78 Mich. App. 439 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1977
Lead Opinion
The instant appeal, occasioned by defendant’s jury-based conviction for carrying a weapon in a motor vehicle, MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424, raises inter alia the question whether a machete is a "dangerous weapon” under the cited statute.
In pertinent part, the statute provides: "A person who shall carry a dagger, dirk, stiletto or other dangerous weapon except hunting knives adapted and carried as such, * * * whether concealed or otherwise in any vehicle operated or occupied by him * * * shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than 5 years, or by fine of not more than 2,500 dollars.” MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424.
The events prompting defendant’s prosecution are undisputed. On August 10, 1975, two police officers, having pulled defendant over for a minor traffic infraction, discovered a rusty, black-handled machete protruding from under the rear of the driver’s seat in defendant’s car. The machete, although entered as an exhibit at trial,*
The defendant, aged 18 at the time of trial, testified that he was 14 when he purchased a $1.98 department-store machete as an addition to his knife collection. According to his testimony, defendant used the instrument to throw at trees for sport and to chop tree limbs. On one occasion, he placed the machete in the trunk of his car to
"A. [The Defendant] I went to the beach one day, me and some other guys, and one of my friends didn’t have any short pants, so we took the machete and cut off the long pants, to shorts, more or less; ripped them and cut them, because this machete wasn’t so sharp.
"Q. [Defense Attorney] After that was done, where did you put the machete?
"A. [The Defendant] Just underneath my front seat.”
Apparently, the machete remained under the front seat until its discovery by the police.
During cross-examination, the prosecutor attempted to demonstrate defendant’s awareness that a machete is a dangerous weapon. At first, defendant indicated that it never occurred to him that machetes could be used as weapons:
"Q. Did you ever hear about these things being used before as weapons?
"A. No, sir.
"Q. You never did?
"A. Never have.
"Q. What did you think the purpose of these was?
"A. Chopping down trees.
"Q. Did you ever hear about World War II?
"A. No, sir, but I have watched enough movies.
"Q. Did you ever see the Phillippine [sic] movies?
"A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Did you ever see those movies where perhaps—
"MR. FOWLER [DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: Your Honor, I’m going to object. I don’t know what is material about the movies he has seen.
"MR. PHILLIPPART [PROSECUTING ATTORNEY]: It’s cross examination, your Honor. I think perhaps we
"MR. FOWLER: I’m not sure what movies he’s talking about. I don’t know if he’s going to bring movie projectors in here to show the movies. I think we’re going far afield.
"THE COURT: Within limits, of course, Mr. Phillip-part.
"Q. (By Mr. Phillippart) Did you ever see a machete used in the movies as a weapon?
"A. I never did realize it.
"Q. Never did realize it?
"A. No, I never did really look at the weapons that way.
"Q. Never did?
"A. No. I don’t like to see bloody pictures and things like that.
"Q. You never saw Philippines lob off Japanese heads with a machete?
"A. No, not that kind.
"Q. What kind?
"A. Bigger ones.
"Q. Bigger ones?
"A. Yes.
"Q. In your opinion, do you think this might lob off a head?
"MR. FOWLER: That would call for a conclusion by the witness, your Honor.
"THE COURT: All right.
"Q. (By Mr. Phillippart) In your opinion, do you think this could be used as a weapon?
"A. It could be used as a weapon.
"Q. Is that why you kept it in the trunk of your car for these 8 months?
"A. At the beginning of the 8th month, I put it in my car to go over to a friend’s house. I threw it back in the trunk and I didn’t realize it was there until one day I remembered.
"Q. But you said you normally carried it in the trunk of your car.
"MR. FOWLER: Objection, that wasn’t — he said he
"THE COURT: Objection sustained.”
On appeal, defendant asserts that under People v Smith, 393 Mich 432; 225 NW2d 165 (1975), only stabbing weapons are proscribed by MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424; that "a machete does not have a point”;
In Smith, supra, a prosecution for possession of an M-l rifle in a motor vehicle, the Supreme Court stated:
"No one suggests that an M-l rifle is not a dangerous weapon. The question is whether this statute [MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424] proscribes the carrying of all dangerous weapons or only those of the types specified.
"In construing statutes in an effort to ascertain and give effect to the legislative interest [sic], courts are guided by a rule of construction known as 'ejusdem generis’.
"This is a rule whereby in a statute in which general words follow a designation of particular subjects, the meaning of the general words will ordinarily be presumed to be and construed as restricted by the particular designation and as including only things of the same kind, class, character or nature as those specifically enumerated. See 73 Am Jur 2d, Statutes, § 214, pp 407-408.
"Thus here the phrase 'or other dangerous weapon
This extract represents a departure from the Court’s previous interpretation of MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424. In People v Vaines, 310 Mich 500; 17 NW2d 729 (1945), a case not cited by the Smith Court, Chief Justice Starr, writing for a unanimous Court, opined:
"It is manifest that there are many articles or instruments, other than daggers, dirks and stilettos, which might properly come within the scope of the term 'dangerous weapon’ if they were used or carried for use as weapons. For example, pocket knives, razors, hammers, hatchets, wrenches, cutting tools, and other articles which are manufactured and generally used for peaceful and proper purposes, would fall within the category of dangerous weapons if used for or carried for the purpose of assault or defense. Whether or not such articles are dangerous weapons, within the meaning of that term as used in section 227 [MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424], would depend upon the use which the carrier made of them.
"Daggers, dirks, stilettos, metallic knuckles, slung shots, pistols, and similar articles, designed for the purpose of bodily assault or defense, are generally recognized as dangerous weapons per se. Other articles and instruments become dangerous weapons only when they are used or carried for use as weapons. Therefore, in a prosecution under section 227 it becomes a question of fact for court or jury determination as to whether or not such articles or instruments are used or carried for the purpose of use as weapons of assault or defense. People v Gogak, supra. [205 Mich 260; 171 NW 428 (1919)].
While established precedent should not be blithely or impliedly cast aside, we read Smith as nothing less than a sub silentio rejection of the principles espoused in Vaines. That is not to say, however, that the statutory interpretation undertaken in Smith is beyond reproach. See People v Diericks, 60 Mich App 603, 604-605; 231 NW2d 422 (1975). A tenable construction, we beiieve, would have been to read the exclusionary language of the statute (" * * * except hunting knives adapted and carried as such”) as evincing a legislative intent to punish the possession in a vehicle of any dangerous weapon other than knives adapted and carried for hunting.
Accord: Gooch v United States, 297 US 124; 56 S Ct 395; 80 L Ed 522 (1936) and Helvering v Stockholms Enskilda Bank, 293 US 84; 55 S Ct 50; 79 L Ed 211 (1934), two cases declining to apply a narrowing construction under ejusdem generis where the general words, following the specific words in a statute, were themselves followed by an exception.
However, "[presuming, as we must, that the Supreme Court’s most recent utterance controls the case at bar”, Michigan National Bank of Detroit v Holland-Dozier-Holland Sound Studios, 73 Mich App 12, 16; 250 NW2d 532 (1976), we proceed to apply the law propounded in Smith. Given defendant’s admission that he used the machete to
Defendant next contends that the prosecution presented insufficient evidence establishing that defendant "had used [the machete], or was carrying it for use, as a weapon of assault or defense”. Vaines, supra, at 506. Although we are inclined to side with defendant on this issue, we are compelled to reject the contention based on the contrary suggestion in Smith. There the Court in comparing the intent requirement of MCLA 750.227 with that of "an earlier section in the same act [i.e., 1931 PA 328, § 226]” observed:
"The greater difficulty in prosecuting crimes proscribed under MCLA 750.226 which does require proof of 'intent to use the [weapon] unlawfully’ in order to support a conviction does not, of course, escape us. It appears, however, that the Legislature was cognizant of the fact that to hold that rifles are included within the proscription of MCLA 750.227 would be to subject most weekend hunters, for example, to potential felony prosecution under MCLA 750.227 notwithstanding their lack of intent to unlawfully use their hunting rifles.” (Emphasis in original; footnotes omitted.) 393 Mich at 437-438.
The conclusion is thus ineluctable that the Court would affirm a conviction under MCLA 750.227
As a third issue, defendant assails the question posed by the trial prosecutor regarding war movies allegedly depicting the decapitation of prisoners. To be sure, the question smacked of the lurid and sensational, and should not have been asked. Still, no one would quibble with the proposition that machetes are capable of considerable mayhem.
0 Defendant next attacks the propriety of the trial court’s instructions. The issue is without merit. Defendant has failed to show how the instructions, taken in toto, veer from the standard in Smith.
Defendant’s final issue, raising a double jeopardy argument, is answered in People v Morris, 69 Mich App 545, 553; 245 NW2d 126 (1976).
Although we affirm defendant’s conviction based on Smith, supra, we do so with trepidation. Our hope is that the Supreme Court will supplant Smith with a reaffirmation of Vaines. Until then, the hapless citizen, brazen enough to carry a steak knife on a weekend picnic, must continue to fear
Affirmed.
This is defendant’s second trial on the instant charge.
(Emphasis added.) Defendant’s appellate counsel, who did not represent defendant below, made this statement at oral argument.
Of course, our interpretation should be read in tandem with the rule in Vaines requiring not only possession but also evidence showing the instrument to have been used or carried for use as a weapon of assault or defense.
For other Michigan cases to the same effect, see McDade v People, 29 Mich 50 (1874), People v Gogak, 205 Mich 260; 171 NW 428 (1919), People v Powell, 280 Mich 699; 274 NW 372 (1937), and Utica State Savings Bank v Oak Park, 279 Mich 568; 273 NW 271 (1937).
The Legislature’s express mention of an exception for hunting knives would seem to invoke another constructional rule, expressio unius est exclusio alterius. See Stowers v Wolodzko, 386 Mich 119, 133; 191 NW2d 355 (1971), Alan v Wayne County, 388 Mich 210, 253; 200 NW2d 628 (1972), Valenti Homes, Inc v Sterling Heights, 61 Mich App 537; 233 NW2d 72 (1975).
"It is unquestioned that the machete is used for both war and peace, it being described in the Century Dictionary as a 'heavy knife or cutlass, used among Spanish colonists and Spanish American countries, both as a tool and as a weapon’ and by Webster as 'a large, heavy knife, resembling a broadsword, often two or three feet in length, used by the inhabitants of Spanish America as a hatchet to cut their way through thickets, and for various other purposes’.” Wiborg v United States, 163 US 632, 636; 16 S Ct 1127, 1129; 41 L Ed 289, 291 (1896).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I must respectfully dissent. MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424 imposes strict liability for the carrying of certain types of specifically proscribed articles. People v Smith, 393 Mich 432; 225 NW2d 165 (1975), recognized that the statute did not include firearms of any sort in the phrase "other dangerous weapon”. It was on that basis that the Smith Court excluded the carrying of an M-l rifle.
The majority seeks to use the dicta in the Smith case to show that even the carrying of a steak knife would be illegal under the statute. However, assuming arguendo that the dicta cited by the majority were binding, a finding must be made that the instrument used was, indeed, a "stabbing weapon”.
In the case at bar, the only use made of the machete by the defendant, in the eight months preceding his arrest, was to shorten trousers. Previously he had occasionally used it to chop tree limbs. Under such circumstances, I am inclined to be guided by the decision in People v Vaines, 310 Mich 500; 17 NW2d 729 (1945). That case speaks directly to the issue at hand as the law of the case, and not incidentally, as in Smith, supra. I would reiterate the majority opinion’s quote from Vaines:
"We are convinced that the legislature intended the words 'other dangerous weapon’, as used in section 227, to mean any concealed article or instrument which the carrier used, or carried for the purpose of using, as a weapon for bodily assault or defense. The legislature
I would, therefore, reverse and remand for a new trial. I would also suggest that the trial judge instruct the jury to the effect that unless the weapon used was specifically referred to in the statute, the jury must find that the defendant intended to use it as a weapon.