Dеfendant appeals as of right from his conviction, as charged, for the destruction or removal of timber with a value of $25 or more, MCL 752.701; MSA 28.151, * 1 based upon his qualified or conditional plea of guilty.
On the afternoon of December 16, 1982, passersby saw defendant cut and take a seven-to sevеn- and-one-half foot pine tree from a residential lot. The pine was one of a grouping planted by the landowners to serve as a windbreak. The witnesses wrote down the license plate number on defendant’s automobile аnd reported the information to
After defendant was bound over to circuit court, he moved to quash the information. Defendant argued that there was not probable cause to bind him over as charged. Based upon statutory interpretation, defendant argued that the word timber had a specific meaning at the time the 1867 Legislature enаcted the timber act. That definition was limited to wood felled or usable for building purposes. Defendant argued that the pine tree he allegedly cut was not the sort intended to be included under the timber act. Defendant stated that, instead, two misdemeanor statutes were intended to cover his wrongdoing. MCL 750.367; MSA 28.599 and MCL 320.411; MSA 13.308(1). Because the people failed to present evidence that the pine was capable of being used for building purposes, the people failed to show probable cause on each element of the charge. The defendant also argued that the timber act felony provision was unconstitutional because it violated the title-object clause of the Michigan Constitution. Const 1963, art 4, § 24.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion to quash, stating in its order:
"Defendant further claims that the legislative purpose in enacting the statute under which the defendant is charged was 'for the protection of land, and to punish the cutting and carrying away of timber therеfrom’. There are several fallacies in this contention.
"Webster’s defines timber as 1: growing trees or their wood; 2: wood suitable for building or carpentry.
"One of the two legislative purposes of the statute, defendant claims, is 'for the protection of the land’. A windbreak protects the house and yard which comprise the land.
"The Legislature used this language in the order given: 'cut down * * * any tree, trees (or) timber’. If it had intended to limit its proscription only to timber as 'wood felled fоr building’ it would not have expanded its language to 'any tree’.
"Defendant contends that 'timber’ means wood felled for building. Yet the statute’s language is 'any tree * * * growing’. The Legislature’s use of the word 'growing’ negates any intent that the statute was to includе only felled (already cut) wood. If the defendant contends that .the statute does not apply inasmuch as he did not fell the tree for timber, we approach the realm of absurdity. The statute simply does not make such an intention a relevant matter.”
On August 19, 1983, defendant agreed to a qualified plea of guilty as charged. The condition attached to the plea was stated as a preservation of all the issues defendant had already raised before thе trial court. Defendant then admitted cutting down an approximately 6-foot Norway pine without the landowner’s permission in order to use it as a Christmas tree. Defendant indicated that he was unemployed. The trial court sentenced dеfendant to pay restitution in excess of $100, a $50 fine, $200 court costs, and cost of his appointed attorney in addition to being placed on probation for a period of two years with 60 days in the county jail to be served when direсted by the trial court through the probation department.
The timber act,
However, we do find defendant’s statutory argument persuasive. Criminal statutes must be strictly construed with each word interpreted according to its ordinary usage and common meaning.
People v LeClaire,
While we аgree that an appropriate method of ascertaining a common meaning of a term is resort to dictionary definition,
In re Condemnation of Lands,
In
Balderson v Seeley,
"In the Century Dictionary the word 'timber,’ as used in this contract, is defined:
" 'Growing trees yielding wood suitable for constructive use.’
"The other dictionaries give practically the same definition. It had been defined also by the courts, viz.:
" 'As a generic term, it properly signifies only such trees as are used in building — either ships or dwellings.’ U S v Schuler, 6 McLean (U S), 28 (Fed Cas No 16,234).
" 'Timber, in its primary meaning, as given by Webster, is "that sort of wood which is proper for buildings,” ’ etc. McCauley v State, 43 Tex [374,] 375 [1875].”160 Mich 189 .
The Court also cited Nash v Drisco, 51 Me 417, 417-418 (1864), in which that court stated:
"The signification given to the word 'timber’ by the Court, was correct. The words from which it was derived and incorporated into the English language all relate to the erection or construction of buildings or chattels. Webster defines it as 'that sort of wood which is proper for buildings * * *.’
"Firewood, or what is sometimes called 'cordwоod,’ cannot properly be said to be constructed or manufactured. The materials of which it is composed are not called timber, though timber might be used for that purpose. In a contract for the purchase of timber, theрurchaser acquires no title to trees not suitable for any purpose but for firewood.
"The construction of a written contract, involving the meaning of the words used therein, is not a question of fact, but one of law.” (Emphasis in original.)
In United States v Stores, 14 Fed 824, 824-825 (SD Fla, 1882), the court defined the meaning of timber as found in an 1831 act making it a penalty to cut timber on lands of the United States:
"The term 'timber/ as used in commerce, refers generally only to large sticks of wood, squared or capable of being squared for building houses or vessels; and certain trees only having been formerly used for such purposes, namely, the oak, the ash, and the elm, they alone were recognized as timber trees; but the numerous use to which wood has comе to be applied, and the general employment of all kinds of trees for some valuable purpose, has wrought a change in the general acceptation of terms in connection therewith, and we find that Webster defines 'timber’ to be 'that sort of wood which is proper for buildings or for tools, utensils, furniture, carriages, fences, ships, and the like.’ This would include all sorts of wood from which any useful articles may be made, or which may be used to advantage in any class of manufacture or construction.”
Given the above definitions, and the fact that timber trees • were commonly understood to be limited to oak, ash, or elm, we agree with defendant’s argument that by adding the terms "any tree” or "trees” into the body of the timber act’s penalty provision, the Legislature intended to broaden the commonly understood definition of "timber” to include any other kind of tree,
i.e.,
maple, pine, fir, etc. Nevertheless, we do not agree that the term "аny tree”, as commonly understood at the time the Legislature passed the timber act, also included "any growing trees or their wood” as
Because we limit the meaning of the terms "any tree” or "timber” in the timber act to mean "growing trees yielding wood suitable for constructive uses” or "such trees as are used in building— either ships or dwellings”, Seeley, supra, we agree with defendant’s argument that the people had to prеsent proof that the tree in question was suitable for such uses in order to have shown probable cause that defendant violated the timber act. Since the people failed to present proof that the six-or seven-fоot pine tree at issue in this case could have yielded wood that could be used for constructive purposes, we find that the trial court did err by denying defendant’s motion to quash.
We note that the people could have chаrged defendant under one of three separate misdemeanor statutes. MCL 320.411; MSA 13.308(1) prohibits the act of cutting, removing, or transporting any Christmas trees, evergreens, boughs, or other trees, shrubs, or vines without a bill of sale. See also MCL 320.418; MSA 13.308(8). MCL 750.546; MSA 28.814 prohibits the destruction or cutting down of any timber or wood
or plant
with a value over $5 without the license of the landowner. Finally, MCL 750.367; MSA 28.599 makes a larceny of the taking or injury of any fruit, shade or ornamental trees or shrubs with the intent to
Reversed and remanded.
Notes
"Sec. 1. That, every person having no color of title, either tax, equitable, or otherwise, who shall willfully and without permission of the owner thereof, enter upоn the lands of another and shall cut down, destroy, or remove therefrom any tree, trees, timber, wood, logs, or lumber, growing, standing, lying, or being thereon, of the value of 25 dollars or more, or shall willfully induce, direct, aid, or abet any other persоn in so doing, and every person who shall knowingly receive into his possession, or permit to be stored in or upon any premises, mill yard, or boom, in his possession, or shall purchase, or shall manufacture or cause to be manufaсtured into lumber, shingles, lath, or other products, any trees, timber, wood, or logs so cut down or removed, knowing the same to have been cut or removed without permission of the owner with intent to induce, profit, aid, or abet any other pеrson in such cutting down or removal or to profit himself thereby, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and shall be punished by imprisonment in state prison, not more than 1 year, or by fine of not more than 500 dollars or imprisonment in the county jail not more than 12 months.”