Defendant, Eugene Bailey, was convicted by a jury on January 23, 1976, of delivery of a controlled substance, MCL 335.341(l)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(l)(a). He was sentenced to 10-20 years in prison and appeals as of right. We affirm.
Defendant raises several issues, only one of which merits discussion. He asserts that the Controlled Substances Act, MCL 335.301 et seq.; MSA 18.1070(1) et seq., shifts to defendant the burden of proof as to an element of the crime, thereby denying him due process of law. 1
Section 41(l)(a) of the Controlled Substances Act, the provision under which defendant was convicted, provides:
"Except as authorized by this act, it is unlawful for any person to manufacture, deliver or possess with intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance. Any person who violates this subsection with respect to:
A controlled substance classified in schedules 1 or 2 which is a narcotic drug, is guilty of a felony and upon *596 conviction may be imprisoned for not more than 20 years or fined not more than $25,000.00, or both.”
Section 56(2) of the Controlled Substances Act, MCL 335.356(2); MSA 18.1070(56X2), provides:
"In the absence of proof that a person is the duly authorized holder of an appropriate registration or order form issued under this act, he is presumed not to be the holder of the registration or form. The burden of proof is upon him to rebut the presumption.”
Specifically, defendant argues that, pursuant to § 41(l)(a), lack of authorization to deliver a controlled substance is an element of the crime; and that, pursuant to § 56(2), the burden of proof on this issue is unconstitutionally shifted from the people to the defendant.
Lack of authorization is not an element of the crime of delivery of a controlled substance under the present statute. Defendant’s reliance on
People v Rios,
Further, § 56(2) does not impermissibly shift the burden of proof on the issue of lack of authorization. In
People v Henderson,
"[W]e are persuaded that the crime defined by MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424 as it concerns this case, has but one element. We are satisfied that the operative words of the statute as they pertain to this defendant are:
" ' * * * any person who shall carry a pistol * * * in any vehicle operated or occupied by him * * * shall be guilty of a felony.’
"The language in the statute 'without a license so to carry said pistol as provided in law’ does not add an element to the crime, but simply acknowledges that a person may be authorized so to carry a pistol. This is of the essence of a license.
"A license is the permission by competent authority to do an act which, without such permission, would be illegal.
*598 "Accordingly we hold that upon a showing that a defendant has carried a pistol in a vehicle operated or occupied by him, prima facie case of violation of the statute has been made out. Upon the establishment of such a prima facie case, the defendant has the burden of injecting the issue of license by offering some proof— not necessarily by official record — that he has been so licensed. The people thereupon are obliged to establish the contrary beyond a reasonable doubt.
"We read MCLA 776.20; MSA 28.1274(1), supra not as absolving the state from proving one element of a crime, for to do so would vitiate the presumption of innocence. Rather, we read this statute as an appropriate legislative expression that lack of a license is not an element of the offense.”
See, also,
People v Dempster,
In conclusion, we note that the Supreme Court has stated:
"[I]t is 'normally within the power of the State to regulate procedures under which its laws are carried out, including the burden of producing evidence and the burden of persuasion,’ and its decision in this regard is not subject to proscription under the Due Process Clause unless 'it offends some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental.’ ” (Citations omitted.) Patterson v New York,432 US 197 , 201-202;97 S Ct 2319 ;53 L Ed 2d 281 (1977).
The statutory provisions construed in the case at bar do not vitiate the presumption of innocence— it is presumed that the defendant did not deliver a *599 controlled substance. They do not shift the burden of proof as to any element of the crime — the people must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did deliver a controlled substance. And, if the defendant adduces any evidence of authorization, the people must also prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he had no such authorization. Concrete evidence on this latter point is readily available to either party through official documents. Realistically, it is all but inconceivable that even one defendant charged with delivery of a controlled substance, who in fact had authorization to do so, will ever be wrongfully convicted under the Controlled Substances Act. Clearly, this statutory scheme does not offend any "principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental”. Id.
Affirmed.
Notes
US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 17.
It should be noted that a similar provision, MCL 335.68; MSA 18.1088, was part of the uniform narcotic drug act (also repealed by the Controlled Substances Act), but that it did not apply to prosecutions under the statute involved in
Eios
and
Stewart. See People v Anderson,
Unquestionably, as a matter of constitutional law, the people must prove beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the crime charged.
In re Winship,