306 N.W.2d 392 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1981
PEOPLE
v.
BROWN
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, James D. Norlander, Prosecuting Attorney, and John H. MacFarlane, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
P.E. Bennett, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant on appeal.
Before: R.B. BURNS, P.J., and MacKENZIE and J.T. KALLMAN,[*] JJ.
MacKENZIE, J.
On March 30, 1979, defendant was convicted by a jury of two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC), MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2), and one count of kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581. He received three concurrent terms of 20 to 40 years and appeals as of right.
*61 Complainant testified at trial that at approximately 2:30 a.m. on September 29, 1978, while on her way home from work at a bar, after picking up her son at the babysitter's house, a car pulled along the side of her car. The driver honked his horn, flashed his lights, showed complainant what she thought was a police badge, and said, "Police, pull over". Complainant testified that both cars pulled over and that the man, whom she later identified as defendant, approached the open window of her car and asked her to produce some identification. Complainant stated that the man suddenly pulled a handgun, grabbed her keys from the ignition, and ordered complainant and her son out of the car.
According to complainant, defendant, still holding the gun on her and her son, backed them toward the rear of his car and opened the trunk. She stated that when she screamed and begged defendant not to put them in the trunk, defendant grabbed her around the neck, put his fingers down her throat, and threw her in the trunk on top of her son.
Complainant stated that defendant locked the trunk and had driven for about 25 minutes when she felt the car stop and heard the motor being turned off. She heard defendant get out, approach the trunk, and state that no harm would befall her if she did what he requested; he then told her to close her eyes and he opened the trunk and put something over her eyes.
Complainant testified that defendant led her and her son into a house where he tied one of her socks around her eyes. She said she could not see through the blindfold. Complainant stated that she was sitting on a couch and defendant "shoved his penis into my face and said I got something here *62 for you". Complainant said she pleaded with defendant not to make her "do this in front of my son". Defendant then told her to kneel on the floor with her arms on the couch and then penetrated her vagina with his penis. According to complainant, defendant forced her to lie on a blanket on the floor, got on top of her, and again inserted his penis into her vagina. Complainant testified that she was shaking after the second time, told defendant she was cold, and asked him if she could put her clothes on. Complainant said defendant replied, "No, I'm not done with you yet", and took her to another room where there was a heater. She said he put the blanket down and penetrated her vagina with his penis two more times. After promising defendant that she would not tell anyone about the incident, complainant persuaded defendant to allow her to put her clothes on and to drive complainant and her son home.
She testified that at no time after initially being forced into the trunk at gunpoint did she see the gun because she was blindfolded or had her eyes closed. However, complainant testified that she submitted to the sexual acts only because defendant said he would kill her otherwise and she believed her life, as well as her son's life, was in danger.
Defendant initially argues that the trial court's instructions erroneously failed to inform the jurors that if they found that the element of asportation transporting the victim in a kidnapping case was merely incidental to the crime of CSC, they should find defendant not guilty of kidnapping. Failure to request such an instruction or to object to its omission does not preclude review as it pertains to an essential element of the crime of kidnapping. People v Adams, 389 Mich. 222; 205 *63 NW2d 415 (1973). The trial court instructed as follows on the elements of kidnapping:
"First, the victim * * * must have been forcibly confined or imprisoned. Second, the victim must have been so confined or imprisoned against her will without lawful authority. Third, during the course of such confinement, the Defendant must have forcibly moved the victim, or caused her to be moved from one place to another for the purpose of abduction and kidnapping. If the evidence convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt that there was a movement and that it was either for the purpose of abduction of the victim, or to commit sexual penetration, this is sufficient for this element of the crime. Fourth, at the time of such confinement the Defendant must have intended to so kidnap or confine the victim. Fifth, at the time of such confinement, the Defendant must have been acting willfully and maliciously. Willfully and maliciously means that the Defendant intentionally confined the victim, knowing such confinement to be wrong and that he did so without legal justification or excuse".
We agree that People v Adams, supra, held that to establish asportation sufficient for kidnapping, the movement must not be merely incidental to an underlying lesser crime. 389 Mich. 222, 236, 238. Also, the Supreme Court in Adams determined this was a fact question for the jury. This Court has held the jury must be instructed if they are to find defendant guilty of kidnapping, they must first find, in addition to the other elements, that the movement was not merely incidental to the commission of the "underlying" offense. People v White, 89 Mich. App. 726, 729; 282 NW2d 200 (1979), People v Barker, 90 Mich. App. 151, 154-155; 282 NW2d 266 (1979), People v Lynn, 91 Mich. App. 117, 123-125; 283 NW2d 664 (1979), lv gtd 407 Mich. 902 (1979). Thus, it was error for the trial court to instruct that it was sufficient if the jury *64 found the evidence showed the asportation was "either for the purpose of abduction of the victim, or to commit sexual penetration".
In reaching this conclusion, we are aware of the split in this Court on the applicability of Adams to coequal offenses, such as CSC charged herein. Compare People v Hardesty, 67 Mich. App. 376, 378; 241 NW2d 214 (1976), lv den 397 Mich. 875 (1976), with People v Worden, 71 Mich. App. 507; 248 NW2d 597 (1976). This issue is presently before the Michigan Supreme Court in People v Lynn, supra. We agree with the Worden analysis that the impact of Adams was to prevent conversion of a single offense into two separate offenses and, therefore, hold that Adams applies to coequal offenses. Accord, People v Lynn, People v White, and People v Barker, supra. Thus, due to the court's failure to instruct the jury as required by Adams, defendant's kidnapping conviction must be reversed.
Defendant may not, however, be retried on both the kidnapping charge and first-degree CSC during the felony of kidnapping because conviction on both counts is barred by the double jeopardy clause[1] on the facts at bar. In proving the charged CSC, it was necessary for the prosecutor to prove the elements of kidnapping in order to elevate the CSC charge to the first degree.
In Brown v Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 166; 97 S. Ct. 2221; 53 L. Ed. 2d 187 (1977), the United States Supreme Court reversed the defendant's conviction for auto theft following his guilty plea to the misdemeanor of joyriding based on the same incident, holding that:
"The established test for determining whether two *65 offenses are sufficiently distinguishable to permit the imposition of cumulative punishment was stated in Blockburger v United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932):
"`The applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not. * * *'
"This test emphasizes the elements of the two crimes. `If each requires proof of a fact that the other does not, the Blockburger test is satisfied, notwithstanding a substantial overlap in the proof offered to establish the crimes. * * *' Iannelli v United States, 420 U.S. 770, 785, fn 17 (1975)."
Applying the Blockburger test in Brown, the Court concluded that the lesser offense, joyriding, required no proof beyond that required for conviction of auto theft, and that, therefore, the subsequent auto theft conviction violated defendant's right against twice being placed in jeopardy for the same offense.
A case more similar factually with the instant case is Harris v Oklahoma, 433 U.S. 682; 97 S. Ct. 2912; 53 L. Ed. 2d 1054 (1977), where the Court reversed defendant's conviction of armed robbery in a trial held after his conviction of felony murder based on that same robbery:
"When, as here, conviction of a greater crime, murder, cannot be had without conviction of the lesser crime, robbery with firearms, the Double Jeopardy Clause bars prosecution for the lesser crime after conviction of the greater one. In re Nielsen, 131 U.S. 176 (1889); cf. Brown v Ohio, 432 U.S. 161 (1977). `[A] person [who] has been tried and convicted for a crime which has various incidents included in it, * * * cannot be a second time tried for one of those incidents without being twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.' In re *66 Nielsen, supra, at 188. See also Waller v Florida, 397 U.S. 387 (1970); Grafton v United States, 206 U.S. 333, 352 (1907)." Harris, supra, 682-683.
See also Whalen v United States, 445 U.S. 684; 100 S. Ct. 1432; 63 L. Ed. 2d 715 (1980), Illinois v Vitale, 447 U.S. 410; 100 S. Ct. 2260; 65 L. Ed. 2d 228 (1980). Significantly, Harris was not decided on the ground that failure to charge defendant with both crimes and to try them at the same proceeding violated his right against double jeopardy. See the separate opinion of Justice Brennan, with which Justice Marshall concurred, 433 U.S. 682, 683.
The crime of CSC differs somewhat from felony murder in that to sustain a conviction under MCL 750.520b(1)(c); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(c), it is only necessary for the prosecution to prove defendant committed an act of sexual penetration "involving the commission of any other felony"; that is, the felony may be a coequal offense such as kidnapping and need not be a less serious offense. However, where a defendant is charged under subsection (1)(c), it is mandatory that the prosecutor prove all the elements of some other felony. Therefore, if perpetration of another felony is the only criterion by which the CSC can be elevated to the first degree, under Harris v Oklahoma, the prosecutor is forced to choose between a conviction on the CSC offense or the other felony.[2]
We are aware that other panels of this Court have disagreed with this analysis, holding that there is no violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause because the Legislature intended to authorize multiple convictions and punishments; further, *67 the prosecution was not legally required to prove the elements of a particular felony, but only that the CSC offense occurred under circumstances involving the commission of any other felony. See People v Robideau, 94 Mich. App. 663; 289 NW2d 846 (1980), People v Ferrell, 99 Mich. App. 609; 299 NW2d 366 (1980), citing Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder's Court Judge, 406 Mich. 374; 280 NW2d 793 (1979). The conclusion reached in Robideau and Ferrell was sharply criticized in People v Peete, 102 Mich. App. 34, 42; 301 NW2d 53 (1980).
"The Supreme Court, in Wayne County Prosecutor, supra, pointed to language in the felony-firearm statute, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), that manifested the Legislature's clear intent to doubly punish. The felony-firearm statute described a separate felony offense and indicated that the mandatory two-year sentence is `in addition to' the sentence for the felony and is to be served `consecutively' to and `preceding' the sentence for the felony. The criminal sexual conduct statute, however, does not specify a separate felony, nor does its sentencing provision require consecutive punishment. The court required a clear expression by the Legislature of an intent to authorize separate convictions.
"The United States Supreme Court in Simpson v United States, 435 U.S. 6, 15; 98 S. Ct. 909; 55 L. Ed. 2d 70 (1978), said:
"`This Court has steadfastly insisted that "doubt will be resolved against turning a single transaction into multiple offenses." Bell v United States, 349 U.S. 81, 84 [75 S. Ct. 620, 622; 99 L. Ed. 905] (1955); Ladner v United States, 358 U.S. 169 [79 S. Ct. 209; 3 L. Ed. 2d 199] (1958).'"
Accord, People v Swearington, 84 Mich. App. 372; 269 NW2d 467 (1978). Likewise, we find no language in the CSC statute purporting to allow multiple convictions and punishments where the CSC offense is committed during another felony. *68 Therefore, defendant may not be convicted of both offenses.[3]
Defendant's first-degree CSC conviction based on the commission of the felony of kidnapping must be reversed because of the deficient instructions on the asportation element of kidnapping. See People v Peete, supra, 44-45. Therefore, defendant's conviction of Count II, first-degree CSC during a felony, is reversed.[4]
Defendant's argument that his right to be free from multiple punishment for the same offense under the Double Jeopardy Clause was violated by his conviction of two counts of CSC during one criminal transaction is without merit. Clearly, a defendant may not be convicted of more than one count of CSC based on a single act of sexual penetration or sexual contact, People v Willie Johnson, 406 Mich. 320; 279 NW2d 534 (1979). Reading the CSC statute as a whole, we conclude the Legislature intended to impose a criminal sanction for each separate act of sexual penetration of sexual contact. In the case at bar, complainant testified that defendant penetrated her vagina with his penis four separate times. She further testified the acts spanned some three to four hours and defendant forced her to assume different positions and to move to another room *69 while committing the various sexual acts. Thus, it is not difficult in this case to distinguish between the alleged acts of sexual penetration or contact. Although we have found no authority on this issue, we note that the Michigan Supreme Court, in People v Willie Johnson, supra, spoke in terms of "a sexual penetration" or "one criminal sexual act", rather than the entire criminal episode. Notably, the Court has upheld a defendant's conviction of two counts of first-degree CSC based upon one act of intercourse and one act of fellatio upon one complainant during the same criminal transaction. People v John Nelson, 406 Mich. 1020; 281 NW2d 134 (1980). In summary, we find clear language in the CSC statute evincing a legislative intent to punish each act of sexual penetration or sexual contact. Further, under the Blockburger test, the prosecution must prove one additional fact under each CSC charged; that is, the prosecutor must prove at least as many distinct acts of sexual penetration or acts of sexual contact as the number of counts of CSC. Therefore, defendant's right against multiple punishment for a single offense was not violated. See Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder's Court Judge, supra.
Defendant next argues that the prosecution should have been estopped from charging defendant with more than one count of CSC. The argument is based on defendant's reliance on an erroneous statement by the assistant prosecutor at arraignment that the prosecution would prove only one act of sexual penetration accompanied by two statutory criteria. Defendant's motion to dismiss one count of CSC at trial because of the misstatement was denied by the trial judge. Defendant did not raise this issue at the preliminary examination where the proofs showed at least four *70 acts of sexual penetration. Therefore, we find defendant's argument that he relied on the prosecutor's misstatement at arraignment unpersuasive. We agree with the trial judge that the information provided notice to defendant that he was being charged with two acts of sexual penetration.
When the trial court refused to grant defendant's motion to dismiss, defense counsel requested the court to instruct the jurors that they must identify a particular sexual act of penetration with each count involving the different statutory criteria. The court agreed only to instruct that in order to find defendant guilty of both counts of CSC, the jury must find more than one act of sexual penetration, and, in fact, instructed the jury accordingly:
"Members of the jury, in order to convict the Defendant of count two and count three, you must first determine that there was more than one act of sexual penetration, and that one of those acts had occurred during the commission of a kidnapping, and one of the other acts occurred while the Defendant was armed with a weapon, or an article used or fashioned in a manner to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a weapon."
This instruction definitively informed the jury that it must find at least two sexual penetrations, one occurring while defendant was armed and one during a kidnapping, to find defendant guilty of two counts of CSC. Neither the statute, nor the case law, requires that the jury identify a particular sexual penetration with a particular count.
Defendant next complains there was insufficient evidence that he was armed with a dangerous weapon while actually committing the alleged acts of sexual penetration. We disagree. Complainant *71 testified that defendant forced her out of her own car and into the trunk of his car at gunpoint. Thereafter, she was blindfolded or had her eyes shut at defendant's direction and did not see the gun. She stated defendant, prior to and during the acts of sexual penetration, threatened her life as well as that of her son if she did not comply with his demands. The jury could reasonably conclude from this testimony that, if defendant did not have the gun in his hands at the time of the acts of sexual penetration, it was readily accessible to him. See People v Davis, 101 Mich. App. 198; 300 NW2d 497 (1980).
The people concede that defendant is entitled to an additional four days of credit for time served prior to trial. We affirm the remaining first-degree CSC conviction and remand for resentencing, including credit for an additional four days. Defendant's convictions of kidnapping and first-degree CSC involving a felony are reversed, subject to the right of the prosecution to try defendant on either charge in a new trial.
Affirmed as to Count III, first-degree CSC with a weapon. Counts I and II are reversed and the case remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
J.T. KALLMAN, J., concurred.
R.B. BURNS, P.J. (dissenting).
I must dissent. People v Adams, 389 Mich. 222; 205 NW2d 415 (1973), held that in order to establish asportation sufficient for kidnapping, the movement must not be merely incidental to an underlying lesser crime.
In People v Hardesty, 67 Mich. App. 376; 241 NW2d 214 (1976), this Court held that the test set forth in Adams did not apply when the offenses charged were coequal. I agree with such a rule. To *72 hold otherwise would effectively eliminate the offense of kidnapping. Even in the classic case of child kidnapping for ransom, the underlying offense of extortion would eliminate the kidnapping charge.
In addition, it is my opinion that the kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581, and the acts of criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2), were separate and distinct acts, and conviction of both kidnapping and criminal sexual conduct did not constitute double jeopardy.
I would affirm.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] US Const, Am V.
[2] This is not to say that where there are additional crimes arising out of the same transaction, defendant may not be charged and convicted accordingly. See, however, the limitations expressed in People v Jankowski, 408 Mich. 79; 289 NW2d 674 (1980).
[3] We realize that the jury, in convicting defendant of one count of CSC while armed with a dangerous weapon, found that the prosecution had proved defendant was armed during the CSC offenses. Therefore, defendant could have been convicted of all three offenses if he had been charged with committing both CSC offenses while armed with a weapon. Unfortunately, the prosecution elected to charge the statutory grounds in the alternative. Thus, we are bound by the offenses with which defendant was charged and convicted in analyzing defendant's double jeopardy and other claims.
[4] Although the jury was instructed on the lesser included offense of third-degree CSC, MCL 750.520d; MSA 28.788(4), we are unable to determine whether the jury found that force or coercion was used to accomplish the crime.