441 N.W.2d 87 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1989
PEOPLE
v.
BURTON
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of the Criminal Division, Research, Training and Appeals, and Jeffrey Caminsky, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Monsey G. Wilson, for defendant on appeal.
Before: HOLBROOK, JR., P.J., and MICHAEL J. KELLY and CAVANAGH, JJ.
CAVANAGH, J.
Defendant Johnnie Burton, Jr., is *360 charged with second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), and mutilation of a body, MCL 750.160; MSA 28.357. On March 10, 1988, defendant filed a motion in limine to suppress introduction of an unsigned, undated, handwritten statement by his wife, Jearleane Burton, purporting to be her will. The writing implicated defendant in the October 15, 1987, homicide of William O. Ross. On March 15, 1988, the prosecutor moved for an evidentiary ruling that the purported will was admissible under MRE 803(15). By order dated March 18, 1988, the Detroit Recorder's Court ruled the evidence admissible. Defendant's trial has been stayed pending this appeal by leave granted. We reverse.
At the suppression hearing, the prosecutor argued that the purported will was admissible under MRE 803(15) as an exception to the hearsay rule. Defendant argued that MRE 803(15) was inapplicable because disposition of property was not at issue and because the writing was not a valid holographic will as it was not dated or signed. Defendant also argued that introduction of the writing would violate the spousal privilege, MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162. The prosecutor replied that the spousal privilege would not apply because the prosecutor was not seeking to examine defendant's wife as a witness.
The trial court ruled:
Under the circumstances, in looking at [MRE] 803[15], ... this Court is of the opinion that the document itself is in fact a will, and that it is in fact a will that was prepared by Jearleane Burton, which indicates that she leaves any property that she has to her parents. Further, it indicates why she is doing that. And in reading that will, it is *361 clear that she does not wish for anything to go to her husband, Johnnie Burton.
Under these circumstances, the Court is of the opinion that that document does in fact have an interest in property and affect the interest in property, that being any marital assets that Jearleane Burton may have, any personal assets she may have, and that in terms of that property she has absolutely no intention of leaving anything to her rightful heir, Mr. Burton, and she specified why.
I believe the prosecution is correct in terms of the assessment of the marital privilege. It does mean that the wife cannot be examined, but it does not mean that other relevant evidence that might be admissible under another rule is not admissible, regardless of who made the statement.
That being the situation, the Court is of the opinion that the will is in fact admissible evidence and it will be allowed in the trial of this case.
This Court reviews a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress under the clearly erroneous standard. People v Fisher, 166 Mich App 699, 703; 420 NW2d 858 (1988). Upon review of the record, where this Court does not possess a definite and firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake, we must affirm. Id., citing People v Burrell, 417 Mich 439, 449; 339 NW2d 403 (1983). In this appeal, defendant argues that the trial court's failure to suppress the writing was clearly erroneous. We agree.
At issue is a less than 2 1/4-page handwritten statement on 8 1/2 X 11 inch paper, allegedly prepared by defendant's wife, Jearleane Burton. The statement is not signed nor dated. It begins as follows: "To Whom it May Concern: I, Jearleane Burton, being of sound mind [and] body, [and] soul, do [r]equest this letter to be valid, and my last will and testament." Immediately following is a two-page *362 narrative explaining that Burton was in fear for her life and detailing the events surrounding the killing and mutilation of the victim by defendant. The writing concludes, "Anything I own that would [sic] please go to my mother and family."
We first find it unnecessary to address the confidential nature of the writing as we find the spousal-privilege statute, MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162, inapplicable. The statute provides that neither spouse may be "examined as a witness" for or against the other without his or her consent. Here, the privilege is inapplicable because defendant's wife is not being called to testify, nor is defendant being questioned with regard to the statement. See People v DeWitt, 173 Mich App 261, 266; 433 NW2d 325 (1988). We nevertheless find the writing to be inadmissible hearsay, not falling within any exception.
Hearsay evidence is inadmissible unless it is shown to fall within a recognized exception. MRE 802; DeWitt, supra. Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. MRE 801(c). Hearsay is generally not admissible because the essential right of cross-examination is absent and, therefore, the jury is not afforded the opportunity to test the credibility of the person making the statement. People v Rea, 38 Mich App 141, 142; 195 NW2d 809 (1972). Here, the prosecutor seeks to introduce the statement of Jearleane Burton under MRE 803(15):
The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:
* * *
(15) Statements in documents affecting an interest in property. A statement contained in a document purporting to establish or affect an interest *363 in property if the matter stated was relevant to the purpose of the document, unless dealings with the property since the document was made have been inconsistent with the truth of the statement or the purport of the document.
MRE 803 is identical with Rule 803 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See FRE 803(15). We have found no prior Michigan or federal authority discussing the admissibility of a document purporting to be a will under this exception. Therefore, this is a case of first impression. 4 Weinstein, Evidence, § 803-306, p 307, states that wills, among other things, would come within the meaning of "document" under this hearsay exception. The rationale for the exception has been stated as follows:
It is believed that the circumstances under which dispositive documents are executed and the requirement that the recital be germane to the purpose of the document, are adequate guarantees of trustworthiness, particularly in view of the nonapplicability of the rule where dealings with the property subsequent to its execution have been inconsistent with the document. Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 803, Advisory Committee's Notes, Exception (15), 56 F.R.D. 183, 315. [Apo v Dillingham Investment Corp, 549 P2d 740, 743 (Hawaii, 1976).]
In this case we find that, whether or not the writing purports to establish or affect an interest in property, the lengthy description of the crime is not a matter germane to the purpose of the document. The narrative is therefore not admissible under MRE 803(15). We reject the notion that the narrative is admissible as Mrs. Burton's explanation for excluding her husband from the "purported" will. While, at first glance, this argument *364 has appeal, Mrs. Burton's intent is not the controlling factor for admissibility. Mrs. Burton's statement must be sufficiently related to a disposition of property to guarantee its trustworthiness under the exception. In this case, we find it is not.
First, the only elements of the writing that are testamentary in nature are the first and last sentences of the 2 1/4-page document. The writing, as a whole, is not testamentary but more akin to a journal entry or confession. Second, no specific disposition of property is mentioned. The only dispositional sentence contained in the writing is obscure and, in context, reads like an after-thought. Had Mrs. Burton's narrative described a certain disposition or a particular property, its resulting reliability and authenticity may have brought it within the exception. The narrative, however, describes only the details of the crime with which defendant is charged.
Additionally, the manner of execution of the writing detracts from its trustworthiness. The "purported" will is not dated, signed or witnessed.
We therefore find the writing to be an unreliable, untested out-of-court assertion. As such, its introduction into defendant's criminal proceeding to establish the truth of the matters asserted is directly offensive to the hearsay rule. The trial court committed clear error in admitting the evidence.
Reversed.
