75 P. 186 | Cal. | 1904
An information was filed against the defendant in the superior court of the city and county of San Francisco, charging him with the crime of murder.
Upon arraignment he pleaded "Not guilty," but subsequently withdrew this plea and entered one of "Guilty."
When this latter plea was received by the court, it was conceded by the attorney for the defendant, that the duty devolved upon the court of determining, and fixing, under section
Thereafter, on March 10, 1902, the court determined from such evidence, that the crime was murder of the first degree, and adjudged that the defendant suffer the penalty of death, and on March 12, 1902, the judge of said court signed and issued a warrant of execution, directing the warden of the state prison, at San Quentin, to execute the judgment of death against said defendant on the sixth day of June, 1902.
The defendant appeals from said judgment and the order of execution, and contends, — 1. That the court had no *552 authority to determine the degree of the crime; and 2. That the judgment and order of execution are void, because the court had no power to direct the warden of the state prison to execute the defendant.
In their briefs, counsel for appellant, upon the first point urge, that the power attempted to be conferred on the court by said section
This is no new point. The same contention was made in this court forty years ago, and decided adversely to appellant's claim.
In People v. Noll,
People v. Lennox,
On the oral argument counsel made an additional point not presented in their brief, that this section is unconstitutional, because it does not provide any manner, or mode, whereby the court is to reach its determination as to the degree of crime; that it does not provide for the taking of evidence on the subject.
Jurisdiction to determine the matter is, however, expressly conferred on the court by the section. This means that there shall be a judicial determination, and where power is especially conferred upon a court of general jurisdiction to determine a particular question, and no special mode for that *553 determination is pointed out, the jurisdiction conferred necessarily implies authority in such court to call to its assistance in determining the particular question, the same aid as is usually employed by it in reaching a judicial determination in other cases.
The universal aid is evidence. This was the means employed by the lower court in determining the degree of crime in the case at bar. It is the only means by which a judicial determination can be had, and was the means which it was contemplated by the legislature should be invoked by the court.
If there could be any doubt of this general rule, we are satisfied that the course pursued by the lower court is provided for and sanctioned by section
The method adopted by the lower court was entirely conformable to that spirit which provides for a judgment upon a conviction or plea of guilty of crime. If appellant's contention could prevail, a plea of guilty, generally, in those cases where the crime is divided into degrees — murder, burglary, arson — would be tantamount to immunity from punishment, because, as the determination of the degree of crime by the court is an essential prerequisite to the imposition of sentence, if the court is powerless to determine that degree, it is equally powerless to impose sentence, and hence, being unable to hold the defendant for any legal purpose, would be required to discharge him. This situation itself illustrates the wisdom of the general code provision, and the necessity for its application.
Under the second point appellant insists that the judge of the lower court had no power to insert in the warrant of execution a direction to the warden of the state prison to execute the defendant. Such a direction, however, would not *554 render the order void. The law provides that the judge in such warrant shall designate the date of execution, and require the sheriff to deliver the defendant to the warden for execution. (Pen. Code, sec. 1217.) The fact that the warrant in addition directed the warden to execute the judgment of death is of no moment, as this was a duty devolving upon the warden under the law, independent of the order of court. The order to that extent was surplusage. We are mindful of counsel's contention that there is no provision of law directing the warden to execute a judgment of death, but hardly think the contention worthy of serious consideration. The provisions of the Penal Code (secs. 1224, 1226, 1227) designate him as the official who must execute such judgment.
But, assuming that such direction to the warden in the warrant of execution was error, it could not now be available to the defendant for a reversal. From lapse of time the order has becomefunctus officio, in as far as it directed the execution of the defendant. He was directed to be executed on June 6, 1902. That time having elapsed, another order of execution must be made, under which the point urged now cannot arise, because, by section
We perceive no reason why the judgment and order should be disturbed, and they are affirmed.
McFarland, J., Shaw, J., Angellotti, J., Van Dyke, J., Henshaw, J., and Beatty, C.J., concurred.