Defendant was jury convicted of delivery of heroin, MCL 335.341(l)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(l)(a), and sentenced to a term of 7-1/2 to 20 years imprisonment.
The essential facts of the alleged crime are not in dispute. State Police Trooper Phillip Maddox testified that, at the time of defendant’s arrest, he was working undercover in the City of Port Huron. On December 15, 1975, at approximately 5 p.m., he met defendant in the Red Shingle Bar, and tried to arrange for the purchase of heroin. Defendant told the officer that he would meet him at room 9 of the nearby Serenade Motel. At that time, defendant received $50 from Maddox and instructed him to return to the bar. Shortly thereafter, Bates returned, led Maddox outside, and directed him to go to a post located in front of the bar. While defendant stood by, Maddox picked up a brown paper bag which contained five metal foil packets, later determined to contain heroin.
Following the officer’s testimony concerning the events of December 15, 1975, he further indicated, in response to questioning by the prosecutor, that he had a similar dealing with defendant on or about January 21, 1976. Over objection by defense counsel, the trial court ruled that evidence of the subsequent sale was admissible under the similar acts statute, MCL 768.27; MSA 28.1050, to show scheme, design or intent, and further cautioned the jury as to its limited admissibility.
Defendant testified in his own behalf, and denied any delivery of heroin. He admitted taking the $50 from Maddox at the Serenade Motel as a favor, but stated that a man named Allan Brown had actually been the supplier of the narcotics.
On appeal, defendant raises three issues which we consider in turn.
*510 First, he contends that the trial judge erred in admitting evidence of the January 21, 1976, transaction.
Generally, evidence tending to show that a defendant has committed crimes or bad acts other than those charged is inadmissible because its probative value is outweighed by the likelihood of impermissible prejudice.
People v Wilkins,
"In any criminal case where the defendant’s motive, intent, the absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan or system in doing an act, is material, any like acts or other acts of the defendant which may tend to show his motive, intent, the absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan or system in doing the act, in question, may be proved, whether they are contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto; notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another or prior or subsequent crime by the defendant.”
Similar acts may not be introduced unless the matter they tend to prove is disputed.
People v Duncan,
However, Wilkins, supra, at 267-268, went on to catalogue an additional three-step analysis regarding the admission of similar acts:
"First, there must be substantial evidence that the defendant actually perpetrated the bad act sought to be introduced. People v Davis,343 Mich 348 ;72 NW2d 269 (1955), McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 190.
"Second, there must be some special circumstances of the prior bad act which tend to prove one of the statutory items. People v Lundberg, supra [364 Mich 596 ;111 NW2d 809 (1961)], People v Padgett,306 Mich 545 ;11 NW2d 235 (1943). For example, if a defendant were charged with robbery, another robbery committed by the defendant would not be admissible to prove intent merely because it also involved specific intent to rob. The law requires an additional showing that the facts or circumstances of the other bad acts are probative of the defendant’s motive, intent, absence of mistake or accident, scheme, plan or system in committing the charged offense. See, People v Locke,275 Mich 333 ;266 NW 370 (1936), Slough and Knightly, Other Vices, Other Crimes, 41 Iowa L Rev 325 (1956). In the absence of such a connection, the evidence would be inadmissible.
"The third requirement is that the defendant’s motive, intent, absence of mistake or accident, scheme, plan or system must be material to the determination of the defendant’s guilt of the charged offense. People v Oliphant, supra, [399 Mich 472 ;250 NW2d 443 (1976)], People v Riddle,322 Mich 199 ;33 NW2d 759 (1948), People v Stander,73 Mich App 617 ;251 NW2d 258 (1977).” (Emphasis in original. Footnotes omitted.)
Applying the Wilkins criteria to the present case, the parties concede that there was substantial evidence that defendant actually delivered heroin to Officer Maddox on January 21, 1976.
With regard to the second element, the record *512 offers striking similarities between the two heroin transactions in issue. Both incidents involved the illegal delivery of heroin in which both defendant and Officer Maddox were participants. Both involved the same motel and room number, and in each the delivery and subsequent pickup occurred at the Red Shingle Bar. The factual setting in each transaction was the same. Defendant’s acts were not spurious and unrelated, but differed only in time and quantity of heroin delivered.
Inasmuch as defendant admitted his participation in the actual delivery of January 21, 1976, the circumstances of that transaction are particularly probative of defendant’s scheme, plan, and system in committing the presently charged ojíense as they relate to the intent to deliver. Because intent to deliver is a statutory element of the instant crime, its materiality to a determination of defendant’s guilt is patent. Thus, Wilkins’ third requirement is also met.
Despite the satisfaction of these standards, it remains necessary to finally consider whether the probative value of the evidence outweighs the prejudicial effect.
People v Oliphant, supra,
at 489-490. Admission at trial depends upon,
inter alia,
the availability of other, less harmful sources of proof, the tendency of the evidence to inflame the jury, the potential for confusion of the issues, and the need for the proffered evidence to prove an element of the case.
Oliphant, supra, People v Spillman,
Looking to the present facts, we note in the record a paucity of other evidence from which to show defendant’s intent to commit the offense. Nor can we conclude that the evidence of the second
*513
transaction was unduly inflammatory, or that it was likely to confuse the issues in the trial. Intent was a clearly defined issue in the case, and the trial judge’s cautionary instruction meticulously limited the jury’s reflection of the challenged evidence to that question. We hold, therefore, on these facts, that the lower court did not abuse its discretion by admitting into evidence testimony regarding the second sale of heroin. See
People v Jones,
Defendant’s next allegation bears upon two provisions of the Controlled Substances Act, MCL 335.301 et seq.; MSA 18.1070(1) et seq.
Section 41(1) provides in pertinent part:
"Except as authorized by this act, it is unlawful for any person to manufacture, deliver or possess with intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance.” MCL 335.341(1); MSA 18.1070(41X1).
Section 56(1) and (2) states that:
"(1) It is not necessary for the state to negate any exemption or exception in this act in any complaint, information, indictment or other pleading or in any trial, hearing or other proceeding under this act. The burden of proof of any exemption or exception is upon the person claiming it.
"(2) In the absence of proof that a person is the duly authorized holder of an appropriate registration or order form issued under this act, he is presumed not to be the holder of the registration or form. The burden of proof is upon him to rebut the presumption.” MCL 335.356(1) and (2); MSA 18.1070(56X1) and (2).
Specifically, defendant asserts that, pursuant to § 41(1), lack of authorization to deliver is an ele *514 ment of the crime which must be proven by the people; and that, under § 56(1) and (2), the burden of proof is, in violation of due process, 2 unconstitutionally shifted to him.
Defendant’s first premise has been rejected by this Court in
People v Bailey,
Nor, as a corollary, do we find that § 56 impermissibly shifts the burden of proof to defendant to establish a license in order to fit within an exception to the statute. In
People v Henderson,
"[W]e are persuaded that the crime defined by MCLA *515 750.227; MSA 28.424 as it concerns this case, has but one element. We are satisfied that the operative words of the statute as they pertain to this defendant are:
" '* * * any person who shall carry a pistol * * * in any vehicle operated or occupied by him * * * shall be guilty of a felony.’
"The language in the statute 'without a license so to carry said pistol as provided by law’ does not add an element to the crime, but simply acknowledges that a person may be authorized so to carry a pistol. This is of the essence of a license.
"A license is the permission by competent authority to do an act which, without such permission, would be illegal.
"Accordingly we hold that upon a showing that a defendant has carried a pistol in a vehicle operated or occupied by him, prima facie case of violation of the statute has been made out. Upon the establishment of such a prima facie case, the defendant has the burden of injecting the issue of license by offering some proof— not necessarily by official record—that he has been so licensed. The people thereupon are obliged to establish the contrary beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis supplied.)
In
People v Dempster,
Similarly, we hold, as have other panels of this Court,
People v Bailey, supra,
at 597-598,
People v Dean, supra,
at 27, see also
People v Beatty,
Finally, defendant’s contention that the trial court committed reversible error when it instructed the jury on the use of defendant’s prior criminal convictions, where no such evidence was brought forth at trial, merits little discussion. The transcript reveals that defense counsel requested a limiting instruction on impeachment by previous felony conviction although the trial judge originally did not intend to so instruct the jury. Defendant was never impeached by his convictions at trial; defense counsel apparently believed the charge was necessary due to his own repeated references to defendant’s prior record during voir dire and opening statement. Invited errors occasioned by defense tactics may not, on appeal, be assigned as grounds for reversal.
People v McDaniels,
Affirmed.
Notes
In his opening statement to the jury defense counsel stated that
"The real question I think in this case is going to be, whether or not what happened was actually a crime. * * * [T]he issue I think when everything is all boiled down here will be whether or not the role Mr. Bates played in this particular transaction is a crime.”
US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 17.
"Any person not having a license under the provisions of Act No. 343 of the Public Acts of 1937, as amended, being sections 335.51 to 335.78, inclusive, of the Compiled Laws of 1948, who shall sell, manufacture, produce, administer, dispense or prescribe any narcotic drug shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for a term of not less than 20 years nor more than life.” MCL 335.152; MSA 18.1122, since repealed.