Defendant was convicted by a jury of possession of cocaine and sentenced to prison. He appeals as a matter of right.
Defendant claims that the search warrant issued to search his apartment was statutorily and constitutionally infirm. A police officer obtained a search warrant from a district judge based upon an affidavit which recited, among other things, that the officer’s informant said that he was told by the brother and girlfriend of defendant that defendant was storing and using cocaine. The district judge took a statement from the informant which was placed on tape. When defense counsel objected by *648 way of motion to exclude, the district judge gave the prosecution an option to make the tape available to counsel for defendant or to rely upon the police officer’s affidavit. The prosecution chose the latter and relied upon the police officer’s affidavit.
For purposes of this appeal, the question is whether the affidavit alone provides a sufficient basis for issuance of a valid search warrant. The circuit court’s suppression of the tape is not at issue here. The circuit court ruled that the warrant was valid. In light of both constitutional and statutory standards, we agree.
The Fourth Amendment
1
Federal standards governing the issuance of a search warrant are applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
2
Aguilar v Texas,
The Fourth Amendment provides:
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”
The United States Supreme Court has developed the outline provided by this amendment. The Court has said that a warrant should issue only if probable cause is determined by an independent judicial officer.
Giordenello v United States,
*649 "In dealing with probable cause, * * * as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. These are not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act. Brinegar v United States, [338 US 160 , 175;69 S Ct 1302 ;93 L Ed 1879 (1949)]. Probable cause exists where 'the facts and circumstances within [the arresting officers’] knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information [are] sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that’ an offense has been or is being committed. Carroll v United States,267 US 132 , 162;45 S Ct 280 ;69 L Ed 543 (1925),” Draper v United States,358 US 307 , 313;79 S Ct 329 ;3 L Ed 2d 327 (1959).
Draper
involved a search without a warrant after an arrest which was also made without a warrant; however, its discussion of probable cause has also been applied in search warrant contexts. See
Spinelli v United States,
*650
This Court has often used the preceding cases to evaluate the propriety of searches pursuant to a warrant. See,
e.g., People v Iaconis,
The two steps of the hearsay are as follows: first, from the defendant’s brother and from the woman who was living with the defendant to the informant and, second, from the informant to the police officer who swore to the affidavit. This double hearsay might itself be raised as a challenge to the present warrant. However, in our opinion, such a challenge has already been answered by the same logic which supported the use of hearsay in Jones and by the safeguards which were developed in Aguilar. Simply put, if hearsay can be used to form one link in a chain establishing probable cause, then the same logic should allow its use for more than one link. This is especially true if the Aguilar two part test is applied to each link in the chain.
In applying that two part test to the instant facts, we first examine the underlying facts and circumstances supporting a determination of probable cause. From the very beginning of the chain of information transfer, the type of information is very different from that which was present in
Aguilar.
There, the first link was the transmission of a mere conclusion.
In applying to the. second part of the
Aguilar
test, we examine the underlying facts and circumstances showing the reliability of the person supplying the information. Once again, the present facts are very different from
Aguilar.
There the information originated from an unnamed informant; the only assurance of reliability regarding the informant himself/herself was the statement that the same informant had given correct information on a previous occasion which was also unspecified.
The second link of the information chain, from the informant to the police officer, is of the more familiar type. However, since the informant here is acting only as a conduit of information, the informational content of what he says has already been examined. This again demonstrates the difference of this case from Aguilar. There the transmission of information attempted to bootstrap it to a higher status. Here, facts are merely relayed through several steps; if the information is proper in the first step, it should continue to be so in the second. The second part of the Aguilar test is also satisfied; the reliability of the informer, even though unnamed, is established in the more usual way by the recitation of specific prior instances in which the informant had provided correct information.
*652
The Supreme Court has urged that affidavits supporting warrants should be reviewed from a common sense, realistic viewpoint so that the use of warrants will not be discouraged.
United States v Ventresca,
Even if constitutional standards are satisfied, it still may be asserted that the warrant was not proper under the pertinent Michigan statute. That statute provides:
*653 "Sec. 3. The magistrate’s finding of reasonable or probable cause shall be based upon all the facts related within the affidavit made before him. The affidavit may be based upon reliable information supplied to the complainant from a credible person, named or unnamed, so long as the affidavit contains affirmative allegations that the person spoke with personal knowledge of the matters contained therein.” MCLA 780.653; MSA 28.1259(3).
The defendant asserts that the informant had no personal knowledge concerning the cocaine, and that the second sentence of the statute infers that such knowledge is a prerequisite to using the informant’s information. We do not agree that personal knowledge of the criminal activity itself must be read into the statute. The "personal knowledge” required by the statute is knowledge "of the matters contained therein”. (Emphasis added.) We interpret these words to mean exactly what they say; the affidavit must set forth affirmative allegations that the informant has personal knowledge of what is contained in the affidavit. Here, the affidavit sets forth the statements which the informant relayed to the police officer. These statements are within the informant’s personal knowledge. A judicial officer, upon reading the affidavit, would be presented with information that the judicial officer could weigh to arrive at an independent decision. This is in contrast to an Aguilar type situation where the judicial officer is confronted by an informant’s statement with no way of knowing whether the statement is based upon personal observation, personal participation, personal knowledge of someone else’s statement which, in turn, is based on observation or rumor, etc. Acceptance of such an Aguilar statement, with no further information about it, would be an abdi *654 cation of the officer’s duty to make an independent judgment. Aguilar, supra. The preceding statute assures that such information will be presented to a judicial officer in conjunction with allegations showing exactly what it is. If an informant has personal knowledge of a rumor, and that’s all, then the statute requires affirmative allegations showing that the informant’s personal knowledge is knowledge of a rumor. This statute thus prevents the loss of information, as in Aguilar, which may have been reliable; the problem there was that the magistrate had no way of knowing anything about the reliability of the statement. Such should not happen under this statute given its requirement of affirmative allegations of personal knowledge of what is presented for the magistrate’s consideration.
The defendant also alleges that it was error for testimony to be introduced which tended to show other criminal activity. The testimony in issue was that of a prosecution witness, a police officer, who referred, among other things, to "pipes smoked for marijuana” as being found in the defendant’s apartment during the search. No proper objection was made at trial. On appeal, the defendant must affirmatively show that the unobjected-to testimony deprived defendant of a fair trial.
People v Duncan,
Affirmed.
Notes
US Const, Am IV.
US Const, Am XIV.
The Supreme Court noted in
Spinelli
that several steps of hearsay might be present: "Moreover, if the informant came by the information indirectly, he did not explain why his sources were reliable”.