PEOPLE v BURGESS
Docket No. 83552
Michigan Court of Appeals
August 4, 1986
Submitted June 10, 1986
153 Mich. App. 715
Leave to appeal applied for.
Docket No. 83552. Submitted June 10, 1986, at Lansing. Decided August 4, 1986. Leave to appeal applied for.
Defendant, Douglas W. Burgess, Jr., was convicted following a jury trial in the Bay Circuit Court of first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder and inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit murder. The trial court, Eugene C. Penzien, J., sentenced defendant to life imprisonment on the first-degree murder conviction and to not less than 70 years nor more than 105 years imprisonment on each of the other two convictions. Defendant appeals. Held:
1. The trial court‘s conduct and comments in questioning witnesses were not of such a nature as to unduly influence the jury and deprive defendant of his right to a fair and impartial trial. Furthermore, since manifest and serious error did not occur and defense counsel did not object at trial to the trial court‘s interrogation of the witnesses, the Court of Appeals declined to review defendant‘s allegations of trial court misconduct.
2. Error did not occur in regard to the prosecutor‘s questioning of witness Keith Fischer, an accomplice, regarding the plea agreement entered into by Fischer in exchange for his testimony.
3. Error did not occur in regard to the trial court‘s instructions to the jury concerning Fischer.
4. Evidence that defendant had borrowed certain books entitled “How to Kill” and that defendant requested Lance Cpl. Lasnier to help him kill an unidentified woman was relevant and properly admitted.
5. Error did not occur in regard to the trial court‘s jury
REFERENCES
Am Jur 2d, Appeal and Error §§ 702 et seq.
Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law §§ 443 et seq.
Am Jur 2d, Homicide §§ 41-53, 459 et seq.
Am Jur 2d, Trial §§ 573 et seq.
See the annotations in the Index to Annotations under Appeal and Error; Criminal Law; Homicide; Trial.
6. Defendant‘s conviction and sentence on each of the three counts did not violate the double jeopardy provisions of the United States and Michigan Constitutions. The crime of inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit murder was intended by the Legislature to be a separate crime from the completed offense and from a conspiracy to commit the object offense. The crimes of conspiracy and incitement were intended by the Legislature to be separate crimes. Each of the offenses in this case involves proof of a fact not required by the other. There was different evidence introduced such that the same evidence was not necessarily used to prove one offense and thereafter used to prove the other offenses.
Affirmed.
HOOD, J., concurred but wrote separately to note his belief that the testimony regarding defendant‘s borrowing of the books “How to Kill” or soliciting assistance in killing an unknown woman was not relevant to prove the premeditation of the murder of defendant‘s father. However, the claims were not preserved for appeal absent manifest injustice.
OPINION OF THE COURT
1. TRIAL — TRIAL PROCEEDINGS — WITNESSES — RULES OF EVIDENCE.
It is a trial judge‘s duty to control all trial proceedings and to limit the introduction of evidence and the argument of counsel to relevant and material matters; therefore, a trial judge may interrogate witnesses, whether called by the court or by a party; objections to the interrogation of a witness by a judge are to be made at the time of the interrogation or at the next available opportunity when the jury is not present (
2. CRIMINAL LAW — JUDICIAL CONDUCT — APPEAL — CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.
A trial judge has wide discretion and power in matters of trial conduct, however, if the judge‘s conduct pierces the veil of judicial impartiality, a defendant‘s conviction must be reversed; a judge‘s comments or conduct pierce the veil of judicial impartiality when they are of such a nature as to unduly influence the jury and thereby deprive the defendant of his right to a fair and impartial trial (
3. APPEAL — TRIAL — JUDICIAL CONDUCT.
The Court of Appeals generally will not review allegations of error based upon the conduct of the trial court where the
4. CRIMINAL LAW — WITNESSES — CODEFENDANTS — PLEA AGREEMENTS.
The prosecutor in an action where there is a plea agreement between a witness and the prosecution which includes consideration for testimony against a codefendant must disclose the consideration to the jury if defense counsel so desires and is duty bound to correct any false testimony regarding the agreement.
5. EVIDENCE — APPEAL.
The admission or exclusion of evidence rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge; the exercise of such discretion will not be overturned on appeal absent a showing of a clear abuse of such discretion.
6. APPEAL — PRESERVING QUESTION — EVIDENCE.
An alleged error in the admission of evidence is not preserved for appeal where no objection was made to the admission of the evidence unless the failure to review the alleged error would result in manifest injustice.
7. CRIMINAL LAW — JURY INSTRUCTIONS — APPEAL.
Jury instructions are reviewed in their entirety on appeal to determine if reversible error occurred; the instructions are not to be extracted piecemeal in an effort to establish error requiring reversal; there is no error, even where the instructions are imperfect, if the instructions fairly presented to the jury the issues to be tried and successfully protected the rights of the defendant.
8. APPEAL — JURY INSTRUCTIONS — MISCARRIAGE OF JUSTICE.
A verdict will not be set aside based on an alleged error in the jury instructions where no objection was made to the alleged error at trial unless it resulted in a miscarriage of justice; a miscarriage of justice occurs when an erroneous or omitted instruction pertains to a basic and controlling issue in the case.
9. CRIMINAL LAW — JURY INSTRUCTIONS — EVIDENCE.
Instructing the jury that if the direct and circumstantial evidence, taken together, is open to two reasonable constructions, one indicating guilt and the other innocence, it is their duty to accept the construction indicating innocence is not required where the evidence against the defendant is strong circumstantial and direct evidence (CJI 4:2:02[7]).
A defendant‘s conviction and sentence for first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit the murder and inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit the murder does not violate the double jeopardy provision of the Michigan Constitution; the Legislature intended to punish as separate crimes the completed offense of murder, a conspiracy to commit the murder and inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit the murder (
11. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — DOUBLE JEOPARDY — FIRST-DEGREE MURDER — CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT MURDER — INCITING, INDUCING, OR EXHORTING ANOTHER TO COMMIT MURDER.
A defendant‘s conviction and sentence for first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit the murder and inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit the murder does not violate the double jeopardy provision of the United States Constitution where each of the offenses involves proof of a fact not required by the other and there was different evidence introduced such that the same evidence was not necessarily used to prove one offense and thereafter used to prove the other offenses (
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, George B. Mullison, Prosecuting Attorney, and Martha G. Mettee, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
George C. Bush, for defendant on appeal.
Before: BEASLEY, P.J., and D. F. WALSH and HOOD, JJ.
BEASLEY, P.J. Defendant, Douglas Wayne Burgess, Jr., was convicted by a jury of murder in the first degree, in violation of
Defendant first claims that the trial judge‘s comments and questioning of the witnesses deprived him of a fair trial.
Michigan case law provides that a trial judge has wide discretion and power in matters of trial conduct.2 However, this power is not unlimited. If a trial court‘s conduct pierces the veil of judicial impartiality, a defendant‘s conviction must be reversed.3 The appropriate test to determine whether the trial court‘s comments or conduct pierced the veil of judicial impartiality is whether the trial court‘s conduct or comments “were of such a nature as to unduly influence the jury and thereby deprive the appellant of his right to a fair and impartial trial.”4
Generally, this Court will not review allegations of error based upon the conduct of the trial court
In the within case, defendant does not indicate the specific questioning of witnesses by the trial court that pierced the veil of impartiality. However, in his statement of facts, defendant reproduces at length the questioning of several witnesses by the trial court, but does not indicate how this questioning pierced the veil of judicial impartiality and how it prejudiced defendant.
Our review of the trial court‘s interrogation indicates that possibly the questioning was designed to elicit additional relevant information or to clear up ambiguities in the witnesses’ testimony. If so, such interrogation by the trial court is proper.6 While at times skirting the edge, the trial court‘s conduct, comments and questions did not in fact clearly pierce the veil of judicial impartiality. Consequently, we do not conclude that the trial court‘s conduct and comments were of such a nature as to unduly influence the jury and deprive defendant of his right to a fair and impartial trial.
Furthermore, defense counsel never objected at trial to the trial court‘s interrogation of the witnesses. Therefore, absent manifest and serious error, this Court should not review defendant‘s allegations of error based upon the conduct of the trial court.7 We hold that manifest and serious error has not occurred and, therefore, we do not review defendant‘s allegations of trial court misconduct.
Second, defendant claims that the prosecuting
Where there is a plea agreement between a witness and the prosecution which includes consideration for testimony against a codefendant, the prosecutor must disclose the consideration to the jury if defense counsel so desires and is duty bound to correct any false testimony regarding the same.8
In the within case, Fischer testified that he entered into a plea agreement in consideration for his testimony. He stated that the prosecutor agreed to charge him only with second-degree murder and to drop charges of conspiracy to commit murder and felony-firearm. Additionally, the prosecutor agreed to recommend that Fischer not be given a nonparolable sentence. However, Fischer testified that it was his understanding that the trial judge could still give him “natural life.”
Defendant contends that because the Supreme Court has ruled that a second-degree murder conviction is parolable, citing People v Johnson, 421 Mich 494; 364 NW2d 654 (1984), Fischer‘s testimony that he could be sentenced to natural life was misleading and false. We do not agree. By questioning Fischer, the prosecutor clearly brought before the jury the plea agreement that had been made with Fischer, and we find nothing false or incorrect as far as the plea agreement or the understanding of Fischer as to the plea agreement.
In deciding whether or not to believe an accomplice, you should be guided by the following considerations.
You may consider whether there has been any reward or inducement offered which may have caused him to testify falsely. You may consider whether the testimony was affected by the witness’ being granted immunity from punishment, receiving a promise of leniency or being allowed to plead guilty to a lesser offense. You may consider whether the testimony is falsely slanted in such a way as to place guilt upon the Defendant in order to further the witness’ own interests or any other bias or motive which may have prompted or induced the witness in his testimony.
You should also consider how the witness impressed you with his appearance on the witness stand. So, to summarize, you should examine an accomplice‘s testimony with greater care than you would use to examine the testimony of an ordinary witness. It should be carefully and closely examined before a conviction is based upon it.
These instructions informed the jury as to what they could consider in determining whether or not Fischer testified truthfully, but did not bolster Fischer‘s credibility.
Third, defendant claims that the trial court improperly admitted testimony that defendant had borrowed books entitled “How to Kill” and testimony that defendant requested Lance Cpl. Lasnier to help him kill an unidentified woman. The admission or exclusion of evidence rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge, and the judge‘s exercise of discretion will not be overturned on appeal absent a showing of a clear abuse of such discre-
At trial, Lance Cpl. Lasnier was questioned regarding defendant‘s borrowing of several books from him. Defense counsel objected, stating:
Mr. Denton: Yes. I anticipate what he‘s going to say because he testified at preliminary examination on a set of books called “How to Kill” Volumes one through five. My investigation has revealed that the books on how to kill have to do with hand to hand combat and strictly military methods and the fact that Mr. Burgess borrowed them really has absolutely nothing to do with this case and is not indicative of whether or not he planned a conspiracy or incited anyone to shoot his father.
Lasnier was then questioned out of the presence of the jury and testified that the books were basically manuals that would not have much military application except if a guerilla force were used. He further testified that the books were mainly how one- or two-man teams could assassinate or kill an individual. The witness also testified that after the books had been lent to defendant, defendant was constantly talking about different ways of killing someone and presented a scenario about how to plan a perfect murder. The trial court found that this evidence was relevant and its probative value was not outweighed by its prejudicial effect. Thereafter, the following colloquy occurred between the court and defense counsel:
The Court: I just will note that it sounded to me
like the potential objection was based on an erroneous premise, so if you have any objection, I‘d like to hear it, if you still have one.
Mr. Denton: I think that the objection was — If the premise was erroneous, we had no way of knowing —
The Court: The premise was that the books didn‘t have anything to do with what he‘s —
Mr. Denton: We still believe our interpretation of the books is right, but inasmuch as the witness has testified they have something else — they have to do with something else, I don‘t have a basis for the objection.
Thus, it would appear that defense counsel withdrew his objection to testimony regarding defendant‘s borrowing of the books entitled “How to Kill” and, since the objection was withdrawn, this claimed error was not preserved for appeal. Furthermore, the evidence was relevant and its probative value was not outweighed by any prejudicial effect.
After testifying that defendant had borrowed five volumes of a book entitled “How to Kill” and that defendant thereafter constantly talked about different ways of killing someone, Lasnier testified that defendant asked him to go to Bay City and kill a woman who was blackmailing defendant‘s father. Lasnier said defendant told him he would get $2,000 for the killing. There was no objection to this testimony. Since there was no objection at trial to this testimony, defendant has not preserved this issue for appeal and no manifest injustice results.
Furthermore, the evidence was relevant and properly admitted. Defendant‘s borrowing of the books, the change of defendant‘s behavior (constantly talking about the perfect crime) and the fact that he suggested that Lasnier help him carry
Fourth, defendant claims that the trial court‘s instructions on circumstantial evidence and conflicting evidence were erroneous. Defendant contends that the trial court‘s failure to instruct the jury as provided in paragraph (7) of CJI 4:2:02 is error. This provision provides:
(7) If the direct and circumstantial evidence, taken together, is open to two reasonable constructions, one indicating guilt and the other innocence, it is your duty to accept the construction indicating innocence.
The trial court instructed the jury on circumstantial evidence as follows:
It is not necessary that every fact be proven directly by a witness or an exhibit. A fact may be proven indirectly by other facts or circumstances from which it usually and reasonably follows. This indirect evidence is sometimes called circumstantial evidence, which you are to consider with other evidence in the case.
There is no inherent difference in the quality of direct and indirect evidence. Indirect evidence can be and often is more compelling than direct evidence.
When evidence is offered of a fact or group of facts for the purpose of proving an element of the offense, you are being asked to apply your reasoning abilities and to draw reasonable inferences from those facts. Since the elements of a criminal offense must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, that standard must be kept in mind when examining the evidence, whether the evidence is direct or indirect.
Jury instructions are reviewed in their entirety in order to determine if reversible error occurred and are not extracted piecemeal in an effort to establish error requiring reversal.13 Even where instructions are imperfect, there is no error if the instructions “fairly presented to the jury the issues to be tried and successfully protected the rights of the defendant.”14
A verdict will not be set aside based on an alleged error in the jury instructions where no objection was made to the alleged erroneous instruction at trial unless it resulted in a miscarriage of justice. A miscarriage of justice occurs when an erroneous or omitted instruction pertains to a basic and controlling issue in the case.15
In the within case, defense counsel did not object to the omission of paragraph (7) of CJI 4:2:02. Since the omitted paragraph of this instruction does not pertain to a basic and controlling issue in this case, defendant‘s failure to object bars review of the claimed error. Furthermore, the trial court did not err by failing to give this part of the instruction. Several panels of this Court have held that the giving of paragraph (7) of CJI 4:2:02 is proper only where circumstantial evidence against a defendant is weak.16 Here, the evidence against defendant was strong circumstantial and direct
Defendant also contends that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury regarding conflicting evidence. Specifically, defendant claims that the trial court erred by not instructing the jury pursuant to CJI 3:1:12. Prior to July 13, 1984, the proposed CJI 3:1:12 (conflicting testimony) provided as follows:
(1) If there is a conflict in the testimony of witnesses, it is your responsibility as jurors to determine, if you can, what testimony you believe to be true.
(2) Consider whether the conflict involves a matter of importance or merely some detail, and whether it involves an honest mistake or a deliberate falsehood. It is possible that a witness testified honestly, but with an inaccurate perception or memory of events. Two or more persons witnessing the same event may see or hear it differently. In attempting to decide which testimony is true, that is, accurate, you may find it helpful to consider which testimony is supported by other evidence.
(3) However, if you have a reasonable doubt as to which testimony you believe, it is your duty to accept the testimony favorable to the defendant.
On July 13, 1984, the Michigan State Bar Special Committee on Standard Criminal Jury Instructions deleted CJI 3:1:12 from its recommendations. In an amended recommendation, paragraph (2) now appears in CJI 3:1:11(2) and paragraph (3) appeared in proposed CJI 3:1:03(3). Of course, neither the proposed amended CJI 3:1:03(3) nor the earlier proposed instruction were ever adopted by the Supreme Court.
As to conflicting evidence, the trial judge instructed the jury as follows:
If there‘s a conflict in the testimony of witnesses, consider whether the conflict involves a matter of importance or merely some detail, and whether it involves an honest mistake or a deliberate falsehood. It‘s possible that a witness testified honestly, but with an inaccurate perception or memory of events. Witnesses to the same event may see it or hear it differently. In attempting to decide which testimony is true, that is, accurate, you may find it helpful to consider which testimony is supported by other evidence.
At trial, defendant did not object to the trial court‘s jury instruction, thus precluding appellate review because the alleged erroneous omission of this instruction does not pertain to a basic and controlling issue in this case. Furthermore, we hold that the trial court did not err by omitting paragraph (3) of the criminal jury instruction.
In People v Roby, 145 Mich App 138, 142-143; 377 NW2d 366 (1985), the trial court instructed the jury as follows concerning conflicting testimony:
If there is a conflict in the testimony of witnesses it is your responsibility, as jurors, to determine, if you can, what testimony you believe to be true. Consider the extent to which conflicting testimony is supported by other evidence and whether the conflict involves a matter of importance or merely some detail.
On appeal, this Court found that the trial court‘s omission of paragraph (3) of the standard instruction was not error in light of the other instructions on the burden of proof and presumption of innocence.18
Fifth and last, defendant claims that his conviction and sentence on each of the three counts violates the double jeopardy provisions of the fed-
In People v Robideau, 419 Mich 458, 468; 355 NW2d 592 (1984), quoting North Carolina v Pearce, 395 US 711, 717; 89 S Ct 2072; 23 L Ed 2d 656 (1969), the Supreme Court engaged in extensive analysis of previous United States and Michigan Supreme Court decisions involving double jeopardy, recognizing that the double jeopardy clause protects a defendant from three forms of double jeopardy:
It protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal. It protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction. And it protects against multiple punishments for the same offense.
As in Robideau, the within case is concerned with the third protection, the protection against multiple punishments for the same offense. In Robideau, the Supreme Court emphasized that the only interest of the defendant protected by the multiple punishment aspect of the double jeopardy clause “is in not having more punishment imposed than that intended by the Legislature.” 419 Mich 485. The Robideau Court ruled that the federal Blockburger test21 (prohibition against double jeopardy not violated when a conviction on each offense requires proof of a fact not required by the other offense) is of no aid in making the ultimate determination of whether the Legislature intended separate crimes. The Supreme Court then abandoned the Blockburger test, “preferring instead to
The Robideau Court advanced the following general principles to guide future courts in this area of double jeopardy analysis:
Statutes prohibiting conduct that is violative of distinct social norms can generally be viewed as separate and amenable to permitting multiple punishments. A court must identify the type of harm the Legislature intended to prevent. Where two statutes prohibit violations of the same social norm, albeit in a somewhat different manner, as a general principle it can be concluded that the Legislature did not intend multiple punishments. For example, the crimes of larceny over $100,
MCL 750.356 ;MSA 28.588 , and larceny in a building,MCL 750.360 ;MSA 28.592 , although having separate elements, are aimed at conduct too similar to conclude that multiple punishment was intended.A further source of legislative intent can be found in the amount of punishment expressly authorized by the Legislature. Our criminal statutes often build upon one another. Where one statute incorporates most of the elements of a base statute and then increases the penalty as compared to the base statute, it is evidence that the Legislature did not intend punishment under both statutes. The Legislature has taken conduct from the base statute, decided that aggravating conduct deserves additional punishment, and imposed it accordingly, instead of imposing dual convictions. [Robideau, supra, pp 487-488.]
As previously indicated, in the within case, defendant was convicted of three crimes: (1) first-degree murder (aiding and abetting); (2) conspiracy to commit murder; and (3) inciting, inducing or
However, a close question is raised where, as here, defendant is convicted of inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit murder in addition to conspiracy and first-degree murder. In People v Rehkopf, 422 Mich 198; 370 NW2d 296 (1985), the Supreme Court analyzed the incitement provision of the Penal Code under which defendant herein was charged with inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit murder.
Any person who incites, induces or exhorts any other person to unlawfully burn any property, to murder, to kill, to wound or to commit an aggravated or felonious assault on any person or to do any act which would constitute a felony or circuit court misdemeanor, that may endanger or be likely to endanger the life of any person, or who aids and abets in any such inciting, inducing or
exhorting shall be punished in the same manner as if he had committed the offense, incited, induced or exhorted.
The Rehkopf Court stated that the legislative history of this provision, the circumstances that led to its enactment, and the punishment for solicitation prescribed in other jurisdictions “suggest that § 157b is a special kind of accomplice statute designed to enlarge the scope of accomplice liability in certain limited situations, and not a codification of the common-law offense of solicitation enlarging the punishment when certain dangerous felonies and misdemeanors are involved.”25 The court went on to hold that § 157b “does not subject a person to criminal responsibility for utterances that do not result in the commission of the offense sought to be committed.”26
Section 157b of the Penal Code was enacted as an aftermath of the 1967 civil disturbance in Detroit, when it appeared that the Penal Code did not provide adequate means of punishing general urgings to commit life-endangering offenses. This section was added “so that a person who ‘incite[d], induce[d] or exhort[ed]’ other persons to actually commit a life-endangering offense would be subject to the same maximum penalty as the person who committed the offense without regard to whether there was any further nexus or concert of action between the speaker and the listener/actor.”27
Hence, we believe that the crime of inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit murder was intended by the Legislature to be a separate crime from the completed offense and from a conspiracy to commit the object offense. The incite-
On the other hand, conspiracy, as briefly noted above, is concerned with the increased danger of group action. Such collective criminal agreement may be said to present a greater potential threat to the public than individual action. Concerted action increases the likelihood that the criminal goal will be successfully attained and decreases the probability that the individuals will withdraw from the criminal design.28
Therefore, we believe that conspiracy and incitement were intended by the Legislature to be separate crimes. Thus, we conclude that defendant‘s three convictions do not violate the double jeopardy provisions of the Michigan Constitution.
Defendant also contends that his convictions violate the federal double jeopardy clause contained in the United States Constitution. The federal test, as stated by the United States Supreme Court in Blockburger, supra, is as follows:
Each of the offenses created requires proof of a different element. The applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not. [Blockburger, supra, 284 US 304.]
Thus, the prohibition against double jeopardy on the federal level is not violated when a conviction on each offense requires proof of a fact which the others do not. In the within case, defendant was
Any person who incites, induces or exhorts any other person to unlawfully burn any property, to murder, to kill, to wound or to commit an aggravated or felonious assault on any person or to do any act which would constitute a felony or circuit court misdemeanor, that may endanger or be likely to endanger the life of any person, or who aids and abets in any such inciting, inducing or exhorting shall be punished in the same manner as if he had committed the offense, incited, induced or exhorted. [
MCL 750.157b ;MSA 28.354(2) .]
Each of the offenses in the within case involves proof of a fact not required by the other. Conspiracy requires proof of the unlawful agreement; nothing further is required. First-degree murder requires proof of an unlawful killing of another with premeditation and deliberation. A conviction under § 157b requires proof of utterances that induced, incited or exhorted another to commit a life-endangering crime (in this case, murder) and the completed offense. Thus, incitement requires proof of the completed offense, whereas conspiracy does not. Conspiracy requires proof of an unlawful
However, in Harris v Oklahoma, 433 US 682; 97 S Ct 2912; 53 L Ed 2d 1054 (1977), the United States Supreme Court recognized that a double jeopardy claim may be based on a greater and necessarily included offense as charged and proven instead of relying solely on the statutory elements. Applying the Blockburger test in this manner results in a double jeopardy violation where the same evidence used to prove one offense is used to prove the other offense.33
In the within case, defendant argues that the same words or utterances were used to prove all three offenses. Defendant states that the same words were used to prove that he aided and abetted the commission of first-degree murder, the unlawful agreement and the incitement. However, even under the application of Blockburger, we believe the three offenses are sufficiently distinct as proven and do not violate the federal double jeopardy provision.
At trial, the prosecutor introduced evidence that defendant and Fischer talked about and planned the killing of defendant‘s father while in Washington. Further evidence showed that defendant called Fischer at his home in Fargo, North Dakota, while both were on leave. Defendant asked Fischer if he was going to fly to Michigan to complete their plan. Thus, this evidence was sufficient to prove the crime of conspiracy to commit murder. Furthermore, the prosecutor introduced evidence
Affirmed.
D. F. WALSH, J., concurred.
HOOD, J. (concurring). I am not convinced that testimony concerning the borrowing of the books on “How to Kill” or the solicitation of assistance in killing a woman who was allegedly blackmailing defendant‘s father was relevant to prove the premeditation of the murder of defendant‘s father. Since, however, objection to the former testimony was withdrawn, and no objection was made to the latter, the claims are not preserved for appeal absent manifest injustice.