We conclude that the adult/criminal court erred in not transferring the case back to juvenile court for a post-Proposition 57 transfer hearing, and we vacate the judgment and order all counts of conviction transferred to juvenile
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The facts of Castillero's crimes are largely not relevant to this appeal. In a juvenile wardship petition filed in May 2015 under Welfare and Institutions Code section 602, subdivision (a)
In November 2015, Castillero was charged by complaint in adult/criminal
On March 27, 2017, Castillero pleaded guilty to four counts of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (b)(1) pursuant to a plea agreement that stipulated that his sentence would be 40 years in prison. Specifically, Castillero pleaded guilty to count 1, which alleged an offense date of "[o]n or about and between April 1, 2014 and June 30, 2014"; count 2, which alleged an offense date of "[o]n or about and between July 1, 2014 and September 30, 2014"; count 5, which alleged an offense date of "[o]n or about and between January 1, 2015 and April 3, 2015"; and count 6, which alleged an offense date of "[o]n or about and between August 25, 2012 and January 31, 2013." Castillero's date of birth is August 25, 1998. Therefore, Castillero pleaded guilty to crimes committed when he was 15 years old (count 1), 15 or 16 years old (count 2), 16 years old (count 5), and 14 years old (count 6). Castillero's plea agreement did not mention any waiver of rights under Proposition 57, and Proposition 57 was not discussed on the record during his change-of-plea hearing.
II. DISCUSSION
Castillero's major contention on appeal is that the judge in adult/criminal court erred when he refused to transfer Castillero's case back to juvenile court for a transfer hearing consistent with the legal standards enacted by Proposition 57. The Attorney General agrees that the trial court so erred. Castillero and the Attorney General also agree that, as to those counts for which it is clear Castillero was under 16 years old at the time of their commission (counts 1 & 6), Senate Bill No. 1391, which went into effect on January 1, 2019, prohibits further transfer of these counts back to adult/criminal court. The parties on appeal also agree that, for the count for which Castillero was over 16 years old at the time of its commission (count 5), Castillero should be afforded a transfer hearing under the standards set out in Proposition 57.
The parties dispute what should happen to the one count for which Castillero was either 15 or 16 at the time of the commission of the crime (count 2). The Attorney General argues that this court should remand to the juvenile court "for a factual determination to be made as to [Castillero's] age at the relevant time." Castillero contends that no further factfinding is possible
A. Statutory Background
The law governing the treatment of juveniles accused of serious crimes has changed significantly since the district attorney filed the petition against Castillero in juvenile court. In November 2015, at the time of Castillero's original fitness hearing, a minor (that is, any person under the age of 18) accused of a crime was generally subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile
The law in effect at the time of Castillero's fitness hearing set out the following procedure: "At the juvenile court hearing to determine the question of fitness for treatment, a minor accused of such a crime has the burden of rebutting this presumption of unfitness by a preponderance of the evidence. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 1483(a).)
Proposition 57, which took effect on November 9, 2016, significantly amended sections 602 and 707. These statutes no longer contain the presumption, described above, that a juvenile accused of certain serious crimes is unfit for juvenile court. (See former and current §§ 602, 707.) Now, if a prosecuting attorney wishes to try an accused minor as an adult, the prosecutor must file a motion in the juvenile court requesting that the juvenile court transfer the minor to adult/criminal court. (See § 707, subds. (a)(1) & (b) ; rule 5.766(a).) The juvenile court must then conduct a "transfer hearing" to determine if the matter should remain in juvenile court or be transferred to adult/criminal court. ( Lara , supra ,
"[T]here are key differences between a Proposition 57 transfer hearing and the analogous fitness hearing under prior law. Most notably, Proposition 57 shifts the burden of proof in the hearing. Under prior law, the juvenile court was bound by a rebuttable presumption that the defendant was not fit for the juvenile court system, whereas under current law there is no such presumption. ( Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (a).) In addition, the court at appellant's fitness hearing could not retain jurisdiction unless it found him fit for juvenile court under all five criteria. (Former Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (c).) In a transfer hearing under current law, the court must consider all five factors, but has broad discretion in how to weigh them. ( Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (a)(2).)" (
Finally, Senate Bill No. 1391, which went into effect on January 1, 2019, amended section 707, subdivision (a)(1), to read: "In any case in which a minor is alleged to be a person described in Section 602 by reason of the violation, when he or she was 16 years of age or older, of any offense listed in subdivision (b) or any other felony criminal statute, the district attorney or other appropriate prosecuting officer may make a motion to transfer the minor from juvenile court to a court of criminal jurisdiction." (Sen. No. 1391 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) § 1; Stats. 2019, ch. 1012, § 1.) Following the entry into force of Senate Bill No. 1391, individuals who were under 16 years of age when they committed any criminal violation (including some of Castillero's counts of conviction) may no longer be transferred to adult/criminal court at all.
The crimes to which Castillero pleaded guilty are affected in different ways by these statutory changes.
B. Retroactivity
Castillero argues, and the Attorney General concedes, that the adult/criminal court erred when it refused to transfer Castillero's case back to juvenile court for a transfer hearing under the procedures set out in Proposition 57. We agree. In Lara the California Supreme Court concluded that the provisions of Proposition 57 are retroactive and apply to any individual whose sentence was not yet final when the law went into effect. ( Lara , supra ,
1. Counts 1 and 6
Castillero was 15 years old when he committed the crime charged in count 1 and 14 years old when he committed the crime charged in count 6. Pursuant to the changes made to section 707, subdivision (a) by Senate Bill No. 1391, these counts are not subject to a motion to transfer to adult/criminal court.
Castillero states that "[i]f [his] case ends up back in adult court, his convictions in counts 1, 2, and 6 must be reversed and the charges dismissed." We address count 2 further below. We agree that the convictions for counts 1 and 6 must be reversed. However, Castillero cites no authority holding that counts 1 and 6 should be dismissed, rather than treated as juvenile adjudications. Following the procedure set out in Garcia , supra ,
2. Count 5
Castillero was 16 years old when he committed the crime charged in count 5. For the case involving the conduct underlying count 5, this conviction must be conditionally reversed and remanded to juvenile court for a transfer hearing. The juvenile court should hold a transfer hearing to determine if this case would have been transferred to adult/criminal court had it originally been filed in juvenile court in accordance with current law. If the juvenile court decides it would have transferred the case involving the conduct underlying count 5 to adult/criminal court, the conviction for count 5 must be transferred to adult/criminal court. (See Lara , supra ,
In response to a request for supplemental briefing from this court, Castillero confirmed that he does not seek to withdraw from the plea agreement he entered into in adult/criminal court. The parties agree that, if any part of
"[A]s a general rule, ... requiring the parties' compliance with changes in the law made retroactive to them does not violate the terms of the plea agreement, nor does the failure of a plea agreement to reference the possibility the law might change translate into an implied promise the defendant will be unaffected by a change in the statutory consequences attending his or her conviction. To that extent, then, the terms of the plea agreement can be affected by changes in the law." ( Doe v. Harris (2013)
On the other hand, if the juvenile court finds in accordance with current law that it would not have transferred the case underlying count 5 to adult/criminal court, then it should treat this conviction as a juvenile adjudication and impose an appropriate juvenile disposition after a dispositional hearing. (See Lara , supra ,
3. Count 2
The parties disagree on the appropriate procedure for the conviction for count 2 following its transfer to juvenile court. As described above, the record does not establish whether Castillero committed this crime when he was 15 or 16 years old. While the parties agree that the conviction for count 2 must be referred to the juvenile court in the first instance, Castillero argues the conviction must remain in juvenile court. Relying on
In Hiscox , the conduct underlying the defendant's conviction following a jury trial spanned the passage of the "one strike" law ( Pen. Code, § 667.61 ), application of which increased the defendant's sentence beyond the previous statutory maximum. ( Hiscox , supra , 136 Cal.App.4th at pp. 257-258,
Hiscox , however, does not apply to Castillero's case, which will be adjudicated after remand in juvenile court. "[N]either the state nor the federal Constitution guarantees a jury trial in a juvenile proceeding." ( People v. Superior Court (Carl W. ) (1975)
Nevertheless, Castillero argues that, because his "plea and conviction
If the juvenile court finds beyond a reasonable doubt that Castillero committed the crime of conviction for count 2 when he was over 16 years
If the juvenile court finds beyond a reasonable doubt that Castillero committed the crime of conviction for count 2 when he was less than 16 years old, or if the juvenile court cannot determine beyond a reasonable doubt Castillero's age at the time he committed the crime, then the juvenile court should treat his conviction for count 2 as a juvenile adjudication and impose an appropriate juvenile disposition after a dispositional hearing.
III. DISPOSITION
The sentence is vacated. The convictions for counts 1 and 6 are reversed. The convictions for counts 2 and 5 are conditionally reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to refer all counts of conviction to juvenile court. The juvenile court shall proceed on each count of conviction following the directions set out in Part II(C), ante.
WE CONCUR:
GREENWOOD, P.J.
GROVER, J.
Notes
We will hereafter refer to the court of criminal jurisdiction as "adult/criminal court" to distinguish it from juvenile court.
Unspecified statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
The record on appeal does not contain either the district attorney's motion to transfer Castillero's case to adult/criminal court or any documents relating either to the hearing or the juvenile court's order. The parties do not dispute that these events occurred, and the salient fact for this appeal is that they occurred prior to the passage of Proposition 57.
After Castillero filed his original notice of appeal, this court granted Castillero's motion to file an amended notice of appeal and request for a certificate of probable cause. The trial court subsequently granted the certificate of probable cause.
All further rule references are to the California Rules of Court.
The bar on transfer to adult/criminal court includes an exception, not relevant here, for individuals who are not apprehended prior to the end of juvenile court jurisdiction. (§ 707, subd. (a)(2).)
Neither party has argued on appeal that Senate Bill No. 1391 is unconstitutional, and we take no position on that question. (See C.S. v. Superior Court (2018)
Because it is not yet ripe for decision, we do not reach the question what should happen to the plea agreement if all Castillero's counts of conviction remain in juvenile court. (Compare Harris , supra , 1 Cal.5th at pp. 991-992,