249 N.W.2d 132 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1976
PEOPLE
v.
CHARLES JACKSON
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, John Rae, Prosecuting *397 Attorney, and Roger L. Caswell, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Hirsch & Hirsch, P.C. (by John H. Hofman), for defendant on appeal.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and D.E. HOLBROOK and D.L. MUNRO,[*] JJ.
D.L. MUNRO, J.
On July 25, 1975, defendant was convicted by a jury of assault with intent to rob while being armed in violation of MCLA 750.89; MSA 28.284. Defendant was sentenced to a term of 5 to 15 years incarceration. He brings this appeal as of right.
On July 17, 1975 the defendant notified the prosecution that he intended to raise an alibi defense. Trial was scheduled for July 24th, thus, defendant was not in compliance with the 10-day notice requirement of MCLA 768.20; MSA 28.1043. The trial court accordingly precluded the calling of the defendant's alibi witnesses. On appeal defendant contends that such preclusion is, in spite of the language of MCLA 768.21; MSA 28.1044,[1] discretionary and that the trial court's ruling abused that discretion.
As amended, MCLA 768.21; MSA 28.1044 directs the trial court in mandatory terms to exclude alibi evidence for failure to give notice. It does not permit the exercise of discretion.[2] We conclude *398 from recent dicta that this is also the construction given the act by the Supreme Court and feel constrained to honor that construction despite the obvious harsh results:
"The statute has since been revised. A comparison of the old and new language indicates that, among other changes, the preclusion sanction is now mandatory." People v Merritt, 396 Mich. 67, 74, fn 1; 238 NW2d 31 (1976).
"Preclusion of alibi evidence is mandatory in Kansas and under the new Michigan statute, fn 1, supra." People v Merritt, supra, 78.
Defendant further argues that the statute is per se violative of both the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. We disagree.
Equal protection is offended when distinct classes of persons are afforded different treatment under the law without appropriate justification. No such distinction is drawn in fact or law by the noted statute. It is equally applicable to all criminal defendants. That some of this class will endeavor to employ the alibi defense while others do not, cannot give rise to imputation that the Legislature is favoring certain defendants over their fellows. Even if such distinction could be established, the unique ease of fabrication of this defense amply justifies special handling by both courts and the Legislature. See Williams v Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 81; 90 S. Ct. 1893; 26 L. Ed. 2d 446 (1970).
Nor is due process offended. The state has not suspended the defendant's right to present his case. Rather, it has imposed upon him reasonable conditions in the interest of "protecting itself against an eleventh-hour defense". Williams, supra, 81. We do not say that the circumstances *399 cannot arise in which this statute may operate to deprive a criminal defendant of due process. However, we do hold that the statute is not violative of due process on its face or within the circumstances of this case.
The defendant was charged in the information against him with armed robbery. At the close of the prosecution's proofs, the trial court granted a defense motion for a directed verdict of acquittal on that charge and submitted the case to the jury with instructions that they were to consider the defendant's guilt or innocence of the crime of assault with intent to rob while armed, felonious assault and simple assault. These circumstances give rise to the defendant's next assertion of error, namely, that the directed verdict on the armed robbery charge operated as an acquittal on all charges arising out of the same transaction by virtue of double jeopardy protection. We reject this assertion. Assault with intent to rob while armed is a necessarily included offense within the crime of armed robbery. People v Jackson, 70 Mich. App. 478; 245 NW2d 797 (1976). The defendant was on notice that he was required to respond to all necessarily included charges:
"We do not say here that a trial judge must instruct sua sponte on a lesser included offense, but simply that he may do so if the evidence adduced at trial would warrant conviction of the lesser charge and defendant has been afforded fair notice of those lesser included offenses.
"There are, of course, no `fair notice' problems presented in a case such as this, where the lesser offense is one `necessarily included' within the greater. People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 NW2d 461 (1975).
"Every defendant charged with armed robbery must necessarily be prepared to defend against the included charges of unarmed robbery and larceny from the *400 person." People v Chamblis, 395 Mich. 408, 417-418; 236 NW2d 473 (1975).
Thus, the defendant was, from the outset, on trial for the offense of which he was ultimately convicted. That he was acquitted of the greater offense (it makes no difference that the acquittal was found as a matter of law by the court rather than as a matter of fact by the jury), and convicted of the lesser does not give rise to a valid claim of double jeopardy violation. On the contrary, the joining of all possible charges arising from a single transaction in a single prosecution is precisely what is sought by Michigan courts in enforcing constitutional double jeopardy provisions.
"`In my view, the Double Jeopardy Clause requires the prosecution, except in most limited circumstances, to join at one trial all the charges against a defendant that grow out of a single criminal act, occurrence, episode, or transaction.'" People v White, 390 Mich. 245, 254; 212 NW2d 222 (1973), quoting the opinion of Mr. Justice Brennan in Ashe v Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 448; 90 S. Ct. 1189; 25 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1970).
The defendant is not without protection when facing a multiplicity of charges arising out of the same transaction. A conviction of any lesser offense operates as an acquittal of the greater offense charged. People v McMiller, 389 Mich. 425, 430; 208 NW2d 451 (1973).
Defendant's contention that by submitting only the lesser charge to the jury the trial court usurped the authority of the prosecution is equally lacking in merit. It is clearly within the province of the court to so instruct where warranted. See People v Chamblis, supra.
Defendant next assigns as error the failure of *401 the trial court to instruct the jury on the offenses of attempted armed robbery, larceny from a person and larceny in a building, as requested by him. The recent cases of People v Chamblis, supra, and People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 NW2d 461 (1975), have had considerable impact upon this area of the law. The people argue on appeal that the rules of those cases, insofar as they touch upon a defendant's right to instruction on certain lesser offenses, are prospective in nature, hence, inapplicable. We disagree. In People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101, 102; 238 NW2d 44 (1976), the Supreme Court applied the rule of Ora Jones in reversing a 1974 conviction in which the trial court refused a similar request by the defendant. We therefore conclude that the Supreme Court did not intend to limit those cases to exclusively prospective effect.[3]
In Ora Jones the Supreme Court said:
"If evidence has been presented which would support a conviction of a lesser included offense, refusal to give a requested instruction is reversible error. Id [People v Phillips, 385 Mich. 30; 187 NW2d 211 (1971)] at 36. People v Hamilton, 76 Mich. 212; 42 N.W. 1131 (1889).
"If the lesser offense is one that is necessarily included within the greater, the evidence will always support the lesser if it supports the greater.
"In the area of `cognate' lesser offenses, the evidence in each case adduced at the particular trial must be examined to determine whether that evidence would support a conviction of the lesser offense." 395 Mich. 379, 390.
Attempted armed robbery is a necessarily included offense within the offense of armed robbery. People v Lovett, supra, 102. People v Chamblis, *402 supra, 418. Larceny from a person is also a necessarily included offense. Chamblis, supra, 424-425. As larceny in a building has in common with armed robbery all the elements of larceny, and as the evidence would support a conclusion that the offense was committed in a building, such an offense is in this context a cognate lesser offense.
The trial court here could not have known that the Supreme Court decisions in Ora Jones, supra, (Dec. 1975) and Lovett, supra, (Jan. 1976) would require the requested instructions on included and cognate offenses since both of those cases were decided after the trial of this case. Under Ora Jones, supra, and Lovett, supra, it was reversible error to deny the defendant the requested instructions.
We decline to discuss the defendant's remaining assignments of error as unmeritorious or unlikely to recur on retrial.
Reversed and remanded.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] "Sec. 21. (1) If the defendant fails to file and serve the written notice prescribed in section 20 or 20a, the court shall exclude evidence offered by the defendant for the purpose of establishing an alibi or the insanity of the defendant."
[2] "It is a well-settled proposition that unless other considerations compel a contrary conclusion the use of the term `shall' means that the statute is mandatory. Township of Southfield v Drainage Board, 357 Mich. 59; 97 NW2d 821 (1959)." LundBerg v Corrections Commission, 57 Mich. App. 327, 329; 225 NW2d 752 (1975).
[3] We are not alone in this conviction. Another panel of this Court has recently reached the same conclusion in People v Jackson, 70 Mich. App. ___; ___ NW2d ___ (1976).