People v. Anderson

Feb 24, 1978
Crim. 20271
Versions:20 Cal. 3d 647
574 P.2d 1235
143 Cal. Rptr. 883
1978 Cal. LEXIS 193

Opinion

RICHARDSON, J.

Dеfendants James Anderson and Dennis Davis have appealed from convictions of voluntary manslaughter (Pen. Code, § 192), with findings that each defendant was armed with a deadly weapon (id, § 12022). Among other contentions, defendants assert that the trial court committed reversible error in permitting the prosecution to introduce evidence that, on two prior oсcasions, they had been arrested together on unspecified charges. In light of the likelihood of prejudice to defendants by reason of the introduction of such evidence, we conclude that the trial court erred in admitting the evidence, and will reverse the judgment.

On August 12, 1975, defendants became engaged in a fight with Joe Watson and Allen Holinsworth. During the struggle, Watson was ‍‌​​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‍cut and Holinsworth was fatally stabbed in the heart. Defendants were each charged with murder while armed with a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, §§ 187,12022) and with assault with a deadly weapon (id., § 245, subd. (a)). Following a jury trial, defendants were found not guilty of the assault on Watson, but guilty of voluntary manslaughter, a lesser and necessarily included offense to murder; the juiy further found that both defendants were armed with a deadly weapon when the offense occurred.

At trial, the testimony (by victim Watson, several eyewitnesses, and defendаnts themselves) was conflicting. Prosecution witnesses indicated that during the fight defendant Anderson seized a knife from Watson and gave it to defendant Davis, who used it to stab Holinsworth and cut Watson. Evidence that Anderson had handed Davis a knife was disрuted by defense testimony to the effect that Davis, in self-defense, managed to wrest the knife from Holinsworth, who accidentally fell on it.

During cross-examination of defendant Anderson, and over defendants’ objection, the prosecutor was permitted to elicit the information that Anderson twice had been arrested with defendant Davis on other unspecified charges. The prosecutor’s theory of relevancy was that the ‍‌​​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‍evidence of prior “joint” arrests established a “close affinity” between the codefendants, a fact which, it was contended, bore on their credibility by implying a bias or prejudice. Concluding that the probative value of the evidence outweighed its prejudicial effect (Evid. Code, § 352), the trial court overruled defendants’ objection and in doing so it abused its discretion.

By statute, evidеnce of prior specific acts of misconduct is ordinarily inadmissible either to prove conduct on a specific occasion or to attack a witness’ credibility. (Id., §§ 787, 1101, subd. (a); see § 788 [exception for prior felony сonvictions].) More specifically, it has long been held that evidence of an accused’s prior arrests is inadmissible. (People v. Arlington (1899) 123 Cal. 356, 357 [55 P. 1003];-People v. Hamblin (1885) 68 Cal. 101, 103 [8 P. 687]; People v. Guiterrez (1957) 152 Cal.App.2d 115, 120 [312 P.2d 291]; see Grudt v. City of Los Angeles (1970) 2 Cal.3d 575, 590-592 [86 Cal.Rptr. 465, 468 P.2d 825] [improper impeachment of witness]; People v. Blalock (1965) 238 Cal.App.2d 209, 224 [47 Cal.Rptr. 604] [same]; People v. Duvernay (1941) 43 Cal.App.2d 823, 827 [111 P.2d 659] [same].)

Doubtless, the People are correct in contending that evidence of prior arrests might in a generаl sense be ‍‌​​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‍relevant as demonstrating bias or interest because of the “close affinity” between the codеfendants (see People v. Green (1962) 208 Cal.App.2d 410, 415 [25 Cal.Rptr. 398]; cf. People v. Buzzell (1940) 15 Cal.2d 654, 661 [104 P.2d 503]). The prosecution, however, had already established, through Anderson’s testimony, that he was a “good friend” of Davis, having known him socially for five years. Thus the evidence was cumulative.

More importantly, prior casеs have recognized the extreme danger of prejudice from introduction of evidence of previous аrrest. As we noted in Grudt, supra, a witness’ credibility in the eyes of the jury would be seriously impaired by evidence ‍‌​​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‍of prior criminal arrеsts, because of the “bad character” inevitably suggested thereby. (2 Cal.3d at p. 592; see also People v. Arlington, supra, 123 Cal. at p. 357 [being arrested is “not conducive to a goоd character for defendant”]; People v. Hamblin, supra, 68 Cal. at p. 103.) Ordinarily, we defer to the broad discretion vested in the trial courts to weigh the prоbative value of evidence against its likely prejudicial effect. Here the evidence shows only “arrests.” Evеn when the evidence establishes defendant’s commission of other crimes, however, we have counselled сaution. Within this context, we have said that evidence which is relevant and probative, on the one hand, but contains within itself a substantial degree of prejudice should be received with “extreme caution,” its admissibility “examined with care,” and in the event of uncertainty as to its connection with the offense charged “the doubt should be resolved in favor of the accused.” (People v. Thomas (1978) ante, pp. 457, 466-467 [143 Cal.Rptr. 215, 573 P.2d 453]; People v. Kelley (1967) 66 Cal.2d 232, 239 [57 Cal.Rptr. 363, 424 P.2d 947].)

In this case, the admission of the evidence of the codefendants’ prior arrests must be dеemed prejudicial error, given the fact that the record reveals a close and difficult credibility determination for the jury which had to weigh divergent and conflicting factual recitations describing the fight. The jury took several days оf deliberation to reach its verdict. But for admission of the prior arrests, it is reasonably probable that the jury would hаve believed defendants’ version of the events and rendered a more favorable verdict. (See People v. Wagner (1975) 13 Cal.3d 612, 620-621 [119 Cal.Rptr. 457, 532 P.2d 105] [prosecutor’s misconduct in implicating ‍‌​​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‍defendant in prior criminal acts]; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [299 P.2d 243].)

The People suggest that any prejudicial error would have been rendered harmless had defendants agreed to an admonition which was prepared by the triаl court for delivery to the jury at the close of trial. The proposed instruction would have directed the jury to consider the evidence of defendants’ prior arrests only for the purpose of determining their credibility. Such an admonition, however, could not have corrected the error resulting from the admission of the previous arrest testimony and would have directly contravened Evidence Code section 787, which declares that evidence of specific instances of misconduct is inadmissible “to attack ... the credibility of a witness.”

In the light of our disposition of the case, it is unnecessary to consider other contentions raised by defendants, as these matters are unlikely to arise on retrial.

The judgment is reversed.

Bird, C. J., Tobriner, J., Mosk, J., Clark, J., Manuel, J., and Newman, J., concurred.