On December 20, 1983, defendants Branson and Jones each pled nolo contendere to child cruelty, MCL 750.136; MSA 28.331. The pleas were offered pursuant to an agreement which provided that the prosecutor would recommend that the court not impose a sentence in excess of one year. On January 20, 1984, in accordance with the stated recommendation, the trial court sentenced each defendant to a term of five years probation with the first year to be served in the county jail. In addition to the statutory conditions of probation, the trial court imposed the following condition:
"That he [both Branson and Jones] shall not reside at the House of Judah camp during this term of probation; but shall be allowed to come to the House of Judah camp once a week for no more than four (4) hours for the sole purpose of attending religious services.”
Defendants appeal as of right challenging the above condition of probation as an unlawful re *458 striction upon the freedom of religion and freedom of association. 1
The incident on which the charges against defendants were based was the death of 12-year-old John Yarbough, who died after being severely beaten by defendants at the House of Judah camp in Allegan County. Evidence of the beating was observed on the child’s body. Both defendants admitted to being involved in the beating and to being members of the council of the House of Judah.
The Legislature did not attempt to define what constituted "lawful” terms of probation, and it is clear that the courts have not been constrained within any fixed or definite boundaries by the statutory language "other conditions of probation”.
2
As noted in
Detroit v Del Rio,
"It would serve no useful purpose to attempt to catalogue what may be "other lawful conditions of probation.” The Court is not disposed to attempt what the Legislature avoided, and it is clear that considerable latitude is intended for the trial judge in imposing the conditions he may deem pertinent to the offense and appropriate to the rehabilitation of the offender.”
Although the sentencing judge is accorded wide discretion, the exercise of that judgment is not unfettered: the conditions imposed upon the probationer must bear a logical relationship to rehabilitation.
People v Higgins,
Defendants first contend that the portion of the probation order which prohibits them from resid
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ing at the House of Judah encampment is an unconstitutional restriction on the freedom of religion. We find that the facts and circumstances of the present case are distinguishable from the facts of
People v Smith,
Defendants also challenge as unlawful and unconstitutional that portion of the probation order which limits the time they may spend at the encampment for religious services. They claim that this term restricts their First Amendment rights of association and free exercise of religion. The prosecutor counters this argument by asserting that, although some restriction of those rights exists, the challenged condition is a reasonable time, place and manner regulation. We find that this condition is an appropriate and lawful restriction upon defendants’ activities.
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In
People v Ison,
"A criminal conviction constitutionally deprives the defendant of much of his liberty; convicts retain some constitutional rights, but those rights are subject to restrictions imposed by the nature of the regime to which they have been lawfully committed. Wolff v McDonnell,418 US 539 ;94 S Ct 2963 ;41 L Ed 2d 935 (1974); Meachum v Fano,427 US 215 ;96 S Ct 2532 ;49 L Ed 2d 451 (1976). A probationer retains only those rights which are consistent with his probationary status. People v Hardenbrook,68 Mich App 640 ;243 NW2d 705 (1976).”
Thus, although a defendant will retain much of his religious freedom, the practice of or conduct related to such freedom may be subject to reasonable controls.
It is important to distinguish between freedom of belief, which may not be restricted, and freedom to act, which, as conduct, may be regulated.
Cantwell v Connecticut,
We are satisfied that this condition of probation is both lawful and related to rehabilitation. While some restrictions were imposed upon defendants’ right of free exercise of religion, the regulation is *461 neither absolute nor prohibitive. In developing the individualized probationary conditions, the trial judge devoted considerable thought and effort to the task at hand. After due consideration of the circumstances of the offense, the rights of the individual defendants and the rights of society, he imposed what we believe to be proper, reasonable and lawful conditions of probation.
Affirmed.