People v. . Sheldon

13 N.Y. Crim. 61 | NY | 1898

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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] The question before this court is not how long may a court keep a jury together, for that is a matter resting in the sound discretion of the trial court. Nor is the question whether a jury should be compelled to stay together more than one night without a bed, or at least a cot to lie on, for that too is a matter resting in discretion. It seems a wiser exercise of that discretion, however, to provide sleeping accommodations for the jury after the first night at least. This can be readily done in most hotels without interference with the requirement to keep the jury together. But while these questions are not before the court, the facts which suggest them are, and together with other facts, they command an answer to the query, may there be coercion of a jury in a capital case? If this question be answered in the negative there follows the further inquiry, was there coercion in this case?

By the ancient common law jurors were kept together as prisoners of the court until they had agreed upon their verdict. (Thompson Merriam on Juries, § 310.) It was regarded not only proper, but requisite, that they should be coerced to an agreement upon a verdict. (Profatt Jury Trial, § 475.)

"A jury, sworn and out in a case of life or member, cannot be discharged by the court or any other, but they ought to give a verdict." (Coke Litt. 227b.) Blackstone Com. (p. 375) says: "The jury, after the proofs are summed up, unless the case be very clear, withdraw from the bar to consider their verdict; and, in order to avoid intemperance and causeless delay, are to be kept without meat, drink, fire, or candle, unless by permission of the judge, till they are all unanimously agreed. * * * And it has been held that, if the jurors do not agree in their verdict before the judges are about to leave the town, the judges are not bound to wait for them, but may carry them to town in a cart."

In the Doctor and Student (1518), at p. 271, it is said: "I take not the law of the realm to be that the jury, after they be sworn, may not eat nor drink till they be agreed of the verdict; but truth it is there is a maxim and an old custom in the law, that they shall not eat nor drink after they be sworn, till they have given their verdict, without the assent and license of the justices. * * * And if they will in no wise agree, I think that the justices may set such order in the matter as shall seem to them by their discretion to stand with reason and conscience, by awarding a new inquest, and by setting fine upon them that they shall find in default, or otherwise as they shall think best in their discretion; like as they may do if one of the jury die before verdict, or if any other like casualties fall in that behalf."

Mr. Emlyn, in his preface to the second edition of the State Trials, printed in 1730, says: "The law requires that the twelve men, of which the jury consists, shall all agree before they give in a verdict; if they don't, they must undergo a greater punishment than the criminal himself; they are to be confined in one room without meat," etc., "till they are starv'd. It would be pretty hard to assign any tolerable reason for this usage; if it has seldom or never happen'd, I'm afraid it has sometimes been prevented only by the unjust compliance of some of the jurors against their own consciences. * * * To what end, therefore, are they to be restrained in this manner? It may, indeed, force them to an outward seeming agreement against the dictates of their own consciences, but can never be a means of informing their judgment or convincing their understanding. * * * Why must the jurors be compelled to an agreement one way or the other? After all, a forced agreement is no better than none. If the consent of him who stands out against the rest be of any regard, it ought to be free; if of none, then why can't a verdict be given without it?"

The inconsistency of insisting that every one of twelve men must agree before a verdict can be rendered, and at the same time justifying a court in coercing one or more jurors into an agreement with their fellows, received early attention by the courts of this state.

In People v. Olcott (2 Johnson's Cases, 301) the defendant was tried under an indictment for conspiracy to defraud, and, the jury being unable to agree, the court, against the consent of the defendant, ordered a juror withdrawn and the jury discharged. Mr. Justice KENT, in an opinion reviewing prior cases at length, paid his respects (at page 309) to the rule formerly existing of compelling an agreement of the jury. He said: "The doctrine of compelling a jury to unanimity by the pains of hunger and fatigue, so that the verdict in fact be founded not on temperate discussion and clear conviction, but on strength of body, is a monstrous doctrine, that does not stand with conscience, but is altogether repugnant to a sense of humanity and justice. A verdict of acquittal or conviction obtained under such circumstances can never receive the sanction of public opinion. And the practice of former times, of sending the jury in carts from one assize to another, is properly controlled by the improved manners and sentiments of the present day."

In People v. Goodwin (18 Johns. 187) the defendant was indicted for manslaughter; the jury being unable to agree before the last moment the court would sit, they were discharged. The question arose whether defendant could be again put upon his trial on the indictment. In writing the opinion of the court SPENCER, Ch. J., said: "In the case of People v. Olcott all the authorities then extant upon the power of the court to discharge a jury in criminal cases, and the consequences of such discharge, were very ably and elaborately examined by Mr. Justice KENT, and it would be an unpardonable waste of time to enter upon a re-examination of them." The chief judge quotes largely from Justice KENT'S opinion, and says: "The learned judge inveighs, with force and eloquence, against the monstrous doctrine of compelling a jury to unanimity by the pains of hunger and fatigue, so that a verdict is not founded on temperate discussion, but on strength of body. Although the case ofPeople v. Olcott was a case of misdemeanor, the reasoning is, in my judgment, entirely applicable to cases of felony; and, although the opinion was confined to the case under consideration, a perusal of it will show that it embraces every possible case of a trial for crimes."

Other comparatively early criminal cases in which the same question was presented and passed on were People v. Ward (1 Wheeler Cr. Cases, 469); Grant v. People (4 Parker's Crim. R. 527); People v. Green (13 Wend. 55); U.S. v. Perez (9 Wheaton, 579).

In Green v. Telfair (11 How. Pr. 260) a motion was made to set aside a verdict on affidavits. The judge said to the jury in substance, this case has excited considerable feeling; the nature of jury trials implies concessions and compromise; no juror should control result, or otherwise the verdict would be that of one man, not that of twelve; that for five years he had discharged but one jury that had failed to agree, and he should send them out again, and hoped they would agree. One of the jurors said he supposed (it being Saturday afternoon) their duties would be at an end, and they would be discharged at twelve o'clock, to which the judge replied that this was not so; that he was authorized to receive the verdict on Sunday, and besides it was his intention to go to Albany by the next train, and if they did not agree before he left he would return on Monday and receive their verdict. Jury retired, remained absent about half an hour, returned into court and rendered a verdict for plaintiff.

Mr. Justice HARRIS, before whom the motion was made to set aside the verdict on the ground of coercion, said in the course of his opinion: "An attempt to influence the jury by referring to the time they are to be kept together, or the inconvenience to which they are to be subjected, in case they are so pertinacious as to adhere to their individual opinions, and thus continue to disagree, cannot be justified. A judge has no right to threaten or intimidate a jury in order to affect their deliberations. I think he has no right to even allude to his own purposes as to the length of time they are to be kept together. There should be nothing in his intercourse with the jury having the least appearance of duress or coercion. * * * That, should they continue to disagree, they are not to be exposed to unreasonable inconvenience, nor to receive the animadversion of the court."

In Slater v. Mead (53 How. Pr. 59) the judge said to the jury: "You must agree upon a verdict; I cannot discharge you until you agree upon a verdict." The jury retired, and soon returned and rendered their verdict of no cause of action. Verdict was set aside on motion at Special Term, the opinion citing with approval the remarks of Mr. Justice HARRIS in Green v. Telfair (supra).

In Ingersoll v. The Town of Lansing (51 Hun, 103) the court made no provision for discharging the jury in the absence of the presiding justice from the county, unless they agreed, which compelled them to bring in a verdict or remain in confinement for four days without aid, protection or even the presence of the court. On appeal, this was held to constitute coercion, and, therefore, that the trial court erred in refusing to set aside the verdict. In the course of the opinion, which was written by Mr. Justice FOLLETT, the opinion in Green v.Telfair is cited with approval, and also Pierce v. Pierce (38 Mich. 412). In the latter case the jury retired on Tuesday P.M. Wednesday P.M. officer informed the judge that they could not agree. Thereupon the judge directed the officer to inform them "The judge does not believe it yet, and you might say to them that it is essential that they agree to-night, as I am going, and I won't be back until day after to-morrow, and they might not get discharged until I come back, as Judge COOLIDGE is going to be here." The verdict was returned within an hour. It was held that the verdict should be regarded as coerced, the court saying: "Every attempt to drive men into an agreement which they would not have reached freely is a perversion of justice. The one may be right as well as the eleven, and if right may be able to persuade them. * * * And it is very possible, at least, that a message of this kind given would be regarded by the outstanding juror as a somewhat strong intimation of the judge's opinion of the plainness of the case and the impropriety of holding out."

In Physioc v. Shea (75 Ga. 466) a new trial was granted, where a verdict was rendered shortly after the judge told the jury (which had been out all night) that they could have breakfast at their own expense, they having had no supper.

In Chesapeake, O. S.W.R.R. Co. v. Barlow (86 Tenn. 537) the jury reported inability to agree. The trial judge said: "This is too common, and you ought to agree;" that he would not discharge them, but should keep them together for the remaining three weeks of the term unless they agreed. They agreed next day. The verdict was set aside.

In State v. Bybee (17 Kansas, 462) the court said to the jury that they ought, by compromise and surrender of individual opinion, to agree, and that failure to do so would be an imputation on court and jury. In an opinion written by Judge BREWER the court presented its reasons for reversing the judgment in part, that while the court might call the attention of the jury to many matters that rendered an agreement desirable, such as time already taken, improbability of securing additional testimony, the general public benefit in a speedy close of a litigation, the question of expense to parties and the public, yet no juror should be influenced to a verdict by fear that failure to do so would be regarded by the public as reflecting upon either his intelligence or his integrity. "Personal considerations should never be permitted to influence his conclusion, and the thought of them should never be presented to him as a motive of action."

That was a criminal case, and it may be said, in passing, that the language used by the trial judge to the jury is very much like that used on one occasion by the judge in the case at bar. The intelligence of the jury was not more sharply reflected upon in that case than in this, for the trial justice said: "This case has occupied nearly seven weeks, and to say now, at the end of all that time, at the end of all this labor and expense, that the question is no better off than it was when started, is almost toconfess incompetency in this matter."

In Hancock v. Elam (3 Baxt. [Tenn.] 33) the judge ordered the jury locked up until they should agree, not allowing them to have dinner. Held, error.

Spearman v. Wilson (44 Ga. 473) held: "The court erred in overruling the motion for a new trial, upon the ground that, after the jury was brought in and answered they had not and were not likely to agree, he stated to them that if they did not bring in a verdict very soon, he would make arrangements to carry them to Greensboro. This question was decided in 31 Geo. 625."

In 16 Am. Eng. Enc. of Law, 522, the rule is said to be that "Language on the part of the court, the obvious tendency of which is to coerce an agreement on the part of the jury, affords grounds for a new trial. To insist too strenuously upon the necessity of an agreement may have such effect."

Terre Haute Ind. R.R. Co. v. Jackson (81 Ind. 19, 24) was an appeal from a decision overruling a motion for a new trial. Judgment was reversed and a new trial granted, upon the ground of coercion. After the jury had retired and been out nine hours, the trial court, without consent of the appellant, "caused the jury to be informed through the bailiff having them in charge that, if they did not agree upon a verdict, the court would keep them until Saturday night, a period of four days, to which action of the court the defendant at the proper time, as soon as her attorneys learned of such action, objected and excepted."

"The action of the court cannot be justified. It constituted, as it must have intended it should, a kind of coercion upon the jury, which was inconsistent with their proper independence. * * * A plain error was committed. Its plain tendency was to influence the jury."

Berry v. People (1 N.Y. Cr. R. 43, 47), reported in memorandum (77 N.Y. 588), is not at all in conflict with the trend of all recent authority upon this question. In that case the jury, after being charged, retired for deliberation and upon returning to the court asked for further instructions, and then announced their inability to agree upon a verdict. The recorder, addressing the jury, said: "I would discharge you, but under my sense of duty I cannot. After a few days the case has been presented to you, thoroughly argued and tried, witnesses were examined and cross-examined. I don't care what you find, guilty or not guilty, it is perfectly immaterial to me. But I say it is my duty if you cannot agree, that I shall lock you up for the night. That is a most ungrateful thing to do to any jury. As I told you on Friday night, I didn't want you detained from your families, and I do not now. If you cannot agree I shall order an officer to take you in charge. I will give you fifteen minutes and see if you can arrive at a conclusion."

But for the expression of the trial judge, "I shall lock you up for the night," his remarks would have presented no ground for criticism. This court was of the opinion that the trial judge did not intend to coerce the jury, that he sought merely to convey the idea that they would have to remain over night at the court. This court said in its per curiam opinion: "The alleged threat to lock up jurors if they failed to agree, was, we think, only intended as a statement that the jury would have to remain over night, as the court would adjourn. Nothing like a threat of imprisonment or punishment could have been intended." The decision of the court, therefore, was that there had been no attempt at coercion, the language complained of not being susceptible of a construction that would give it that effect with the jury, and not that a judgment would be allowed to stand either where the trial court had attempted to coerce the jury, or the language used by him was of such a character that it probably had that effect. Phœnix Ins. Co. v. Moog (81 Ala. 335) andTaylor v. Jones (2 Head [Tenn.], 565), are in line with cases cited.

Reference has now been made to nearly all the cases which I have been able to find, of comparatively recent date, and they establish that the old rule permitting coercion of a jury in order to secure a verdict has been swept away; that, under our present method, the independence of a juror is respected. An attempt to drive the members of a jury into an agreement is beyond the power of the court, and an obvious effort to effect such a result demands a new trial.

In this case we can well understand the anxiety of the learned judge, who presided at the trial, to have it ended by a verdict of a jury. The trial had lasted nearly seven weeks; it had been a severe strain upon the jury to be kept together all that time; the expense had been exceedingly great for so small a county, and to have all this inconvenience, labor and expense borne for nothing seemed a most unfortunate result, and one to be avoided if possible. But in the attempt to avoid it the learned judge, as we think, after a very careful consideration of the subject, fell into error, and, as a result, very likely coerced some members of the jury into an agreement with their fellow-members against their own personal convictions.

Some of the grounds upon which this conclusion rests will now be given.

At 8:30 P.M. of the 11th day of March, 1897, the jury retired to consider a case, the trial of which had consumed nearly seven weeks, during all of which time they had been kept together. All of that night and until 11:30 A.M. of the next day, the jury were presumably engaged in discussing the evidence, but at the hour last named they came into court and asked two questions about evidence. The information asked for was furnished by reading a portion of the stenographer's minutes. At 3:25 P.M. of the same day, the jury came into court and announced that they had not agreed upon a verdict. The court then addressed the jury upon the importance of a decision of the question submitted to them, concluding as follows: "It is for the interests of all concerned and public justice that there should be a decision of this case, so that the question shall be put at rest. I cannot hear of a disagreement of this jury. You must retire, gentlemen."

The jury at once retired, and two hours later asked for further instructions, which were furnished by reading from the stenographer's minutes. The next day at 12:45 P.M. the jury presented to the court a written communication, which read as follows:

"The probability or even possibility of this jury ever agreeing is impossible, in my opinion.

"(Signed.) GEO. J. HOLDEN, Foreman."

For forty hours, covering two entire nights, this jury had been engaged in the consideration of the testimony in a small room, and now for the first reported their deliberate judgment to be that an agreement was impossible. The court responded to this communication as follows: "The order will be that you be conducted to your hotel, and that you be brought back for further deliberation. * * * I have made my own arrangements so as to be back at your call, both for to day and for some time in the future, so that this case may be fully disposed of, if there is a possibility for it. * * *"

Language more apt to convey to a jury that the hardships of the past forty hours were to be continued for a considerable time in the future, cannot easily be imagined. On their return the court addressed them at length, saying among other things: "I don't know that you fully appreciate the gravity and importance to this community and to the state, that a decision should be reached in this matter, and that this important question shall be settled whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. This case has occupied nearly seven weeks, and to say now at the end of all that time, at the end of all this labor and expense, that the question is no better off than it was when it started is almost to confess incompetency in this matter * * *."

We suspend quoting from the remarks of the court long enough to again call attention to State v. Bybee (supra), in which the court reversed a judgment of conviction because the trial court in urging the jury to agree said, "that failure to do so would be an imputation on court and jury."

In the opinion of the court written by judge, now Mr. Justice BREWER, it was said: "No juror should be induced to agree to a verdict by a fear that a failure to so agree would be regarded by the public as reflecting upon either his intelligence or his integrity. Personal consideration should never be permitted to influence his conclusions, and the thought of them should never be presented to him as a motive for action."

The position taken by that court meets with our approval, and it is alike applicable to the comment of the trial court in this case that a failure to agree "is almost to confess incompetency in this matter."

Taking up again the address of the court to the jury, who had solemnly announced that an agreement was impossible, we quote: "I have laid aside my other engagements so that this case can be attended to, because I appreciate the importance of it, and I would like to enforce upon you an appreciation of the importance of settling this question; it has got to be settled." Later on, but in this same address, the court said: "I know that your room is a narrow place and that you are a good deal confined there, and for that reason I have arranged with the sheriff that you shall occupy this room from now on until the completion of your labors. Of course I don't know how long it will take * * *."

The address was followed by an order entered on the minutes of the court "that the jury should be conducted to their meals at the usual hours to-morrow, Sunday and including Monday morning." Monday morning came and the jury sent word to the court that they had agreed; they had been out for about eighty-four hours without beds or cots; forty of those hours they had been confined in a small room. From the remarks of the court, and the treatment they had received, they had every reason to believe that a still longer confinement on chairs and hard benches was in store for them, a physical strain such as only strong men could stand. If one or more members of the jury surrendered their convictions to put an end to the punishment they were undergoing, and with an indefinite continuance of which they were all threatened, it is not to be wondered at. Only very strong characters could have longer resisted the importunities of associates and the appeal of their own exhausted bodies for relief from the strain to which they had been so long subjected.

Enough has been said to call attention to some of the reasons which have led us to the conclusion that the agreement of this jury should be regarded as coerced. A verdict thus obtained ought not to be allowed to stand in any case, and least of all, in one involving a human life.

The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted.

All concur.

Judgment reversed, etc.