135 N.Y.S. 733 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1912
The indictment challenged Charged that the defendant, near a public highway in the town of Stillwater, upon which said public highway a large number of people were daily passing and repassing, and in the vicinity and near the dwelling houses of a large number of people then and there living and residing, did unlawfully keep, maintain, and conduct a certain building,, stove, boiler, cauldron, place, and establishment, and did cause and procure to be kept, maintained and conducted a certain building, stove, boiler, cauldron, place, and establishment, for the purpose of cooking, boiling, melting, trying, and rendering' putrid and decayed meat, bones and tallow, and did then and! ■there cook, boil, melt and render large quantities of putrid and! decayed meat, bones and tallow, by reason of which unwholesome gases, vapors, odors, and stenches were emitted) so that the air at 'different times became filled and impregnated with the smokes, gases, vapors, odors, and stenches, and was thereby rendered corrupt, offensive, and unwholesome) and that by reason, thereof the defendant did seriously annoy a considerable number of persons then and there passing and repassing upon said':’, public highway, and then and there living and residing in the? vicinity of said building, stove, etc. The indictment then named several persons who were annoyed ¡thereby. To this indictment the defendant demurred, and his demurrer has been sustained by the court below, and from the order sustaining the demurrer this appeal is taken by the people.
The first question raised is ¡as to the right of the people to appeal. In the decision sustaining the demurrer the right was given to resubmit the case to the grand jury, and it is claimed that with the privilege of re'submissiom the people have mo right to appeal. The right of appeal is given by section 518 of the
This ¡brings us .to the merits of the appeal. By section 1530 of .the Penal Law ('Consol. Laws 1909, ch. 40) a public nuisance is defined as 'the unlawful doing of an act which “ annoys, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of any considerable number of persons.” The demurrer has been sustained on the ground that the allegation is simply that the acts of 'the defendant “ annoyed ” a considerable number of persons, omitting any act .that it “ injured the comfort, repose, health or safety” ¡of such persons. By reasonable interpretation, however, the acts become a crime within the statute when they ¡annoyed a considerable number of persons. To interpret the statute .that such ¡acts must 'annoy “ the comfort, repose, health or safety ” of those persons’ would be 'an unnatural straining of the provisions of the act.
Moreover, yon cannot annoy a person without injuring his comfort or repose, and, however strictly the statute should be construed, the crime is fairly .alleged, so as to give the defendant full notice ¡of the charge intended to he made ¡against him, and any imperfection in its statement in no way tends to prejudice
Judgment reversed and demurrer overruled, with leave to defendant to plead anew. All concur, except Betts, J., dissenting.
NOTE ON NUISANCES.
PUBLIC NUISANCES.—GENERALLY.
Where by the erection of a mill-dam. the health of the neighborhood is* threatened in a manner not foreseen by the jury on the inquest ad quod damnum, the commonwealth may issue an indictment for the nuisance. Commonwealth v. Gark, 1 A. K. Marsh (Ky.) 323.
A public nuisance indictable at common law. Hudson River R. Co. v. Loeb, 7 Rob. 418.
A foreign corporation may be indicted for causing a common nuisance. State v. Paggett, 8 Wash. 579.
Actual disturbance of peace not necessary to constitute the crime. State v. Ayers, 88 Pac. (Ore.) 653.
An intent to maintain a nuisance in the future is not a misdemeanor. State v. Schaffer, 31 Wash. 305.
A prosecution for creating and maintaining a nuisance is not affected by Ohio Rev. St. section 6920, providing that “the continuance of any nuisance for five days after prosecution commenced therefor shall be deemed an additional offense,” where it is not charged that there has been a prior prosecution, or that the offense charged is an additional offense. Terry v. State, 24 Ohio Cir. Ct. 111.
In the absence of special injury to an individual, indictment is the usual and proper remedy. Hill v. Boston, 122 Mass. 344.
The having and keeping of large quantities of high explosives with blasting caps in one pile, held, under the circumstances of the case, to be criminal. People v. Lewis, 25 N. Y. Crim. 444.
The streets and avenues of New York City are highways, and the storing of a wagon in the highway is a nuisance, the primary use of the highway being for the purpose of permitting the passing and repassing of the public, and it is entitled to the free and unobstructed use of the entire width of the highway for that purpose. People v. Comisky, 25 N. Y. Crim. 591.
A dam, though lawfully used for fifty years, may be removed, if so operated as to cause a public nuisance. People v. Pelton, 14 N. Y. Crim. 64.
Village trustees as commissioners of highways cannot authorize the erection of a nuisance on the highway or legalize its continuance. People v. Fowler, 10 N. Y. Crim. 159.
WHEN INDICTABLE.
A dam not a nuisance when constructed may ultimately become one, and its simple maintenance would then become a subject of indictment. People v. Pelton, 36 App. Div. 450; aff’d 159 N. Y. 537.
A pantomime consisting of -a scenic representation of a bride and bridegroom upon the night of their wedding-day, in which the bride undresses herself completely and puts on her night-gown, without exposing her person unduly, is indictable. People v. Doris, 14 App. Div. 117.
HELD TO BE NUISANCES.
A house kept for the purpose of practicing there the vocation of an abortionist is a public nuisance. People v. Hoffman, 118 App. Div. 162.
A crematory may be a nuisance. Laird v. Atlantic Coast, etc., 67 Atl. (N. J.) 387.
An oil refinery may be a nuisance by reason of the fumes given off. Green v. Sun Co., 32 Pa. Super. Ct. 521.
Laborers quartered on a railroad right of way may be a nuisance. Southern v. Commonwealth, 101 S. W. (Ky.) 882.
The publication of an advertisement calculated to unnecessarily alarm the public mind is an indictable nuisance. Commonwealth v. Cassidy, 6 Phila. (Pa.) 82.
Where defendants had maintained, and were still maintaining, a large number of hives of bees, kept in an open lot immediately adjoining plaintiff’s dwelling-house, and at certain seasons they were a constant source of annoyance and discomfort to plaintiff and his family, greatly impairing the comfortable enjoyment of the property, and the bees could be removed, without material injury, to a locality where neighbors would not be disturbed by them, it was a proper case for a permanent injunction. Olmsted v. Rich, 3 Silv. Sup. 826.
Blasting may be a nuisance where it is injurious to neighboring property owners. Willsey v. Callanan, 21 N. Y. Supp. 165.
A bone or fat boiling establishment which infects the air about a person’s residence with noisome smells and gases is a nuisance. Cropsey v. Murphy, 1 Hilt. 126.
A boom across a river may be a nuisance. Pascagoula v. Dixon, 77 Miss. 587.
Held to be a nuisance for the owner of mill property and a raceway connected therewith, which runs across a highway, to permit a highway bridge over such raceway to remain out of repair. Clay v. Hart, 25 Misc. 110.
Cement works have been held to be a nuisance. Bentley v. Empire, 48 Misc. 457.
A coal yard may be so used as to become a nuisance. Russell v. Popham, 3 N. Y. Leg. Ob. 272.
A dam erected and maintained without authority across a stream, the title to the bed of which is in the state, is a public nuisance per se. People v. Page, 39 App. Div. 110.
A structure which has become so dilapidated through neglect as to become dangerous to passersby, thereupon becomes a nuisance. Uggla v. Brokaw, 117 App. Div. 586.
The operation of an electric light plant in a residential section may become a nuisance. Pritchard v. Edison, 92 App. Div. 178.
The manufacture, storage or keeping of explosives in large quantities in the vicinity of dwellings. Booth v. Rome, 140 N. Y. 267.
A gaming house is a nuisance. In re Butler, 1 City Hall Rec. 166.
A hospital may be so located as to become a nuisance. Gilford v. Babies’ Hospital, 1 N. Y. Suppl. 448.
Livery stable may be so located as to be unreasonably detrimental to neighboring property, and thereby becomes a nuisance. Filson v. Crawford, 5 N. Y. Suppl. 882.
The operation of machinery may cause such injury to the owner of adjoining property as to entitle him to relief. Bowden v. Edison, 29 Misc. 171.
An obstruction on the highway. Hudson River v. Loeb, 4 Rob. 418.
An unlawful interference with the highway is per se a public nuisance. Finegan v. Eckerson, 26 Misc. 574.
Logs piled in a highway near the travelled track. Lawton v. Olmsted, 40 App. Div. 544.
Overhanging eaves. Aiken v. Benedict, 39 Barber 400.
A placard carried about the streets. Gilbert v. Mickle, 4 Sandf. Ch. 357.
A pond may become a nuisance. Yonkers v. Cupcutt, 71 Hun, 149.
A slaughter-house when located near an inhabited locality. Brady v. Weeks, 3 Barb. 157.
A steam-engine. Kokum v. Hotel St. George, 18 Abb. N. C. 340.
A steam-hammer. Smith v. Ingersoll, 7 Misc. 374.
A defective watercloset. Finklestein v. Huner, 77 App. Div. 474.
HELD NOT TO BE NUISANCES.
The transmission of electricity at a high voltage over a right of way, under authority of law. Mull v. Indianapolis, 81 N. E. (Ind.) 657.
The operation of a bakery in a reasonable and proper manner. Alexander v. Stewart, 21 Pa. Super. Ct. 526.
The carrying on of banking contrary to law. Atty. Gen. v. Niagara Bank, Hopk. 354.
A bridge across a railroad track, of insufficient height. Neff v. N. Y. C., 80 Hun, 394.
Cellar-doors. Sandman v. Baylies, 26 Misc. 692.
Coal-sheds and coal yards. Russell v. Popham, 3 N. Y. Leg. Ob. 272.
Obstructing passage of fish in an unnavigablé stream. People v. Platt, 17 Johns. 195.
The mere keeping of gunpowder unless in a negligent manner. People v. Sands, 1 Johns. 78.
A display of fireworks in a city park. De Agramonte v. Mt. Vernon, 112 App. Div. 291.
Fireworks in a city street. Melker v. N. Y., 190 N. Y. 481.
A livery stable in a city or town. Stilwell v. Buffalo, 4 Suppl. 414.
The cutting or polishing of marble. Butterfield v. Klaber, 4 How. Pr. 255.
A platform alongside a wholesale grocery. Murphy v. Leggett, 164 N. Y. 121.
A pumping station near a highway. Pettit v. N. Y. C., 80 Hun, 86.
Advertising signs on public vehicles. Fifth Ave. v. New York, 38 N. Y. L. J. 95.
A stairway fronting on the street. Williams v. Hynes, 55 N. Y. Super. Ct. 86.
PRIVATE NUISANCES.
The maintenance of a private nuisance is not an indictable offense, and although a town may acquire a right of way by grant, such way will be private way, and a nuisance thereon will not be indictable. Commonwealth v. Low, 3 Pick (Mass.) 408.
A statute making " any public nuisance ” a misdemeanor, sufficiently defines the offense. Burk v. State, 27 Ind. 430.
The maintenance of a privy so that disease producing germs drain into a natural stream forming part of a city’s water-supply, is an indictable nuisance. Commonwealth v. Yost, 11 Pa. Super. Ct. 323.
Where the statute does not define a public nuisance the common law; must be looked to in order to determine whether an act complained of is a public nuisance. Sopher v. State, 81 N. E. (Ind.) 913.
The right of abating or indicting a public nuisance is not affected by a statute imposing a penally for the offense, ■ unless negative words are added, evincing an intent to exclude common-law remedies. Renwick v. Morris, 7 Hill, 575.
Laws of 1892, c. 646, declaring that “ it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to engage in or carry on the business of fat rendering, bone boiling, or the manufacture of fertilizers, or any business as a public nuisance” within the corporate limits of any city, or within three miles therefrom, did not intend to prohibit the carrying on of the business of fat. rendering in a city, irrespective of the manner in which it was conducted, but only the carrying on of such business “as a public nuisance” and therefore a judgment convicting defendant of carrying on such business, rendered under an indictment containing no allegation that he was conducting it as a public nuisance, was erronous. People v. Rosenberg, 138 N. Y. 410, 10 N. Y. Crim. 433.
DEFENSES.
No defense that the corporation through whose neglect of duty the nuisance exists, is financially unable to abate it. Baltimore v. State, 63 Md. 573.
No defense to a prosecution for creating a nuisance by discharging offensive substances into an artificial watercourse that the municipal corporation had failed to provide adequate drainage. Mergentheim v. State, 107 Ind. 567.
No defense that the alleged nuisance is connected with a large and flourishing business enterprise. Commonwealth v. Van Sickle Brightly 69, 4 Pa. L. J. Rep. 104.
. Under Penal Code 385, defining a public nuisance as unlawfully doing •an act or omitting to perform a duty, thereby injuring anyone, or endangering the health, repose or safely of any considerable number of people, and section 387, making the maintenance of such a nuisance a misdemeanor, •a person who lawfully maintains a dam across a watercourse within a •city in such manner as to cause a public nuisance is liable, notwithstanding the municipality has control of the watercourse and the dam, and is ■bound to keep the watercourses clean. People v. Pelton, 36 App. Div. 450; 14 N. Y. Crim. 64.
It is a defense that the nuisance was created by the burning of infected bedding during a small-pox epidemic. State v. Knoxville, 12 Lea (Tenn.) 146.
Not a complete defense that defendant acted as agent for another, but this may be urged in mitigation of penalty. State v. Bell, 5 Port. (Ala.) 365.
The fact of abatement, though not a perfect defense, may cause the imposition of a nominal fine, or an acquittal by consent of the prosecuting attorney. Rex v. Dunraven, W. W. & D. 577.
INDICTMENT.
In an indictment for the continuance of a nuisance previously erected by another person, the facts ought to be set up circumstantially. State v. Brown, 16 Conn. 54.
Where an indictment against a railroad for maintaining a nuisance by the erection of a bridge and approaches thereto was uncertain in its allegations as to whether the bridge complained of was erected across a turnpike for cars to pass over, or across the railroad for public travel, it was demurrable. Commonwealth v. Louisville, 6 S. W. (Ky.) 517.
An information allegating that defendant polluted an ancient stream thereby rendering the water unfit to drink, “to the common nuisance of the people” but failing to allege that the stream is one in which the public has rights, is demurrable. State v. Houck, 73 Ind. 37.
A husband while acting as the agent of his wife cannot be made liable and punished for continuing a nuisance upon her lands. People v. Crounse, 7 N. Y. Crim. 11.
EVIDENCE.
On a trial for keeping a slaughter pen producing offensive odors, alleged to constitute a common nuisance offensive to all citizens passing along an adjacent public highway, it is necessary to prove that the road upon which the citizens were annoyed is a public highway. State v. Wolf, 112 N. C. 889.
Where an indictment for a nuisance established near a town charged that the nuisance endangered the health and was to the detriment and annoyance “of the entire community” it was not necessary to show that everyone in the town had been personally inconvenienced. West v. State, 71 Ark. 144.
It is error to permit witnesses to state what other persons, while professing to smell the obnoxious stench complained of, said to them on the subject. Gloystein v. Commonwealth, 33 S. W. (Ky.) 824.
Evidence offered on behalf of the defendant that the tramway complained-of was used by a number of persons, and that it afforded a cheaper and easier mode of travelling than by ordinary conveyance, was held inadmissible. Reg. v. Train, 9 Cox. C. C. 180.
In a prosecution for creating and maintaining a nuisance by carrying on a business producing “noisome and offensive odors” evidence of the existence of the odor at times other than that charged in the indictment is inadmissible, especially when, if such evidence was admitted, it would not tend to prove that the odors complained of were produced during the time charged. Terry v. State, 24 Ohio Cir. Ct. 111.
Evidence held sufficient in N. Y. v. Johns-Manville Co., 89 App. Div. 449.
Evidence that a single person living in the vicinity of a slaughter pen was annoyed by the offensive odors emanating therefrom is insufficient in a criminal -prosecution to show a public nuisance. State v. Wolf, 112 N. C. 889.
Where the act complained of is the taking of property dedicated to the use of the public and appropriating it to private use, thereby wholly ex-
Where on the trial of an indictment charging the defendant with creating a public nuisance by removing the earth constituting the natural lateral support of a public highway, it appears that the defendant, although the owner of the land, had leased it prior to the excavation, and although not carrying on the excavation himself, had been present and at times directed his tenants where to dig and how to work certain clay deposits, the question as to whether the defendant was a “ principal ” within the meaning of section 29 of the Penal Code should be submitted to the jury, if the commission of the crime has been established. People v. Eckerson, 23 N. Y. Crim. 506.
DEFENSES.
Assuming that by laws of 1867, ch. 333 as amended by laws of 1870, ch. 158, the board of water commissioners of the city of Poughkeepsie has the entire control of Fallkill cre’ek and of a pond created by a dam across said creek, and that it is its duty to keep the pond clear without reference to tan agreement entered into with the owners of such dam and pond, and that if the board exercises properly its functions' the dam and pond will not constitute a public nuisance, these considerations afford no defence to such owners where the maintenance of the dam or the method of its use causes a public nuisance. People v. Pelton, 36 App. Div. 450, aff’d 159 N. Y. 537.
Where defendant is accused of having wilfully and maliciously obstructed a public highway by causing water to flow thereon by constructing a dam on private land, evidence that such obstruction was made under direction and by authority of the Commissioner of Highways is admissible in defense. People v. Crounse, 7 N. Y. Crim. 11.
VARIANCES.
On] an indictment for erecting a dam, whereby animal and vegetable substances were collected, and became offensive, and corrupted the water, it was sufficient to prove that the injury was caused by the rise and fall of the water in the pond, or from the action of the sun upon the vegetable substances growing on the margin, although the stream was not a public highway. People v. Townsend, 3 Hill, 479.
Where it appears that no substantial excavation was made within 200 feet of the highway and that, although a year had elapsed between the completion of the excavation and the trial, no subsidence or disturbance had oceured in the street or in the ground between it and the edge of the excavation and no cracks had appeared therein^ a charge that if such excavation "produced a condition such that that condition was reasonably certain to produce a sliding down of that highway to the extent of obstructing it and making it dangerous for passage, that the creation of that imminent peril was a condition within the meaning of the statute tending to obstruct and rendering dangerous for passage,” is fatally erroneous. People v. Eckerson, 23 N. Y. Crim. 506.
Upon the trial of an indictment for public nuisance under section 385, penal code, for obstructing a highway, where it appears that lands have been dedicated by the owner to the public as a highway, the acceptance by the public which establishes the highway in question and the obstruction to it upon which the indictment is based may be found by one and the same jury. People v. Loehfelm, 4 N. Y. Crim. 158.
Upon the trial of an indictment charging the owners of a pond and dam with permitting them to become a public nuisance, it is error for the court to answer that the jury will have to assume that public officers do their duty, without also instructing them that the future action of officials have nothing to do with the case, and that their verdict must not be influenced thereby. People v. Pelton, 14 N. Y. Crim. 64.