In these consolidated cases involving several questions of first impression, we are asked to determine, inter alia, whether a prosecution for felony murder and possession of a weapon during the commission of a felony, where the victim died in excess of four years after a robbery and shooting, violates the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy where defendants had been convicted of armed robbery, assault with intent to murder, and felony-firearm for their parts in the robbery and shooting. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
The testimony of the deceased victim, Jeffrey Dudley, given at the first trial and read into *319 evidence in the instant case, established the following. At 11:30 p.m. on May 5, 1983, Jeffrey, then a nineteen-year-old college student, left his place of work at Alfred’s Restaurant, at Somerset Mall in Troy. As he approached his car in the mall parking lot, three black males drove up and stopped their car in front of Jeffrey’s car. Defendant Bush then got out of the vehicle and aimed a gun at Jeffrey, ordering him to get into the passenger’s seat in his own car. When Jeffrey complied, Bush demanded money and jewelry. Jeffrey could produce only a dollar. Bush became upset and motioned for defendant Harding and the third black male to come over to Jeffrey’s car.
After Harding and the third male approached the car, Bush handed the gun to the third male, who momentarily placed it on the car seat. At that point Jeffrey grabbed the gun and discharged it at Bush, hitting Bush in the leg. Harding immediately grabbed Jeffrey and, after hitting him in the mouth and knocking loose several teeth, threw Jeffrey into the back seat.
Harding then got into the driver’s seat and the third person got into the back seat with Jeffrey. Bush climbed into the passenger seat. Harding drove the car out of Somerset Mall, heading for Detroit. As they drove, a discussion ensued about killing Jeffrey. At the entrance ramp to 1-75 at Big Beaver Road, Bush turned and fired two shots into Jeffrey, one striking him in the chest and the other in the abdomen. Harding drove south on 1-75 toward Detroit.
After some discussion about dumping Jeffrey into a sewer, Harding left the freeway, located a sewer, stopped the car, removed the sewer cover, and, with the help of the third male, dumped Jeffrey head first into the sewer. Jeffrey managed to climb up the iron ladder, push off the sewer *320 cover, and crawl to a nearby house. The police arrived, finding Jeffrey lying on the porch and smelling of "sewer stench.” He was taken to the hospital, where he twice underwent surgery.
Shortly thereafter, defendants Bush and Harding were arrested and charged with armed robbery, assault with intent to murder, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Tried by jury in the Oakland Circuit Court in September 1983 and found guilty as charged, Bush was sentenced to one hundred to three hundred years for the assault conviction, to life imprisonment for the armed robbery conviction, and to two years for the felony-firearm conviction. In a bench trial, in December 1983, Harding was found guilty of assault with intent to murder, armed robbery, and felony-firearm. He was sentenced, to twenty to sixty years for the assault conviction, to seven to twenty years for the armed robbery conviction, and to the mandatory two years for the felony-firearm conviction. The convictions of both defendants were affirmed by this Court in separate, unpublished opinions in March 1985 and November 1986.
Meanwhile, Jeffrey went on with his life. He married, had a child, and became steadily employed. On June 28, 1987, during a backyard family picnic at Jeffrey’s home in Detroit, Jeffrey, his brother, David, and his two brothers-in-law, Jason and Monte Gracey, played basketball. At some point in the game David Dudley and Monte Gracey began to argue. The argument escalated into a physical confrontation, and Jeffrey joined in the fray by striking Monte Gracey. The fight stopped when Jeffrey began having convulsions. Attempts to assist him were unsuccessful, and Jeffrey died shortly thereafter.
An autopsy disclosed the cause of death to be a *321 consequence of the permanent damage to Jeffrey’s heart caused by the 1983 gunshot wound. Defendants were then charged with felony murder.
At defendants’ trials on the charge of felony murder, Dr. Kaplan, the surgeon on call who had attended Jeffrey on the night he was shot, testified that Jeffrey was close to death, that the heart was lacerated, that there was bleeding in the heart sac and chest cavity, and that an immediate operation was necessary.
Also introduced at defendants’ trials was the testimony of two medical examiners, Drs. Kanluen and Petinga. Both testified that, on the basis of the autopsy and the medical records from the May 1983 shooting, the gunshot wound to the heart was the cause of death and that the victim’s acute heart attack was a consequence of the permanent damage to the heart and a scar in the heart which was due to the 1983 gunshot wound. A defense expert witness, Dr. Ezra Shaya, testified that Jeffrey died because of damage to the brain caused by blows to the head during the 1987 fight.
On appeal both defendants argue that trial on the charge of felony murder violated the constitutional guarantee to be free from double jeopardy. Additionally, defendant Bush argues that the trial court erred in sentencing him to a two-year mandatory term for the felony-firearm conviction because he had already been sentenced for a prior conviction of felony-firearm arising out of the same criminal transaction. Defendant Harding additionally argues that his conviction of felony murder was against the great weight of the evidence and that the trial court erred in allowing the prosecutor to endorse and call as a witness a doctor who was appointed to help the defense prepare for trial. For purposes of our opinion, the several *322 issues raised have been reformulated into four issues.
I. WHERE DEFENDANTS HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY CONVICTED OF ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO MURDER, DOES A SUBSEQUENT CONVICTION OF FELONY MURDER, AFTER THE VICTIM DIES, VIOLATE THE CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE AGAINST DOUBLE JEOPARDY?
Defendants first argue that their felony murder convictions must be reversed because the charges arose out of the same transaction as that which led to earlier convictions of assault with intent to murder and armed robbery.
Both the federal and state constitutions prohibit placing a person twice in jeopardy for the same offense. US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 15. The Michigan Double Jeopardy Clause is substantially identical to the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
People v White,
In
Brown v Ohio,
The applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.
*323
The
Brown
Court then noted, however, that "[a]n exception may exist where the State is unable to proceed on the more serious charge at the outset because the additional facts necessary to sustain that charge have not occurred or have not been discovered by the exercise of due diligence.”
One of the cases on which
Brown
relied for this exception to the general rule of double jeopardy is
Diaz v United States,
The homicide charged against the accused in the court of first instance and the assault and battery for which he was tried before the justice of the peace, although identical in some of their elements, were distinct offenses both in law and in fact. The death of the injured person was the principal element of the homicide, but was no part of the assault and battery. At the time of the trial for the latter the death had not ensued, and not until it did ensue was the homicide committed. Then, and not before, was it possible to put the accused in jeopardy for that offense. [223 US at 448-449 .]
See also
Ashe v Swenson,
Michigan case law follows the exception to the general rule laid down in
Brown.
In
White,
In adopting the same transaction test, we limit our holding to the facts of the present case and to similar factual situations.
*324 We are aware that in certain situations, strict application of the same transaction test could lead to the anomalous result of foreclosing prosecution for an offense where the state had made a diligent and good faith effort to protect the defendant’s constitutional rights.
"For example, where a crime is not completed or not discovered, despite diligence on the part of the police, until after the commencement of a prosecution for other crimes arising from the same transaction, an exception to the 'same transaction’ rule should be made to permit a separate prosecution.” Ashe v Swenson,397 US 436 , 453, n 7;90 S Ct 1189 , 1199;25 L Ed 2d 469 , 481 (1970) (Brennan, J., concurring). We emphasize that our primary objective in adopting the same transaction test is to insure that a criminal defendant receives meaningful protection under the double jeopardy clause. If actual situations should arise in which application of the same transaction test would not serve that objective, we will, in such a case, consider the adoption of limited exceptions to the same transaction test.
In
People v Williams,
We hold, therefore, that since the crime with which defendant was here charged was not complete at the time of his earlier plea, his conviction is not barred by double jeopardy. [Id., 646.]
Similarly, in
People v Sharp,
An application of this law to the situation in the instant case clearly indicates that defendants were not twice placed in jeopardy by the subsequent prosecution for felony murder following the death of Jeffrey.
However, defendants further contend that even if double jeopardy does not prevent their prosecution for the felony murder charges, then double jeopardy is a defense which precludes their conviction. Otherwise, argue defendants, they are being twice punished for the same criminal offense. Therefore, at the very least, the prior convictions of armed robbery and assault with intent to murder should be set aside. On this issue, we agree in part with defendants.
In
People v Wilder,
As in Robideau and Lumsden, we conclude that, while double jeopardy does not preclude defendants’ convictions of felony murder, their prior convictions of armed robbery must be vacated.
However, no case law addresses the question whether defendants’ prior convictions of assault with intent to murder must be vacated upon a subsequent conviction of murder or felony murder, after the victim has died. The issue raised is of first impression.
The constitutional protection against double jeopardy prevents a defendant from being convicted of two offenses where one is a necessarily or cognate lesser included offense of the other.
Wilder,
The common-law definition of lesser included offense is that the lesser must be such that it is impossible to commit the greater without first having committed the lesser. 4 Wharton, Criminal Law and Procedure, § 1799. This definition in- *327 eludes only necessarily included lesser offenses. This definition, however, is generally conceded to be unduly restrictive, and thus most jurisdictions, including Michigan, have statutes that are broadly construed to permit conviction of "cognate” or allied offenses of the same nature, under a sufficient charge. These lesser offenses are related and hence "cognate” in the sense that they share several elements, and are of the same class or category, but may contain some elements not found in the higher offense. [People v Ora Jones,395 Mich 379 , 387;236 NW2d 461 (1975).]
The elements of the criminal offense of assault with intent to commit murder are (1) an assault, (2) with an actual intent to kill, (3) which, if successful, would make the killing murder.
People v Guy Taylor,
The elements of felony murder are (1) the killing of a human being (2) with the intent to kill, to do great bodily harm, or to create a very high risk of death or great bodily harm with knowledge that death or great bodily harm was the probable result (3) while committing, attempting to commit, or assisting in the commission of any of the felonies specifically enumerated in MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. CJI2d 16.4.
On the basis of our review of the law, we conclude that assault with intent to commit murder is a lesser included offense of felony murder. Accordingly, the 1988 convictions of felony murder subsume and take the place of defendants’ 1983 convictions of assault with intent to commit murder. Clearly, unless the earlier convictions of and sentences for the lesser included offense of assault with intent to murder are set aside, defendants will receive multiple punishment for one criminal *328 act. To sentence defendants for both assault to commit murder and felony murder appears to us to violate the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. Therefore, defendants’ convictions of assault with intent to commit murder shall be set aside. Additionally, defendants shall be credited for the time of their confinement as a result of the assault conviction against the period of confinement imposed by reason of the convictions of felony murder. See In re Saul S, 167 Cal App 3d 1061; 213 Cal Rptr 541 (1985).
II. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN SENTENCING DEFENDANT BUSH TO A MANDATORY TWO-YEAR SENTENCE FOR THE FELONY-FIREARM CONVICTION WHERE DEFENDANT HAD ALREADY SERVED A TWO-YEAR FELONY-FIREARM SENTENCE FOR A PRIOR CONVICTION ARISING OUT OF THE SAME TRANSACTION?
It is Bush’s position that he should serve only one sentence for his felony-firearm conviction. We agree. In
People v Morton,
III. WAS DEFENDANT HARDING’S CONVICTION OF FELONY MURDER AGAINST THE GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE?
Harding argues that the cause of death was not sufficiently established and, ergo, the jury’s verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. A claim that a verdict is against the great weight of the evidence can
only
be raised by a motion for a new trial. MCR 2.611(A)(1)(e);
People v
Bradshaw,
Even if Harding’s claim is viewed as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence rather than to its weight, the claim lacks merit. While prosecution and defense experts differed regarding the cause of death, each expert’s opinion was based on supporting medical data. Drs. Kanluen and Petinga, both of whom were forensic pathologists, testified that Jeffrey died of an acute heart attack as a consequence of permanent damage to the heart caused by the 1983 gunshot wound. Dr. Shaya, a family practitioner, testifying for defendants, opined that death was caused by damage to the brain as a *330 result of blows to the head suffered during the 1987 scuffle.
Thus, the question of the cause of death became a question of credibility to be decided by the trier of fact. If the trier of fact chose to believe the prosecution’s witnesses, there was sufficient evidence establishing death under the standard set forth in
People v Hampton,
IV. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN ALLOWING THE PROSECUTOR TO ENDORSE AND CALL AN EXPERT WITNESS APPOINTED BY THE COURT?
Following the close of the prosecution’s proof at the preliminary examination, both appointed defense counsels joined in a motion for the appointment of an "expert in behalf of the defense” to assist the defense on the issue of causation of death. The district court ruled:
[T]he question is not so much whether or not an independent physician or expert ought to be designated to give an opinion, but rather whether this Court should do that or the Circuit Court.
And what I’ve indicated is that this Court will communicate with Judge Kuhn, who has the case in Circuit Court, to determine whether or not the Circuit Court will designate the expert witness or this Court.
The district court then adjourned the examination for a month to permit the expert to examine the *331 evidence and formulate an opinion and to permit the defense time to obtain witnesses they wished to call.
When the preliminary examination continued, Dr. Petinga, the expert appointed by the court, was called by the defense and testified that on the basis of his review of the medical records Jeffrey’s death was due to the gunshot wound to the heart suffered over four years previously and not because of any intervening heart problem aggravated by his life style, as the defense contended.
In the circuit court, Dr. Petinga was endorsed as a witness for the prosecution. Prior to his testimony, the defense objected, arguing that Dr. Petinga could not appear as a witness for the prosecution because he had been appointed as a defense expert witness. Following arguments, the trial court reserved its ruling until a separate record was made of Dr. Petinga’s testimony. After hearing Dr. Petinga’s testimony, the trial court ruled that the doctor was a court-appointed independent expert whom the prosecutor could call as a witness under MRE 706. On appeal, Harding argues that the trial court erred in endorsing Dr. Petinga as a prosecution witness because the doctor was appointed "to help the defense” and "to be a member of the defense team” and had consulted with the defense "about strategy.”
A review of the lower court record does not support Harding’s argument. To the contrary, the record discloses that Dr. Petinga was appointed as an independent expert witness to offer testimony regarding the cause of death. The record is devoid of evidence disclosing that he was to be a part of the "defense team.” Moreover, the evidence established that he did not become involved in consultations concerning defense strategy. Further, Dr. Petinga specifically stated that he formed his opin *332 ion of the cause of death without consulting with the defense or prosecution, and that he reached his opinion before appearing in court.
MRE 706(a) expressly provides:
The court may ... on the motion of any party . . . appoint any expert witnesses . . . [and a] witness so appointed . . . may be called to testify by . . . any party.
Given the facts of this case, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling that Dr. Petinga might testify for the prosecution.
V. SUMMATION
In summary we hold: (1) the prosecution and conviction of defendants on the felony murder charges after the victim died is not precluded by double jeopardy; (2) Bush’s 1988 conviction of and sentence for felony-firearm is precluded by double jeopardy; (3) Harding’s conviction of felony murder was not against the great weight or supported by insufficient evidence; (4) the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the prosecution to endorse and call a court-appointed medical witness; (5) both defendants’ prior convictions of and sentences for armed robbery and assault with intent to commit murder are vacated and set aside; (6) the time served by defendants as a result of their 1983 convictions of armed robbery and assault with intent to commit murder is to be credited to the sentences imposed upon them in 1988 for their felony murder convictions; and (7) defendants’ convictions of first-degree felony murder are affirmed.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.