On Dеcember 13, 1973, defendant Charles Bryce Averill was convicted by a jury of unarmed robbery. MCLA 750.530; MSA *509 28.798. He was sentenced oh December 27,1973, to a term of from 3 to 15 years in prison with credit for time already served while awaiting trial. Defendant now appeals as of right.
There are nine assignments of error. We have examined them all. Those to which we do not specifically advert hаve not been disregarded. Rather, we consider them to have raised issues of insufficient substance to merit decisional discussion.
Defendant contends that the prosecutor’s improper use of prior convictions for impeachment purposes and his introduction of allegedly irrelevant impeachment evidence deprived him of a fair trial.
In
People v Jackson,
However, these decisions presuppose a request by defense counsel to limit the use of priоr convictions.
People v Jackson, supra,
at 336;
Defendant claims that he is entitled to a new trial because before he took the stand, prosecution witnesses twice alluded to the fact that he had a prior criminal record. However, our review of the testimony reveals nothing which would warrant reversal of defendant’s criminal conviction.
The first reference to defendant’s criminal record was made by the complainant, Miss Green, who testified that defendant had told her that he had been in prison before. However, on cross-examinatiоn it was revealed that it was actually codefendant Leroy Croston, and not the defendant, who had made this statement to Miss Green. As soon as the trial court became aware of this slip of the tongue by Miss Green, it instructed the jury to disregard her statement. Since Miss Green’s reference to a prior record was finally attributed to Croston and not the defendant, we fail to sеe how the defendant could have been prejudiced thereby. Accordingly, we find no error.
The next allusion to defendant’s prior record occurred when Trooper James Justiсe testified that defendant mentioned to him that he had a prior record. The complained-of remark was volunteered by the witness and not deliberately elicited by the prosecutor. 3
Relying on
People v Buffa,
"Such evidence regarding defendant’s prior criminal involvement is highly prejudicial and, hence, inadmissible until such time as the defendant takes the witness stand and raises the issue of his character or credibility, or unless such evidence is materiаl and relevant to some other issue being tried. People v Gardner,37 Mich App 520 ;195 NW2d 62 (1972); see also McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 190, p 447, et seq. ” (Emphasis supplied.)
The discussion in McCormick partially notes the following policy reasons for the existence of the exceptions to the rule on admissibility.
"The rule is that the prosecution may not introduce evidence of other criminal acts of the accused unless the evidence is substantially relevant for some other purpose than to show a probability that he committed the crime on trial because he is a man of criminal character. There are numerous other purposes for which evidence of other criminal acts may be offered, and when so offered the rule of exclusion is simply inapplicable. ” McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 190, pp 447-448. (Emphasis supplied.)
McCormick then lists a number of possible exceptions, one of which we deem relevant to this case:
"To establish motive. This in turn may serve as evidence of the identify of the dоer of the crime on charge; or of deliberateness, malice, or a specific intent *512 constituting an- element of the crime.” McCormick, supra, pp 450-451 (Emphasis supplied.)
We are of the opinion that where, as here, the thrust of the defense is defendant’s alleged lack of intent, the above-mentioned exception is applicable. Therefore, the reference to defendant’s prior record does not mandate reversal. Indeed, as defense counsel has pointed out, thе reason defendant allegedly lacked the requisité specific intent and the reason he voluntarily submitted himself to the authorities was because of his prior misfortunes with the law.
Defendant nеxt claims that he was denied a fair trial due to the incompetence and ineffectiveness of his trial counsel. Defendant urges this Court to reject the Degraffenreid 4 standard for effеctive assistance of counsel and to adopt in its "place the higher standard announced in Beasley v United States, 491 F2d 687, 696 (CA 6, 1974). However, we do not feel it is necessary to weigh the merits of either standard in this cаse, since we are of the opinion that none of defense counsel’s actions merit characterizing his representation of defendant as incompetent or ineffective. We need discuss only two of his actions.
The claim that defendant is entitled to a new trial because his counsel was unaware of a statement defendant had given to the poliсe is merit-less. Although defense counsel should have been aware of the statement, his lack of knowledge as to its existence did not prejudice the defendant. There was no claim at trial that the statement was not voluntary, nor is the voluntariness of the statement challenged on appeal. Therefore, what *513 we have is the fact that defense counsel mаy have been somewhat embarrassed by the fact that he did not know the statement existed and nothing else. The circumstances of defendant’s arrest a short time after the robbery and thе testimony of the complainant are so highly probative of guilt that trial counsel’s failure to determine whether defendant had made a statement to the police was harmless error.
Likewise, defendant’s claim that the trial counsel’s failure to interview Leroy Croston, defendant’s accomplice, constituted inadequate assistance is without merit. Croston was called by the prosecutor to testify and, once under oath, refused to answer any questions relating to the crime in an exercise of his Fifth Amendment rights. Defense counsel attempted unsuсcessfully to cross-examine him.
We fail to see how defense counsel’s failure to interview Croston prejudiced the defendant. Since Croston refused to testify concerning the crime itself, the fact that defense counsel did or did not interview him is irrelevant. Furthermore, Croston’s refusal to testify did not prejudice the defendant and actually may have helped him. Defendant admitted his presence at the crime, maintaining that he took no active part in it and that he failed to prevent it because he feared Croston. Since Croston remained silent, nо reflection on defendant’s culpability occurred based on the defense’s theory that Croston committed the crime himself.
We find that defense counsel’s failure to interview Croston may well have been a tactical decision, but that if it was not, it did not prejudice defendant and therefore did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Counsel may havе de *514 cided not to encourage Croston to testify for fear that he may have testified that he did not act alone, but that defendant willingly participated in the robbery thus negating the theоry of the defense. Defense counsel may well have decided not to interview Croston to avoid this result.
Lastly, by way of a supplemental brief, defendant now raises the question of whether
Affirmed.
Notes
MCLA 600.2159; MSA 27A.2159 in conjunction with MCLA 600.2158; MSA 27A.2158.
While defense counsel did object that reference to defendant’s prior record was prejudicial, these objections were registered in relation to alleged statements made by defendant to witnesses. At no time did defense counsel specifically request the trial court to limit or еxclude reference to defendant’s prior convictions.
Indeed, the record reveals that after this statement was made, the prosecutor, out of the presence of the jury, cautioned the witness not to make any further reference to the defendant’s prior record.
People v Degraffenreid,