OPINION OF THE COURT
Aftеr a jury trial, defendant Herbert X. Blyden was convicted of assault in the first degree (Penal Law, § 120.10). The Appellate Division affirmed the conviction. On appeal to this court, defendant, who is black, argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it refused to discharge for cause a prospective juror who voiced hostility to racial minorities. Because the juror
Defendant’s trial began on December 4,1979. During an early phase of the jury selection process, a prospective juror responded to a general quеstion by the Judge regarding racial prejudice by indicating that he wished to speak to the Judge. At proceedings in chambers, the juror was questioned by the Judge and attorneys about his feelings toward minorities.
Whеn asked by the Judge to “state your feelings”, the juror responded, “I’m against minorities. Now, not colored, not Indian, but what the government considers minorities. I work on construction, and when that comes up, I get uр tight, that is all.” He stated that the cause of his feelings was that “the government says you got to have a certain amount of people, minorities, on a job that is federally funded. And I think I pay taxes the same as anybody else, and that is why I get up tight.”
Upon the Judge’s first inquiry as to whether the juror’s feelings would affect his deliberations, the juror replied, “I don’t know. I don’t know if it would or not, and I wouldn’t want to jeopardize this guy’s cаse, because of that. That is why I came forward.” The juror repeated these misgivings under questioning by the prosecutor. He then told defense counsel that “I have been known to flip my wig when minorities come into [a conversation]. This summer I wasn’t allowed to go on a job because the next person that went on was a minority. It turned out to be an Indian, they had to put a minority on the next — the next construсtion.” He added, “I bet a lot of minorities made a lot more money than I did this year. That is what I mean, why I got up tight.”
Finally, in response to the court’s thrice-repeated question whether he could put asidе his feelings about minorities, the juror stated, “Yes, I think I could,” “I think I could,” and, “Yes, I think I could.” He also stated “absolutely not” when asked by the Judge if he had made up his
Defense counsel challenged the prospective juror for cause, but the Trial Judge denied the challenge. Defendant’s attorney then used a peremptory challenge to rеmove the juror. Because defendant éxhausted his peremptory challenges before the completion of jury selection, the claimed error in denying his challenge for cause may bе considered on this appeal (see CPL 270.20, subd 2).
In determining whether the trial court erred in refusing to discharge the challenged juror for cause, it is necessary to look first to CPL 270.20 (subd 1, par [b]), which authorizes a сhallenge for cause where the juror “has a state of mind that is likely to preclude him from rendering an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial”.
In light of the prospective juror’s initial comments, the Trial Judge in this case appropriately permitted further voir dire and took part himself in the exploration of the subject. The question to be resolved is whether the juror’s answers to these subsequent questions overcame the clear indication of bias in the juror’s previous statements.
At common law, a prospective juror’s expression оf an opinion or impression bearing on the guilt or innocence of a defendant was conclusive grounds for disqualification (see People v McQuade, supra). In 1872, however, the Legisla
When the Criminаl Procedure Law superseded the old code in 1971, all references to the “expurgatory oath” were deleted (see CPL 270.20). The District Attorney asserts that the oath maintains its vitality, while defendant contends both that it is no longer applicable and that even if it was applicable, it was not satisfied in this case.
In People v Culhane (
This is not to say that the rationale underlying the expurgatory oath has no continuing validity (see People v Branch,
In conclusion, it is essential that all elements of the required statements be voiced, and that they be voiced with conviction. The mere words themsеlves, however, have no talismanic power to convert a biased juror into an impartial one, although they do nonetheless provide a minimum level of protection. They must be taken in context. A hollow incantation, made without assurance or certitude, is not enough. Where there remains any doubt in the wake of such statements, when considered in the context of the juror’s over-аll responses, the prospective juror should be discharged for cause. The costs to society and the criminal justice system of discharging the juror are comparatively slight, while the costs in fаirness to the defendant and the general perception of fairness of not discharging such a juror are great. As this court stated in People v Branch (
Turning to the facts of the instant case, it is clear that the prospective juror’s initial statements indicated a hostility to racial minorities that cast serious doubt on his ability to render an impartial verdict. Throughout the further questioning, hоwever, the juror never unequivo
For these reasons, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed and a new trial ordered.
Judges Jasen, Gabrielli, Wachtler, Fuchsberg and Meyer concur; Judge Jones taking no part.
Order reversed, etc.
Notes
Defendant also, argues that the prospective juror should have been discharged under CPL 270.20 (subd 1, par [c]) becаuse his relationship to defendant was “of such nature that it is likely to preclude him from rendering an impartial verdict”. It is true that “[i]n the case of any of the relationships covered by subdivision (c) an expurgatory oath is not available to purge the taint of bias implied by law from the existence of the relationship” (People v Provenzano,