contention that his sworn verification can serve as a substitute for the “affidavits, records, or other evidence” mandated by section 122—2. First, the Act itself clearly distinguishes between the sworn verification that defendant filed and the supporting “affidavits, records, or other evidence” that defendant neglectеd to file. The necessity of a sworn verification is addressed in section 122—1 of the Act, which provides that a post-conviction proceeding is initiated by the filing of a petition “verified by affidavit.”
Moreover, the two decisions upon which defendant principally relies are clearly distinguishable from this case. Defendant insists that both People v. Washington, 38 Ill. 2d 446 (1967), and People v. Williams, 47 Ill. 2d 1 (1970), stand for the proposition that a sworn verification is all that is needed to substantiate a post-conviction claim arising from discussions between a criminal defendant and his attorney. Defendant misreads these decisions. To be sure, in both Washington and Williams, the post-conviction petitions contained claims arising from conversations between the defendant and his attorney and were supported only by the defendant‘s sworn verification. But in Washington, the petition also contained an explanation as to why the necessary “affidavits, records, or other evidence” were unobtainable. Thus, the
We recognize, of course, that requiring the attachment of “affidavits, records, or other evidence” will, in some cases, place an unreasonable burden upon post-conviction petitioners. Indeed, Washington and Williams are two such cases. This does not mean, however, that the petitioners in such cases are relieved of bearing any burden whatsoever. On the contrary, section 122—2 makes clear that the petitioner who is unable to obtain the necessary “affidavits, records, or other evidence” must at least explain why such evidence is unobtainable. In this case, defendant is asking to be excused not only from section 122—2‘s evidentiary requirements but also from section 122—2‘s pleading requirements. Nothing in the Act authorizes such a comprehensive departure.
CONCLUSION
Because defendant‘s pro se post-conviction petition included neither “affidavits, records, or other evidence” supporting his claims nor an explanation as to why such supporting evidence was lacking, the circuit court properly dismissed that petition as frivolous and patently without merit. We therefore reverse the judgment of the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Appellate court judgment reversed; circuit court judgment affirmed.
JUSTICE MCMORROW, dissenting:
The majority holds that defendant‘s post-conviction petition must be summarily dismissed because, even though defendant provided a sworn affidavit verifying the petition, he did not attаch to the petition a second, evidentiary affidavit in support of his constitutional claim. In reaching this holding, the majority attempts to distinguish this court‘s decision in People v. Williams, 47 Ill. 2d 1 (1970), on its facts. However, the majority‘s
In Williams, the defendant alleged in a post-conviction petition that he was induced to plead guilty by misrepresentations made by his attorney. The petition was verified by the defendant‘s sworn statement but no additional affidavits were attached. The State, like the majority today, argued that the petition should be dismissed “because, contrary to the requirements of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, satisfactory affidavits were not attached to the petition” and because no reasons were “given for the absence of such affidavits.” Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 3. This court squarely rejected that argument, noting that the only additional affidavit the defendant could possibly have furnished to support his claim, other than his own sworn statement, would have been that of the very attorney who allegedly made the misrepresentations. Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 4.
Attempting to distinguish the facts in the present case from those in Williams, the majority states,
“[I]n Williams, the defendant alleged that he relied upon certain misrepresentations that were ‘whispered to him’ by his attorney following the entry of his guilty plea. Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 2. Thus, although the petition in Williams did not explicitly explain why ‘affidavits, records, or other evidence’ were not attached, it did contain facts from which this court easily inferred that ‘the only affidavit that petitioner could possibly have furnished, other than his own sworn statement, would have been that of his attorney.’ Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 4.” 202 Ill. 2d at 68.
The majority‘s attempt to distinguish Williams rests exclusively on the assumption that the defendant in that case in some way “relied upon” his attorney‘s whispered comments. According to the majority, it was the whis-
The actual allegations made by the defendant in Williams were:
“In his [post-conviction] petition defendant [Williams] alleged, among other things, that his constitutional rights were violated in that he was induced to plead guilty by representation of his attorney that the State would agree to a sentence of six months to one year in the county jail instead of seeking a sentence of 40 to 80 years in the penitentiary if he went to trial, and further, that even after the court imposed a sentence of three to seven years, his counsel whispered to him that the court would call him back and give him one year in the county jail. The petition, though sworn to by defendant, was unsupported by any other affidavits.” Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 2.
The foregoing quotation is this court‘s only description of the allegations set forth in the defendant‘s post-conviction petition in Williams. Nowhere in that quotation does this court state that “the defendant alleged that he relied upon” (202 Ill. 2d at 68) his attorney‘s whispered comments. Nor, for that matter, does this court make that statement anywhere else in the Williams opinion. The simple faсt is that, contrary to the majority‘s assertions in the case at bar, the defendant in Williams did not allege that he “relied upon” the whispered comments that were made by his attorney after sentence had been pronounced. The reason this allegation was not made is readily understood when one considers the nature of the constitutional claim at issue.
The defendant in Williams alleged that, prior to entering his plea, his attorney made certain representations regarding the length of sentence he might receive if
There was only one constitutional claim raised in Williams that bore any relation to attorney comments, whispered or otherwise.2 That claim was the defendant‘s allegation that he was induced to plead guilty by his attorney‘s misrepresentations. Of necessity, therefore, when the majority states that the defendant in Williams “relied upon” his attorney‘s whispered comments (although this reliance is mentioned nowhere in the opinion) the majority must be saying that the whispered comments had some relevance to the defendant‘s claim that his guilty plea was involuntary. But this position is untenable. How could the defendant in Williams have “relied upon” the whispered comments in deciding whether to plead guilty, when those comments came after the defendant had entered his plea and after the court had pronounced sentence? The obvious answer is that the defendant could not and did not. The majority‘s statement that the defendant in Williams “relied upon” his
As noted, this court in Williams rejected the State‘s argument that the defendant‘s post-conviction petition should be dismissed because it was not supported by a second, evidentiary affidavit. This court held:
“The State‘s only contention is that the petition is insufficient to entitle petitioner to a hearing in that it was not accompanied by supporting affidavits. But the only affidavit that petitioner could possibly have furnished, other than his own sworn statement, would have been that of his attorney who allegedly made the misrepresentation to him. The difficulty or impossibility of obtaining such an affidavit is self-apparent. In People v. Wegner, 40 Ill. 2d 28, where similar allegations of misrepresentations of counsel as to sentence were made, we held that dismissal of the petition without a hearing was improper; that defendant was entitled to an evidentiary hearing even though the State had filed a counteraffidavit of defendant‘s attorney in which he denied making the statement attributed to him. It would certainly follow that if a defendant is entitlеd to a hearing despite a counteraffidavit of his attorney denying the allegations of the petition then a defendant should not be denied a hearing merely because he did not obtain a supporting affidavit from the attorney who represented him at the time of his plea.
Under such circumstances, to so strictly construe the Act as requested by the State would defeat its very purpose by denying petitioner a hearing on the factual issue raised by the pleadings. However, as stated in People v. Reeves, 412 Ill. 555, we do not intend hereby to lessen the duty of petitioners under the Act to make a substantial showing of a violation of constitutional rights, for the allegations of mere conclusions to that effect under oath will not suffice. We do find that in this case the sworn statements of petitioner warrant a fair inference of a violation of constitutional rights which are not negated by the State nor by the record, and that an evidentiary hearing is required to determine the truth or falsity of petitioner‘s allegations.” Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 4-5.
Williams is controlling on the issue of whether, for purposes of surviving summary dismissal, the sworn statement submitted by defendant in the present case is sufficient to support the claim presented in his post-conviction petition. Defendant alleges that his counsel told him he would file an appeal but that counsel failed to do so. In support of this claim, “the only affidavit that petitioner could possibly have furnished, other than his own sworn statement, would have been that of his attorney who allegedly made the misrepresentation to him. The difficulty or impossibility of obtaining such an affidavit is self-apparent.” Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 4. Accordingly, the majority in the case at bar errs when it holds that defendant‘s post-conviction petition must be summarily dismissed because defendant failed to attach satisfactory affidavits.
My colleagues in the majority may be concerned that, by allowing defendant‘s sworn affidavit to suffice under the facts of this case, the standard for obtaining post-conviction relief may, in some way, be lessened. But as Williams makes clear, defendant‘s burden is not diminished. To obtain post-conviction relief, defendant must still establish a substantial violation of a constitutional right. Moreover, any concern regarding the lessening of post-conviction standards is, in fact, much less pressing in the instant case than it was in Williams. The issue presented in Williams was whether the defendant was entitled to an evidentiary hearing. But the issue in the
The majority has inaccurately stated the facts of Williams. Those facts, with respect to the affidavit issue, are indistinguishable from the facts in the present case. Williams has been the law of this state for over 30 years. The majority has offered no reason to depart from that settled holding. I therefore dissent.
JUSTICES FREEMAN and KILBRIDE join in this dissent.
Dissent Upon Denial of Rehearing
JUSTICE MCMORROW, dissenting:
I dissent from the court‘s denial of rehearing because the majority opinion in this case is in conflict with People v. Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d 89 (2002), and no explanation or justification has been offered by the majority for the discrepancy between the two cases. I also dissent because, as set forth in detail below, the majority opinion is unsupported by legal authority and is beset with fundamental analytical flaws.
I
In Boclair, this court was asked to decide whether a post-conviction petition which has not been filed within the time limitations set forth in section 122—1 of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (
“Section 122—2.1(a)(2) requires the circuit court to determine within 90 days of the filing of a post-conviction petition whether the petition is ‘frivolous or is patently without merit.’
725 ILCS 5/122—2.1(a)(2) (West 2000) .Importantly, we note that this section is silent regarding timeliness. Rather, timeliness is addressed elsewhere, in section 122—1(c), instructing defendants as to the time periods for filing petitions. If this court can ascertain legislative intent from the plain language of the statute itself, that intent must prevail. Barnett v. Zion Park District, 171 Ill. 2d 378 (1996). We will not depart from the plain language of the statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that conflict with the express legislative intent. Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 389.
Under a plain reading of section 122—2.1(a)(2), the circuit court may dismiss a post-conviction petition at the initial stage only if the petition is deemed to be ‘frivolous or patently without merit,’ not if it is untimely filed. If the legislature intended for a trial judge to sua sponte dismiss a petition as being untimely, it would have so provided in section 122—2.1(a)(2) of the Act. Instead, the legislature provided in section 122—5 that the State may file a motion to dismiss. [Citation.] By addressing timeliness and frivolousness in separate provisions of the Act, the legislature plainly intended to draw a distinction between these two flaws of post-conviction petitions.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 100-01.
“To aсcept the argument that the circuit court has the authority to dismiss [an untimely] petition pursuant to section 122—2.1(a)(2) of the Act we would have to hold, contrary to the language of the Act, that the phrase ‘frivolous or *** patently without merit’ encompasses untimely petitions. We will not ignore the Act‘s language and adopt this interpretation. If a petition is untimely that does not necessarily mean that the petition lacks merit.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 101.
We also explained that it would be improper for a circuit court to consider the timeliness of a post-conviction petition at the summary dismissal stage because such an inquiry might require the court to determine whether the petitioner had alleged facts showing a lack of “culpable negligence” which would excuse the tardy filing. See
“Moreover, when a circuit court determines whether a defendant is culpably negligent in filing his petition late, the circuit court makes an assessment of the defendant‘s credibility. See McCain, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 531. At this initial stage of the proceedings, however, the court should only determine whether the petition alleges constitutional deprivations. The process at the summary review stage measures a petition‘s substantive virtue rather than its procedural compliance. See Johnson, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 534. In determining an issue of credibility, the circuit court
necessarily exceeds the boundary set by section 122—2.1(a)(1).” (Emphasis added.) Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102.
Finally, we noted that it was inappropriate as a matter of policy for the circuit court to consider the timeliness of a post-conviction petition at the summary dismissal stage because to do so might result in the loss of a meritorious claim of actual innocence. As we explained:
“Claims of actual innocence may be raised in a manner other than in a post-conviction petition, including in a section 2—1401 motion.
735 ILCS 5/2—1401 (West 2000) . Nonetheless, to allow the circuit court to dismiss summarily post-conviction petitions for failure to present evidence of actual innocence in a timely manner could lead to a miscarriage of justice. Although our criminal justice system needs finality in criminal litigation and judgments, it should not come at the expense of justice and fairness.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102.
For the foregoing reasons, we concluded in Boclair that matters of timeliness must “be left for the State to assert during the second stage of the post-conviction proceedings.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102. During the initial, summary dismissal stage of post-conviction proceedings, Boclair holds, a circuit court may not consider whether a post-conviction petition has satisfied the procedural requirement of timeliness.
II
In the case at bar, the majority holds that the summary dismissal of defendant‘s pro se post-conviction petition was proper because defendant failed to comply with the affidavit requirement set forth in section 122—2 of the Act (
To satisfy the affidavit requirement of section 122-2, the majority holds, defendant should have attached at least one additional affidavit in support of his post-conviction claim. This second affidavit is necessary, the majority reasons, to show “that the verified allegations are capable of objective or independent corroboration.” 202 Ill. 2d at 67. Presumably, therefore, the additional affidavit must come from sоmeone other than defendant. The majority further holds that, in the absence of a second affidavit, defendant was required to “at least explain why such [objective or independent] evidence is unobtainable.” 202 Ill. 2d at 68. In the majority‘s view, defendant‘s failure to comply with this latter “pleading requirement,” by itself, warrants summary dismissal of his post-conviction petition. 202 Ill. 2d at 65, 68. The majority emphasizes that it is not deciding in this case whether defendant‘s petition alleges a constitutional deprivation. See 202 Ill. 2d at 69 (distinguishing People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239 (2001)). Rather, the majority‘s holding rests solely on the affidavit requirement of
III
The majority opinion in this case conflicts with Boclair at every significant point in its analysis. For example, the majority opinion at bar states:
“Contrary to the clear mandate of section 122-2 of the Act, defendant‘s petition was unsupported by ‘affidavits, records, or other evidence’ and offered no explanation for the absence of such documentation. This fact alone justifies the summary dismissal of defendant‘s petition.” (Emphasis added.) 202 Ill. 2d at 66.
The affidavit requirement that the majority finds dispositive in this case is found in
In addition, Boclair holds that the only inquiry the circuit court may make at the summary dismissal stage is whether the post-conviction petition “alleges constitutional deprivations.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102. In other words, under Boclair, the circuit court is limited at the summary dismissal stage to asking whether the petition states the ” ‘gist of a constitutional claim.’ ” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 99-100, 102, quoting People v. Gaultney, 174 Ill. 2d 410, 418 (1996). According to Boclair, matters of “procedural compliance” (Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102) may not be considered in the initial stage of post-conviction review.
In contrast, the majority opinion in the case at bar does not consider whether defendant‘s petition successfully alleges a constitutional deprivation by stating the gist of a constitutional claim. Instead, the majority concerns itself solely with whether defendant complied with the affidavit requirement of
The majority opinion in the case at bar also conflicts with the policy concerns expressed in Boclair. As noted, the majority in this case holds that a pro se post-conviction petition should be summarily dismissed if it fails to comply with one of the pleading requirements set forth in section 122-2 of the Act.
“The petition shall identify the proceeding in which the petitioner was convicted, give the date of the rendition of the final judgment complained of, and clearly set forth the respects in which petitioner‘s constitutional rights were violated. The petition shall have attached thereto affidavits, records, or other evidence supporting its allegatiоns or shall state why the same are not attached. The petition shall identify any previous proceedings that the petitioner may have taken to secure relief from his conviction. Argument and citations and discussion of authorities shall be omitted from the petition.”
725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2000).
According to the majority, defendant in this case failed to satisfy section 122-2‘s requirement that he “at least explain” why a second affidavit was not attached to his petition. 202 Ill. 2d at 68. Therefore, the majority holds, his petition was properly dismissed at the summary review stage. 202 Ill. 2d at 68. Notably, in reaching this conclusion, the majority chooses not to provide defendant with the opportunity to amend his post-conviction petition with an explanation for why an additional affidavit is unavailable. Our case law would permit such an amendment. See People v. Watson, 187 Ill. 2d 448 (1999). Nevertheless, the majority holds that defendant‘s petition should be finally dismissed.
The majority‘s decision not to permit any amend-
Boclair reaches a contrary result. In Boclair, we held that it would be a “miscarriage of justice” for a meritorious claim of actual innocence to evade judicial review because of a procedural deficiency in the post-conviction petition. According to Boclair, allowing a claim of actual innocence to be lost because of a procedural deficiency would be contrary to prinсiples of “justice and fairness.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102.
In sum:
- The majority opinion in this case holds that, in determining whether a pro se post-conviction petition is subject to summary dismissal, the circuit court should look beyond
section 122-2.1(a)(2) of the Act and consider whether the petition has complied with the pleading requirements set forth in section 122-2. Boclair holds that the circuit court may not consider sections of the Act other thansection 122-2.1(a)(2) . - The majority opinion in this case upholds the summary dismissal of defendant‘s petition without considering whether defendant‘s petition states the gist of a constitutional claim. Boclair holds that the circuit court may dismiss a post-conviction petition at the initial stage of review only if the petition fails to state the gist of a constitutional claim.
The majority opinion in this case holds that a technical pleading deficiency in a pro se post-conviction petition warrants its summary dismissal. Boclair holds that, at the summary dismissal stage, the circuit court should not consider whether the petition is in “procedural compliance.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102. - The majority opinion in this cаse holds that the language of the Act requires strict procedural compliance from pro se post-conviction petitioners at the summary dismissal stage. Boclair holds that such compliance may not be required at the initial stage of post-conviction review because to do so could result in “a miscarriage of justice.” Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 102.
Our opinion in Boclair and the majority opinion in this case are in direct and irreconcilable conflict. Given this conflict, it is clear that the court‘s opinion in Boclair, as the later issued of the two opinions, has overruled the majority opinion in the case at bar. As I noted in my separate opinion in Boclair (see Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d at 127 (McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by Freeman, J.)), the court‘s decision in Boclair to overrule the instant case cannot, by itself, be considered error. It is error, however, for the court in the case at bar not to acknowledge that fact. Because Boclair has overruled the majority opinion in this case, rehearing should be granted.
IV
Although the conflict between Boclair and the majority opinion in the case at bar is a sufficient basis, by itself, to grant defendant‘s petition for rehearing, there are also several other compelling reasons to allow rehearing in this case.
The Meaning of ‘Objective Corroboration’
Setting Boclair to one side and assuming, arguendo, that the circuit court may consider a post-conviction petition‘s compliance with section 122-2 at the summary dismissal stage, rehearing should be granted in this
Inapposite Authority
The majority states that defendant‘s failure to attach a second affidavit or explain its absence is “fatal” to his petition. 202 Ill. 2d at 66. In support of this statement, the majority cites People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406, 414 (1999), People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 380 (1998), and People v. Jennings, 411 Ill. 21, 26 (1952). 202 Ill. 2d at 66. These cases are manifestly distinguishable from the case at bar. Jennings is inapposite because that case predates the addition of
Although the majority cites no pertinent authority to support its holding, there is authority from this court, directly on point, which is contrary to the majority‘s position. As I noted in my original dissent in this case, over 30 years ago, in People v. Williams, 47 Ill. 2d 1 (1970), this court held that when a pro se post-conviction petitioner‘s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is based on an attorney-client conversation, the only supporting affidavit required is the defendant‘s own. In Williams, we stated:
“The State‘s only contention is that the petition is insufficient to entitle petitioner to a hearing in that it was not accompanied by supporting affidavits. But the only affidavit
that petitioner could possibly have furnished, other than his own sworn statement, would have been that of his attorney who allegedly made the misrepresentation to him. The difficulty or impossibility of obtaining such an affidavit is self-evident. In People v. Wegner, 40 Ill. 2d 28, where similar allegations of misrepresentations of counsel as to sentence were made, we held that dismissal of the petition without a hearing was improper; that defendant was entitled to an еvidentiary hearing even though the State had filed a counteraffidavit of defendant‘s attorney in which he denied making the statement attributed to him. It would certainly follow that if a defendant is entitled to a hearing despite a counteraffidavit of his attorney denying the allegations of the petition then a defendant should not be denied a hearing merely because he did not obtain a supporting affidavit from the attorney who represented him at the time of his plea. Under such circumstances, to so strictly construe the Act as requested by the State would defeat its very purpose by denying petitioner a hearing on the factual issue raised by the pleadings. However, as stated in People v. Reeves, 412 Ill. 555, we do not intend hereby to lessen the duty of petitioners under the Act to make a substantial showing of a violation of constitutional rights, for the allegations of mere conclusions to that effect under oath will not suffice. We do find that in this case the sworn statements of petitioner warrant a fair inference of a violation of сonstitutional rights which are not negated by the State nor by the record, and that an evidentiary hearing is required to determine the truth or falsity of petitioner‘s allegations.” Williams, 47 Ill. 2d at 4-5.
I explained at length in my original dissent in this case why the majority‘s attempt to factually distinguish Williams fails. I leave it to the reader to decide whether the majority has accurately represented the facts in Williams. For myself, I must reluctantly conclude, as Chief Justice Harrison once remarked, that “[s]tare decisis means nothing” (People v. Kinkead, 182 Ill. 2d 316, 348 (1998) (Harrison, J., specially concurring)) to the majority in this case. Rehearing should be granted in this case
Failure to Permit Amendment of Defendant‘s Petition
In recent years there has been a growing public discussion regarding possible shortcomings in the Illinois criminal justice system. Most of the discussion has centered on the cases of 13 individuals who have been released from death row in Illinois. These cases have provoked a serious reexamination of capital punishment in this state and prompted some individuals to question the integrity of our criminal justice system itself. Chief Justice Harrison, for example, has expressed this view:
“[L]egislatures and the courts appear to have abandoned any genuine concern with insuring the fairness and reliability of the system. Achieving ‘finality’ in death cases, and doing so as expeditiously as possible, have become the dominant goals in death penalty jurisprudence.” People v. Bull, 185 Ill. 2d 179, 227 (1998) (Harrison, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (noting that legal oversight of the capital punishment system has diminished and that “[t]he General Assembly has drastically shortened the period in which post-conviction relief can be sought, thereby reducing the time in which exonerating evidence may be discovered“).
Voicing concerns over the fairness and reliability of the capital punishment system, Governor Ryan imposed a moratorium on the death penalty in January 2000. Shortly thereafter, he authorized the creation of the Commission on Capital Punishment and charged that body with making recommendations ” ‘dеsigned to further ensure the application and administration of the death penalty in Illinois is just, fair and accurate.’ ” T. Sullivan, Repair or Repeal—Report of the Governor‘s Comm‘n on Capital Punishment, 90 Ill. B.J. 304, 304 (2002). In its recently issued final report, the commission makes numerous recommendations for improving the capital
“It became readily apparent during many of the discussions on particular points, however, that recommendations that were being made with respect to the capital punishment system could apply with equal force to other cases in the criminal justice system.
During some of its discussions, Commission members were struck by the fact that particular cases received a much higher level of scrutiny because capital punishment was involved. Had those same defendants been sentenced to life imprisonment, or a term of years, their cases might not have been reviewed as carefully and by so many different parties. As a result, some of the injustices with which the public has recently become acquainted might not have been corrected.” Report of the Governor‘s Commission on Capital Punishment, ch. 14, at 188 (April 2002).
I explained previously in this dissent how the majority opinion in the case precludes a pro se defendant from amending his post-conviction petition to correct pleading deficiencies and how this holding means the possible loss of meritorious constitutional claims. It is both ironic and unfortunate that at a time when the entire Illinois criminal justice system is under intense scrutiny and serious questions have been raised regarding its fairness and accuracy, the majority has decided to completely foreclose consideration of meritorious constitutional claims, including claims of actual innocence, based on technical pleading deficiencies. As stated, our case law permits the amendment of post-cоnviction petitions at the summary dismissal stage. See People v. Watson, 187 Ill. 2d 448 (1999). Even assuming, therefore, that pro se defendants should be held accountable for section 122-2‘s pleading requirements at the summary dismissal stage, rehearing should be granted in this case and the majority opinion modified to provide defendant with the
The majority‘s decision in this case is contrary to both recent and long-established precedent of this court and, with due respect, is profoundly ill-advised. I therefore dissent from the court‘s denial of rehearing.
JUSTICE FREEMAN joins in this dissent.
(No. 89388.—THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. STANLEY BOCLAIR, Appellant.—(No. 89471.—THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JOE McCAIN, Appellee.—(No. 89534.—THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. EARNEST JOHNSON, Appellee.
Opinion filed August 29, 2002.—Rehearing denied December 2, 2002.