Opinion by
T1 In this dependency and neglect case, the juvenile court entered an order allocating
T2 On appeal, father challenges the APR order. He contends that the juvenile court had no basis to enter this order because the court's subject matter jurisdiction terminated after he prevailed at the adjudicatory hearing. We agree. We thus vacate the APR order and remand with directions for the court to discharge father and S.T. from any existing temporary orders entered prior to the adjudicatory hearing.
I. The Dependency and Neglect Petition
{3 The El Paso County Department of Human Services (the Department) became involved in this case after it received a call from someone who was concerned that mother was abusing prescription pills and not properly supervising S.T., an infant. The Department's investigation revealed that mother and her child were staying in a friend's unsanitary apartment. One day, S.T.'s uncle and a family friend went to the apartment and found S.T. alone, asleep on the floor, with an open container of pills next to him. When mother returned to the apartment, they transported her to "detox" because her lips were blue, she could not walk straight, and she appeared confused. Although S.T. was not injured, the Department obtained an emergency custody order and placed S.T. with his maternal grandparents. At the time, father was living in North Carolina, and his paternity as to S.T. had not been established.
{4 The Department filed a dependency and neglect petition. The petition alleged that mother was "struggling with an addiction" to prescription medications Xanax, Ad-derall, and Percocet, "which places the welfare of the subject child at risk." When the Department filed the petition, S.T.'s biological father was unknown. So, the petition listed three possible respondent-fathers: father (mother claimed his last name was unknown), J.T., and another unknown father. As to father, the petition stated that he had "met the child onee," "provided financial assistance for the care of the [cJhild twice," and "failed to intervene in the cireumstances described above, which places the welfare of the subject child at risk."
T5 Mother admitted to the petition's allegation that S.T.'s environment was injurious to his welfare. Based on this admission, the juvenile court adjudicated S.T. dependent and neglected.
T6 Following a paternity test, the juvenile court determined that father was the biological father of S.T. Father denied the allegations in the petition and requested a contested adjudicatory hearing.
T7 The juvenile court subsequently conducted the adjudicatory hearing because father waived his jury trial right. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found:
e the Department had not proven the few allegations as to father by a preponderance of the evidence-and, in fact, the allegations were not true;
efather did "all he could to establish a relationship with his child" despite mother's attempts "at keeping him out of the picture"; and
® it could not "find any fault on his part in failing to intervene."
T8 The court then dismissed the petition. But, it did not award custody of S.T. to father. Instead, the court maintained jurisdiction over S.T. based on mother's admission. The court found that it was in S.T.'s best interests for him to remain in placement with his maternal grandparents. The court also found that father was not "fit" to assume custody of S.T. due to his lack of a significant relationship with S.T. and his inability to meet S.T 's emotional needs.
T9 Father did not appeal the adjudicatory order. Nine months later, he moved for an order allocating parental responsibilities. He also moved for summary judgment on his allocation motion, contending that the juvenile court should have awarded him custody of S.T. after the court dismissed the dependency and neglect petition.
T 10 The juvenile court denied father's motion for summary judgment. But, it held a hearing on his allocation motion. .The court first heard evidence about father's fitness for
II. Our Jurisdiction
T11 Initially, the Department and the child's guardian ad litem (GAL) contend that father's appeal should be dismissed. They base their contention on father not timely appealing the adjudicatory order. We disagree.
T12 Section 19-1-109(2)(c), C.R.S.2015, provides that an order decreeing a child to be dependent or neglected shall be a final and appealable order only after the entry of a dispositional order. Because the juvenile court dismissed the petition, it did not enter a dispositional order involving father. Thus, the adjudicatory order involving S.T. and father was not final and appealable See People in Interest of T.R.W.,
1 18 In any event, we may consider at any time whether the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enter an APR order. Sullivan v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs,
T14 Accordingly, we decline to dismiss father's appeal.
III. Juvenile Court's Jurisdiction
$15 We next consider whether the juvenile court in this case lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enter the subsequent APR order. We conclude it did.
A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
1 16 The juvenile court has "exclusive original jurisdiction" to "determine the legal custody of any child ... who comes within the juvenile court's jurisdiction." § 19-1-104(1)(c), C.R.S.2015. In a dependency and neglect case, jurisdiction exists where a child has been found to be dependent or neglected. See § 19-8-505(T)(a), C.R.S.2015; People in Interest of A.M.D.,
117 A child may be found dependent or neglected at an adjudicatory hearing. See § 19-1-108(8), C.R.S.2015 (defining "adjudicatory hearing"). At this hearing, the juvenile court determines whether the allegations in the dependency and neglect petition are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. See § 19-3-505(7)(a) ("When the court finds that the allegations of the petition are supported by a preponderance of the evidence ... the court shall sustain the petition and shall make an order of adjudication."); People in Interest of A.H.,
1 18 In contrast, section 19-3-505(6) states what must happen if the allegations in a dependency and neglect petition are not proven:
When the court finds that the allegations of the petition are not supported by a preponderance of the evidence, the court shall order the petition dismissed and the child discharged from any detention or restriction previously ordered. His or her parents, guardian, or legal custodian shall also be discharged from any restriction or other previous temporary order.
T20 In support of a contrary conclusion, the Department points to S.T.'s adjudication stemming from mother's admission. We disagree, based on the presumption of fitness recognized in Troxel v. Granville,
1. Presumption of Fitness
121 The Supreme Court in Troxel recognized that "there is a presumption that fit parents act in the best interests of their children." Id. at 68,
122 In Troxel, the grandparents filed a petition to obtain visitation rights with their two grandchildren. The trial court granted the petition after it placed on mother, who was "the fit custodial parent, the burden of disproving that visitation would be in the best interest of her daughters."
{23 The Troxel presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interests of his or her child continues in a dependency and neglect case unless a juvenile court finds at the adjudicatory hearing that the allegations of the petition regarding the otherwise fit parent are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. See People in Interest of S.N.,
2. The Statutory Framework of Dependency and Neglect Cases
24 The statutory framework for finding a child dependent or neglected is in accord with the Troxel presumption. The statutes defining "parent" and what constitutes a "neglected or dependent child" do not require a finding of parental fitness See § 19-1-103(82) (defining "parent"); § 19-8-102, C.R.S.2015 (defining a "neglected or dependent child"). Instead, the definitions are phrased in terms of parental unfitness, including whether a child lacks proper parental care due to the actions or omissions of the parent, or whether the child's environment is injurious to his or her welfare. See § 19-3-102(1)(a), (b), (d), and (f); see also § 19-8-502(5), C.R.S.2015 ("Any parent ... alleged to have abused or neglected a child shall be named as a respondent in the petition concerning such child."); People in Interest of N.G., 2012 COA ¶ 31, ¶ 31,
{ 25 We recognize that prior opinions from this court have held that adjudications of a child are not made as to parents but, rather, "relate only to the status of the child." See, e.g., People in Interest of P.D.S.,
T26 People in Interest of K.S.,
127 Ten years later, in P.D.S.,
128 We agree with the principle that adjudications of- dependency or neglect relate to the "status of the child." But, we disagree with the reasoning that an adjudication of dependency or neglect "relate[s] only to the status of the child" without regard to the parents' actions or omissions. P.D.S.,
129 The "primary task in construing a statute is to determine and give effect to the intent" of the legislature. Mason v. Adams,
T 30 If the juvenile court only made findings "as to" the child, without consideration of each parent's role, then statutes requiring both evaluation of the parents' actions or omissions and naming parents as respondents would be superfluous. See §§ 19-3-102(1)(a), (b), (d), and (F) (discussing parents' actions or omissions); 19-3-502(5) {naming parents as respondents). Instead, a fact finder's consideration of the parents' "acts or omissions singly and together"-not merely the child's environment-"are relevant in determining the status of the child." K.S.,
31 Recently; in People in Interest of J.C., a division of this court again recognized that "adjudications of dependency and neglect are not made 'as to' parents." 123. But, the court's holding was ultimately consistent with the proposition that both parents, and their relationship to a child, must be evaluated separately. The court held that state intervention is not warranted if a "child has at least one parent who is ... available[,] ... able to give the child reasonable parental care ... [,] and ... willing to provide such reasonable parental care." Id. The "able to give the child reasonable parental care" language was an elaboration on the fact that parents' actions are relevant in a dependency and neglect analysis-though the Troxel fitness presumption still applies.
T32 Nevertheless, the Department contends that only one adjudication is necessary because section 19-8-508(1)(b), C.R.8.2015, the dispositional hearing statute, uses the singular "an" when describing the adjudication. § 19-8-508(1)(b) ("After making an order of adjudication the court shall hear evidence on the proper disposition best serving the interests of the child and the public." (emphasis added)). For several reasons, we disagree.
133 First, because father exercised his right to have an adjudicatory hearing, the Department's contention ignores the effect of section 19-8-505(6), which states that the
134 Second, adjudicatory hearings that address each parent's actions or omissions and that name each parent as respondent, as happened here, are often held at different times. Thus, allowing the first adjudicatory hearing to control the disposition of a child would render meaningless the other parent's constitutional fitness presumption under Trozel. Statutes are "presumed to be constitutional," People v. Ford,
{35 Third, it would not make sense to adjudicate a child dependent and neglected by imputing to one parent the actions of the other, without additional evidence that the other parent would not intervene to protect the child. See § 19-38-102(1)(a) ("A child is neglected or dependent if ... [al parent ... allowed another to mistreat or abuse the child without taking lawful means to stop such mistreatment or abuse and prevent it from recurring.").
3. The Effect of the Juvenile Court's Dismissal
T36 Because the juvenile court dismissed the petition involving S.T. and father at the adjudicatory hearing, "there [was] no reason for the State to inject itself" into father's "fundamental right to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control" of ST. Troxel,
937 We are not persuaded by the Department's and GAL's contention that it was proper for the juvenile court to maintain jurisdiction after it dismissed the petition because father availed himself of the court's jurisdiction by seeking various orders after the adjudicatory hearing. Subject matter jurisdiction cannot be waived or conferred by consent, estoppel, or laches. Mesa Cnty. Valley Sch. Dist. No. 51 v. Kelsey,
B. The Dilemma
138 We acknowledge the dilemma faced by juvenile courts who preside over dependency and neglect cases when the nonresident parent who prevails at the adjudicatory hearing has been absent from much of the child's life, as father has been, and the child has been in the care of others. But the prevailing parent's liberty interest is not lost vicariously based on the fault of the other parent. See N.G., ¶ 40. And, as discussed, each parent is evaluated separately as to whether the facts alleged in the petition have been proved because each petition alleges separately that parent's unique role in the child's maltreatment.
T39 We conclude with one final observation. Although paternity was at issue in this case, our review of the record does not reveal a paternity action was ever commenced. Thus, the juvenile court did not have independent jurisdiction under the Uniform Parentage Act to enter an order allocating parental responsibilities. See § 19-4-130(1), C.R.S. 2015 ("Upon the filing of any proceeding under this article or under article 18.5 of title 26, C.R.S., the court shall, as soon as
IV. Conclusion
40 We vacate the APR order entered in this case and direct the juvenile court, on remand, to discharge father and S.T. from any existing temporary orders entered prior to the adjudicatory hearing involving father and ST.