THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. BERNARD BUNCH, Appellee.
No. 93472
Supreme Court of Illinois
August 21, 2003
207 Ill. 2d 7
James E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Richard A. Devine, State‘s Attorney, of Chicago (William L. Browers, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, and Renee Goldfarb, Theodore Fotios Burtzos and Shital H. Thakkar, Assistant State‘s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
Richard J. Dvorak, of Chicago, for appellee.
Following a bench trial in the circuit court of Cook County, defendant Bernard Bunch was convicted of possession of a controlled substance and sentenced to a four-year term of imprisonment. The appellate court determined that the trial court erred in denying defendant‘s motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence and reversed defendant‘s conviction. 327 Ill. App. 3d 979. We allowed the State‘s petition for leave to appeal (see
BACKGROUND
Defendant‘s motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence proceeded simultaneously with his trial. Officer Lukensmeyer testified that at 1:10 a.m. on February 1, 2000, he was working alone in a marked police vehicle in the area of 35th Street and Wentworth Avenue in Chicago. He observed a 1990 Pontiac, which was proceeding westbound on 35th Street, slow down and come to a brief stop. Lukensmeyer did not see the car‘s brake lights activate. As the Pontiac continued on its way, Lukensmeyer shined his MARS lights, his take-down lights, and his bright headlights onto the rear of the car. Lukensmeyer testified that he saw the driver lean forward twice toward the dashboard before the driver pulled the vehicle over and stopped. One other person was in the car, defendant, who was in the front passenger seat. Lukensmeyer approached the vehicle on the driver‘s side and commanded to both, “Don‘t move.” Lukensmeyer then asked the driver for his license. When the driver could not provide a license, Lukensmeyer asked him to step out of the vehicle and placed him under arrest. He handcuffed the driver and walked him to the rear of the car.
According to Lukensmeyer, he then walked around to the passenger side and asked defendant to exit the car
Lukensmeyer testified further that after defendant exited the vehicle, he asked him, “What‘s your name? Where you [sic] coming from?” When questioned as to why he asked defendant his name, Lukensmeyer responded, “I‘m a policeman[.] I want[ed] to know who he was and I was curious to find out exactly who he was. That‘s all.”
Defendant provided his name and additionally asked Lukensmeyer why the driver was being arrested. Lukensmeyer answered defendant‘s question. During this conversation, in which the two men were about one foot apart, Lukensmeyer twice shined his flashlight in defendant‘s face. Lukensmeyer explained that when he is working nights, he shines his flashlight in everyone‘s face because there is a “[s]trong possibility they may have something in their mouths.” Lukensmeyer denied that he questioned defendant merely to see if there was anything in defendant‘s mouth. Both times Lukensmeyer shined his flashlight in defendant‘s face, he observed a small, clear plastic item, containing something white, in defendant‘s mouth. Based on 35 years of experience as a police officer and his participation in more than 2,000 narcotics arrests, Lukensmeyer believed that the white substance was either heroin or cocaine. Lukensmeyer informed defendant he was under arrest, and ordered him to spit the object out of his mouth, which he did.
In connection with his motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence, defendant argued that the officer did not have probable cause to ask him to exit the vehicle, to step to the rear of the car, or to interrogate him. The State maintained that moving defendant to the rear of the vehicle was minimally intrusive and that no interrogation took place. Rather, defendant engaged the officer in conversation.
The trial court denied defendant‘s motion. In its oral ruling, the trial court indicated that it found the officer‘s testimony straightforward and credible. The trial court concluded that there was nothing impermissible in asking defendant his name and that moving defendant to the rear of the car had no legal significance. The trial court further noted that the officer had numerous reasons to have a conversation with defendant, including explaining to him the reason for the arrest and determining if defendant could be an alternative driver. According to the trial court, shining the flashlight in defendant‘s face merely allowed the officer to assess defendant at 1 o‘clock in the morning. Finally, the trial court found that the officer had probable cause to arrest defendant, based on his observation of the object in defendant‘s mouth.
Following the trial court‘s denial of defendant‘s mo-
The trial court found defendant guilty of possession of a controlled substance and subsequently sentenced him to a four-year term of imprisonment. The appellate court reversed, concluding that the arrest of defendant violated the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution (
“[A] police officer has to have some lawful authority to ask a defendant for identification ***
In this case, the officer did more than ask for identification. He ordered the defendant out of the car and to the rear of it because he was ‘curious.’ The defendant submitted. We believe the defendant was detained at that point
without lawful authority. Curiosity is not a good reason to detain. Everything that flowed directly from that unlawful detention must be suppressed.” 327 Ill. App. 3d at 983.
For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.
ANALYSIS
I
Generally, a trial court‘s ruling on a motion to suppress will not be disturbed unless it is manifestly erroneous. This deferential standard applies when the disposition of the suppression motion turns on factual determinations and credibility assessments. Where, however, no dispute exists as to the facts or witness credibility, the trial court‘s ruling will be reviewed de novo. People v. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d 194, 200-01 (2001); People v. Gonzalez, 184 Ill. 2d 402, 411-12 (1998). In the present case, the trial court found Officer Lukensmeyer‘s testimony credible. Such finding was not manifestly erroneous. Accordingly, we conduct de novo review under the officer‘s version of events. See People v. Love, 199 Ill. 2d 269, 274-75 (2002); Gonzalez, 184 Ill. 2d at 412.
II
Before considering the merits of this appeal, we briefly review the principles relevant to deciding whether a vehicle stop comports with fourth amendment jurisprudence.
The temporary detention of individuals—passengers and drivers alike—during a vehicle stop constitutes a “seizure” of “persons” within the meaning of the fourth amendment. People v. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d 220, 225 (2003), citing Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809-10, 135 L. Ed. 2d 89, 95, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1772 (1996). Vehicle stops are, therefore, subject to the fourth amendment‘s requirement of reasonableness. Because a traffic stop is more analogous to a Terry investigative
In this case, no issue exists concerning the lawfulness of the initial stop of the vehicle—the first prong of the Terry analysis. Rather, this appeal concerns the lawfulness of the officer‘s conduct following the initial stop, and thus concerns the second prong of the Terry analysis. Under the second prong we consider the length of the detention and the manner in which it was carried out. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 233. That is, “‘an investigative detention must be temporary and last no longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop,‘” and “‘the investigative methods employed should be the least intrusive means reasonably available to verify or dispel the officer‘s suspicion in a short period of time.‘” Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 233, quoting Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500, 75 L. Ed. 2d 229, 238, 103 S. Ct. 1319, 1325-26 (1983) (plurality op.). With these principles in mind, we consider the State‘s arguments on appeal.
A
The State first maintains that Officer Lukensmeyer could lawfully direct defendant to exit the vehicle. See Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 415, 137 L. Ed. 2d 41, 48, 117 S. Ct. 882, 886 (1997) (holding that, consistent with the fourth amendment, “an officer making a traffic stop may order passengers to get out of the car pending completion of the stop“); Gonzalez, 184 Ill. 2d at 420 (following Wilson and holding that the officer‘s command to
Defendant concedes that Officer Lukensmeyer could lawfully direct defendant to exit the vehicle so that the officer could take charge of the car and have it towed. In light of defendant‘s concession, there is no reason to consider this point further.
B
The State next argues that the officer‘s questioning of defendant, after he exited the vehicle, did not implicate fourth amendment protections. In analyzing this issue, we consider our recent decision in People v. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d 220 (2003).
In Gonzalez, police stopped a vehicle for not having a front license plate. While one of the officers processed the driver, the other officer approached the passenger, who was not suspected of any criminal conduct, and requested identification. The passenger complied, and the ensuing encounter between the officer and the passenger resulted in a search of the passenger‘s person, revealing a packet of cocaine. The passenger was arrested and charged. The passenger later challenged the officer‘s request for identification, arguing that it was an unreasonable seizure under our federal and state constitutions. See
In resolving the passenger‘s constitutional challenge, we formulated the following general framework for analyzing whether police questioning during the course of a traffic stop satisfies the second prong of the Terry analysis:
We concluded in Gonzalez that no fourth amendment violation occurred. Although the request for identification was not related to the purpose of the stop or supported by a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal conduct, the request did not prolong the passenger‘s detention because it was made during the course of the stop while the driver was being processed. Further, the facially innocuous question, which the passenger could decline to answer, did not change the fundamental nature of the stop. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 236.
Applying the Gonzalez framework to the facts in the present case, we reach a different result. We note first that the questions the officer put to defendant (“What‘s your name? Where you [sic] coming from?“) were not related to the purpose of the stop—operating a vehicle without brake lights. The officer‘s questions also were not supported by a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal conduct. Prior to being approached by Officer Lukensmeyer, defendant was simply a passive occupant of the car. Although the trial court indicated that the officer had “numerous” reasons to have a conversation with defendant, including explaining to him the reason for the arrest and determining if defendant could be an
Because the questioning of defendant was not related to the stop and not supported by a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal conduct, we must consider whether the questioning prolonged defendant‘s detention or changed the fundamental nature of the stop. See Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 236. Significantly, in Gonzalez, the officer‘s request for identification took place while the driver was being processed and the purpose of the stop had yet to be completed. Thus, the officer‘s request did not prolong the passenger‘s detention. In contrast, the questioning of defendant in the present case occurred after the purpose of the stop was concluded. That is, the questioning occurred after the driver had been placed under arrest, the officer had already decided to have the car towed, and defendant was directed to exit the vehicle for that purpose. Thus, unlike the request put to the passenger in Gonzalez, the officer‘s questioning of defendant in the instant case fails to satisfy the second prong of the Terry analysis because it prolonged defendant‘s detention beyond the completion of the purpose of the stop.
The State maintains, however, that the initial detention of defendant, incidental to the stop of the vehicle, ended when defendant exited the car. What followed, according to the State, was a consensual conversation between defendant and the officer. We disagree. In reaching this conclusion, we are guided by our decision in People v. Brownlee, 186 Ill. 2d 501 (1999).
In Brownlee, police stopped a vehicle for a traffic violation. Officers Guerrero and Maxey obtained the identities of the driver and the three passengers. The officers checked for outstanding warrants, found none, and decided not to issue any traffic citations. The officers decided, however, to ask the driver for permission to search the car. After the driver consented to the search,
On appeal to this court, the State maintained that the conclusion of the traffic stop was merely followed by a consensual conversation between the officer and the driver that resulted in a voluntary consent to search the vehicle. In other words, the driver was not seized when he gave consent to search the vehicle. Brownlee, 186 Ill. 2d at 516. We rejected this argument.
We proceeded from the well-established proposition that a person is seized “‘when, by means of physical force or a show of authority,’ that person‘s ‘freedom of movement is restrained.‘” Brownlee, 186 Ill. 2d at 517, quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553, 64 L. Ed. 2d 497, 509, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 1877 (1980). In determining whether the driver was seized at the point that he gave consent to search the vehicle, we considered whether “‘if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.‘” Brownlee, 186 Ill. 2d at 517, quoting Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 64 L. Ed. 2d at 509, 100 S. Ct. at 1877.
The facts in Brownlee, as established by the officers’ testimony, revealed that, after deciding not to issue any citations, the officers returned to the vehicle. With Officer Guerrero standing on the driver‘s side of the car, and Officer Maxey standing on the passenger side, Guerrero returned to the driver his license and insurance card and explained that no citations would be issued.
In the present case, Officer Lukensmeyer‘s testimony indicates that the purpose of the traffic stop concluded when the officer decided to have the vehicle towed and directed defendant to exit the car. The officer‘s directions to defendant, however, continued. The officer directed defendant to move to the rear of the vehicle, where the driver—who was already under arrest and handcuffed—was standing. Then, positioning himself just a foot from defendant and shining his flashlight in defendant‘s face, the officer asked him, “What‘s your name? Where you [sic] coming from?” Given these circumstances, we conclude that the officer‘s actions constituted a show of authority such that a reasonable person would conclude that he or she was not free to leave.
The State draws our attention to the fact that prior to defendant‘s arrest, the officer did not draw his gun,
The State also points to the fact that defendant not only responded to one of the officer‘s questions, but asked the officer his own question—why the driver was being arrested. The State argues that a “reasonable person, if they felt ‘seized’ *** would not further engage that officer in conversation which is not even related to his own arrest.” We do not find defendant‘s concern about the arrest of the driver—defendant‘s brother—indicative of whether a reasonable person would feel free to leave. Accordingly, we reject the State‘s argument that the questioning of defendant was the product of a consensual encounter.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that defendant‘s detention, following the conclusion of the purpose of the traffic stop, was unreasonable within the meaning of the fourth amendment, and tainted the resulting discovery of the heroin. We, therefore, affirm the judgment of the appellate court reversing the circuit court‘s order denying defendant‘s motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence. Under the circumstances, we do not consider the State‘s argument that the arrest of defendant was supported by probable cause.
Affirmed.
JUSTICE GARMAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I agree with the majority that the initial seizure of defendant, incidental to the permissible stop of a vehicle in which he was a passenger, was lawful. In addition,
When engaged in a lawful traffic stop, an officer may direct a passenger to remain in or to exit the vehicle. See Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 415, 137 L. Ed. 2d 41, 48, 117 S. Ct. 882, 886 (1997); People v. Sorenson, 196 Ill. 2d 425, 433 (2001); People v. Gonzalez, 184 Ill. 2d 402, 420 (1998). The officer may also question the passenger during the seizure if the questions are either related to the initial justification for the stop or based on reasonable articulable suspicion of the passenger. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 235. If the questions are not justified on either of these bases, questioning is permissible only if it does not prolong the detention of the passenger or change “the fundamental nature of the stop.” Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 235. Facially innocuous questions that the passenger could decline to answer do not change the stop‘s fundamental nature. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 236.
In the present case, the officer asked the passenger‘s name and where he and the driver were coming from. Although these questions might have been innocuous in nature (207 Ill. 2d at 27 (Thomas, J., dissenting)), they were asked while the officer was asserting his authority by shining the beam of his flashlight in the defendant‘s face. Because the stop occurred in the early morning hours and because the officer was alone, I cannot say that it was improper for him to make a show of authority by using his flashlight in this manner. However, because of this display of authority, defendant‘s answers to the questions cannot be deemed voluntary.
The majority correctly observes that the officer did not ask defendant questions directly related to the
I part company from the majority at this point in the analysis. The majority concludes that the questioning was improper because it occurred ”after the purpose of the stop was concluded.” (Emphasis in original.) 207 Ill. 2d at 17. In effect, the majority blurs the distinction between the two prongs of the inquiry adopted in Gonzalez when it states that the officer “prolonged defendant‘s detention” (the duration factor) after “the purpose of the stop” (the scope factor) was completed. 207 Ill. 2d at 17.
There is no suggestion in the record that the two simple questions (“What‘s your name? Where [are] you coming from?“), asked shortly after directing defendant to exit the car and stand near the driver, unnecessarily prolonged the detention of defendant. This situation is, therefore, entirely distinguishable from the impermissibly prolonged detention at issue in People v. Brownlee, 186 Ill. 2d 501, 519-20 (1999), in which the officers, after determining that no traffic citation would be issued, nevertheless kept the occupants of the car from departing until they agreed to permit the car to be searched.
Thus, the determinative issue is whether these two simple questions altered the fundamental nature of the stop. The special concurrence in Gonzalez pointed out that the majority had not explained “what type of questioning would change the fundamental nature of the stop.” Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 242 (Thomas, J., specially concurring, joined by Garman, J.). The present case requires us to consider this question.
Almost a year before this court decided Gonzalez and adopted the two-pronged duration-and-scope inquiry, the appellate court considered the question of the permis-
The appellate court relied on many of the same cases that were cited by the Gonzalez majority when it concluded:
“While a police officer making a lawful stop of a motorist is not precluded from making reasonable inquiries concerning the purpose of the stop, the scope of the activities and questioning by the police during an investigatory detention must be reasonably related to the circumstances that initially justified the stop. [Citation.] An officer may expand the scope of his detention beyond that which is reasonably related to the circumstances only when the officer has a reasonable and articulable suspicion that other criminal activity may be afoot or where matters that arise during the course of the stop cause the officer reasonable suspicion. [Citation.] Questioning wholly unrelated to the purposes of the stop, which is reasonably calculated to elicit incriminating responses, is impermissible unless supported by independent, reasonable, and articulable suspicion.” (Emphasis added.) White, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 34.
The White court concluded that “the officer‘s questions regarding the ownership of the items in the car were
In my opinion, White provides a useful framework for application of the scope prong of the Gonzalez inquiry. If the questions posed by the officer are unrelated to the purpose of the stop, then they are improper if they are reasonably calculated to elicit an incriminating response. Thus, if the basis of the stop is a broken headlight, a question about what is in a duffle bag in the backseat would be improper in the absence of independent, reasonable, and articulable suspicion.
Not all questions fall into these two categories, however. A question may be unrelated to the purpose of the stop, but not likely to elicit an incriminating response. The questions posed by the officer in the present case (“What‘s your name? Where [are] you coming from?“) are of this variety. The answers to these questions had nothing to do with the initial purpose of the stop, which was to investigate a suspected inoperative brake light, yet they were not likely to elicit incriminating information. Indeed, it was not defendant‘s answers that incriminated him. It was the fact that, as he spoke, he revealed the packet of drugs that he was trying to conceal in his mouth.
In sum, I conclude that defendant was lawfully seized when the car in which he was riding was stopped for investigation of a possible traffic violation. Even though the driver was placed under arrest and the officer intended to impound the car, the lawful seizure of defendant was still in effect when the officer told him where to stand and asked him two questions while shining a flashlight in his face. Therefore, the questions did not impermissibly prolong the duration of his detention. The questions themselves were permissible because they
JUSTICE THOMAS, dissenting:
I disagree with the majority‘s conclusion that the officer‘s questioning of defendant, after defendant exited the vehicle, violated defendant‘s fourth amendment rights. In reaching its conclusion, the majority contradicts a wealth of well-settled fourth amendment law and unduly extends People v. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d 220 (2003), and People v. Brownlee, 186 Ill. 2d 501 (1999), to apply to the present case, which is factually inapposite. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly held that “mere police questioning does not constitute a seizure” for purposes of determining whether a fourth amendment violation has occurred. Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434, 115 L. Ed. 2d 389, 398, 111 S. Ct. 2382, 2386 (1991). Thus, “[p]olice may approach persons and ask questions or seek their permission to search, provided that the officers do not imply that answers or consent are obligatory.” United States v. Childs, 277 F.3d 947, 950 (7th Cir. 2002), citing Florida v. Rodriguez, 469 U.S. 1, 5-6, 83 L. Ed. 2d 165, 170-71, 105 S. Ct. 308, 311 (1984); Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216, 80 L. Ed. 2d 247, 255, 104 S. Ct. 1758, 1762 (1984); Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 501, 75 L. Ed. 2d 229, 238-39, 103 S. Ct. 1319, 1326 (1983) (plurality op.); United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 552-58, 64 L. Ed. 2d 497, 508-12, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 1876-79 (1980). Instead, a seizure occurs “[o]nly when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen.”
The usual test for determining whether a fourth amendment violation has occurred is whether “‘if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed he was not free to leave.‘” Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567, 573, 100 L. Ed. 2d 565, 572, 108 S. Ct. 1975, 1979 (1988), quoting Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 64 L. Ed. 2d at 509, 100 S. Ct. at 1877. This test applies where police encounter a person walking down a street or through an airport (Bostick, 501 U.S. at 435, 115 L. Ed. 2d at 399, 111 S. Ct. at 2387), and obviously applies to a driver at a traffic stop, who is not free to leave until police have finished processing the stop (Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 238 (Thomas, J., specially concurring)). Examples of circumstances that might indicate a seizure under the “free to leave” test include the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer‘s request might be compelled. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 64 L. Ed. 2d at 509, 100 S. Ct. at 1877.
A different test applies, however, when the person‘s freedom of movement is restricted by circumstances independent of police conduct, such as when a person is on a bus or at work, and therefore has no desire to leave. Bostick, 501 U.S. at 435-36, 115 L. Ed. 2d at 399, 111 S. Ct. at 2387 (when a person is seated on a bus and has no desire to leave, the degree to which a reasonable person would feel that he is free to leave is not an accurate measure of the coercive effect of the encounter); Delgado, 466 U.S. at 218, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 256, 104 S. Ct. at 1763 (when people are at work their freedom of movement has been meaningfully restricted by their voluntary obligations to their employers). In such situations, the
I believe that the approach applied in Bostick is the correct one to be applied here. Defendant‘s freedom to leave was hampered not because of police conduct investigating him for a violation of the vehicle code, but because he was a passenger in a car driven by a defendant who was lawfully arrested. I would further find, however, that there was no fourth amendment violation under either analysis.
Turning to the Bostick test first, I note that defendant was a passenger in a stopped car and not a suspect. He then exited the vehicle he was sitting in when it became clear that the driver and owner of the vehicle had been arrested and that the vehicle was to be towed and impounded. At that point, defendant was a pedestrian, but without any immediate desire to leave because he was being left stranded along the roadway late at night. At this point, the officer posed the two innocuous questions at issue: “What‘s your name? Where you [sic] coming from?” Defendant‘s response to these questions shows, without a doubt, that he believed he was free to decline the officer‘s request. Defendant answered the first question, but ignored the second. Instead, defendant asked a question of his own, engaging the officer in conversation about why the driver was being arrested.
Instead of applying a Bostick analysis, the majority applies the “general framework” of Gonzalez, which adopted the test set forth in a partial concurrence and partial dissent to a Tenth Circuit opinion that involved questioning of a driver. See United States v. Holt, 264 F.3d 1215, 1239-40 (10th Cir. 2001) (Murphy, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). This test looks first
In Gonzalez, the defendant was a passenger in a vehicle stopped by two police officers for not having a front license plate. One of the officers asked the defendant for his identification during the course of the stop. The officer ran a computer check on the traffic ticket that the defendant handed to the officer, and the ensuing encounter led to a search of the defendant‘s person, revealing a packet of cocaine. This court found that the detention did not violate fourth amendment principles. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at 236.
In my special concurrence in Gonzalez, I noted that Bostick provided the proper analysis for determining whether the passenger had been seized for fourth amendment purposes when the officer asked for his identification. This was because the passenger was not suspected of any wrongdoing, and his freedom of movement was not restricted given that police were not investigating him for violating the vehicle code, but rather he was a passenger in a car that had not yet reached its destination. I pointed out that the majority had erroneously assumed that the initial “seizure” by police thereafter subjected both driver and passenger to a fourth amendment seizure for the entire duration of the stop. I further noted that the majority had erroneously held that the questioning of the passenger must be viewed as part of the investigation of the driver. I then noted that, in the end, it appeared that the majority actually applied Bostick rather than the Holt partial dissent and partial concurrence to reach its result.
The trial court properly concluded that the officer had numerous reasons to have a conversation with defendant, “including explaining to him the reasons for the arrest [and] to determine *** who he is so that perhaps he can be an alternate driver.” (Emphasis added.) See Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554 n.6, 64 L. Ed. 2d at 509 n.6, 100 S. Ct. at 1877 n.6 (the subjective intentions of an officer are irrelevant to a fourth amendment analysis, except to the extent that they have been communicated to the defendant); see also Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 38, 136 L. Ed. 2d 347, 354, 117 S. Ct. 417, 420-21 (1996) (“‘“the fact that [an] officer does not have the state of mind which is hypothecated by the reasons which provide the legal justification for the officer‘s action does not invalidate the action taken as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify that action“‘“), quoting Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813, 135 L. Ed. 2d 89, 98, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1774 (1996), quoting Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 138, 56 L. Ed. 2d 168, 178, 98 S. Ct. 1717, 1723 (1978).
Despite the trial court‘s undeniably objective rationale for the questioning, the majority inexplicably concludes that the questions the officer posed were not related to any of the reasons offered by the trial court. I fail to understand the majority‘s belief that the query “What‘s your name?” is not related to the reason given for the query by the trial court, namely, to find out the identity of the passenger to decide if he could be an alternate driver. I would find that the officer‘s questions about defendant‘s identity and where he had come from were clearly related to the trial court‘s stated reason of determining “who he is so that perhaps he can be an alternate driver.” Obviously, if someone is to drive a vehicle away from the scene where the owner has been arrested, the officer would be responsible for determining if that person is legally able to drive. The questions were also reasonably related to the purpose of the stop based on an objective concern any officer would have for a passenger who might be left stranded as a result of the driver‘s arrest. Additionally, the innocuous questions here could easily be viewed as nothing more than a polite prelude, leading to an explanation for the arrest of the driver. For these reasons, I would find that the questions were related to the purpose of the stop. The stop was therefore proper under Gonzalez.
Next, the majority simply concludes that because the questioning occurred after the purpose of the stop terminated, it must have prolonged defendant‘s detention beyond the purpose of the stop. It is at this point that the majority‘s analysis seriously falters. The majority‘s summary conclusion begs the real issue in this case—whether the initial seizure at the time of the stop had dissipated into a nonseizure, involving a Bostick-like
Perhaps in recognition of the futility of applying the Holt-Gonzalez framework to the facts of the present case, the majority ultimately attempts to dig itself out of its predicament by shoveling forth People v. Brownlee, 186 Ill. 2d 501 (1999). However, Brownlee is completely distinguishable and should have no application here to support the majority‘s position. Actually, Brownlee helps illustrate why defendant‘s encounter with police, after he exited the vehicle, was consensual.
First, Brownlee decided whether a driver was seized, not a passenger. Unlike the present case, the driver in Brownlee produced a valid license, which was returned to him after it was checked. The officers decided not to is-
Second, Brownlee appropriately applied the “free to leave” test to the case before it, citing Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 64 L. Ed. 2d at 509, 100 S. Ct. at 1877, because there was no outside force, aside from the police conduct, confining the driver to the location once he was handed back his license. But even applying the Mendenhall free-to-leave test to the facts in the case at bar, I would conclude that there was no fourth amendment violation. Mendenhall‘s criteria for examining whether a seizure has occurred overwhelmingly supports the State‘s position: defendant was approached by a single officer, not multiple officers flanking the vehicle as in Brownlee; the officer did not display a weapon; he did not physically touch defendant; and he did not use language or tone of voice to show that compliance with his request might be compelled. Despite a complete absence of these indicators, the majority concludes that the officer‘s use of a flashlight indicated a show of authority. However, I do not find the officer‘s use of a flashlight late at night to be indicative of a show of authority in the absence of any of the other examples that are normally looked at to make this determination. Moreover, I am not aware of any case law holding that a show of authority results from the mere use of a flashlight by an officer late at night to see
In conclusion, I disagree that defendant‘s fourth amendment rights were violated. Applying the Bostick test, I would find that the encounter between the officer and defendant outside the vehicle was consensual and that a reasonable person in defendant‘s position would have believed he was free to ignore the officer‘s questions or otherwise terminate the encounter. The Gonzalez framework is unworkable as applied to this kind of fact pattern, and Brownlee is clearly distinguishable. Accordingly, I dissent from the majority opinion.