135 N.Y.S. 477 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1912
Lead Opinion
On-November 21, 1911, Hr. Justice Scudder, sitting as a committing magistrate, issued his warrant for the arrest of William Willett, Jr., upon a criminal charge, of fraudulently and wrongfully committing certain acts therein specified, tending to affect the result of the judicial convention held in and for the Second Judicial Department on the 6th day of October, 1911. On the same day warrants were also issued for. the arrest of Joseph Cassidy and Louis T. Walter, Jr., upon similar charges. Prior thereto, and on various dates between November 2, 1911, and the date of issuing said warrants, various persons had appeared before Hr. Justice Scudder, either voluntarily or in response to-the requirements of a subpoena signed by him, and had been examined, their testimony ¡had been reduced to writing and signed, the.depositions had then been sworn to before him and filed with him. On-November 27, 1911, the relators voluntarily appeared before said magistrate, waived
The validity of the commitments is challenged upon three grounds:
1. That the magistrate was without jurisdiction to issue the same (a) because the deposition presented to him on or about November second, whether properly termed an information or by whatever name described, designated no crime and charged no person with the commission thereof, and, therefore, the subpoenas issued by him- were void; (b) because at that time a grand jury was in. session in the county of Queens, and the
2. That the examination of the witnesses whose testimony was reduced to the form of depositions and sworn to, and which constitute the basis of the several commitments, was taken in public and not in private.
3. That the evidence before such magistrate was not sufficient to justify him in concluding either that any crime had been committed, or that either of the defendants had been guilty of the crimes with which he was charged.
“Whenan information is laid before a magistrate, of the commission of a crime, he must examine on oath the informant or prosecutor, and any witnesses he may produce, and take their depositions in writing, and cause them to be subscribed by the parties making them.” (Code Grim. Proc. § 148.) “ A magistrate, before whom an information is laid, may issue subpoenas, subscribed by him, for witnesses within the State, either on behalf of the People or of the defendant.” (Code Grim. Proc. § 608.) In such information facts enough must be stated to show that the informant is acting in good faith, and that he has reasonable grounds to believe that a crime has been committed by some person named or described. (People ex rel. Livingston v. Wyatt, 186 N. Y. 383.) If such is not the case, then the subpoenas issued are void and the witnesses summoned are under no obligations to obey the same. If under such circumstances an attempt should be made to punish them for disobedience, an adequate remedy may be obtained by them through the writ of habeas corpus. (People ex rel. Livingston v. Wyatt, supra.) Whether at the instance of the persons affected thereby a writ of prohibition will be granted to prevent the issue of such subpoenas and the examination of witnesses thereunder, we need not determine. (See People ex rel. Fleming v. Mayer, 41 Misc. Rep. 289.) Mo application was made for such relief. The objection now under consideration has ceased to be of any importance for reasons hereinafter stated. So if at the time when the warrant of arrest was issued the evidence contained in the depositions was insufficient, r'ela
So, too, the fact that a grand jury was in session at the time that the proceedings were had did not oust the magistrate from jurisdiction to consider the information, examine witnesses, take their depositions, proceed with the examination, listen to the statements of the accused and issue his commitment. In the larger counties of the State, particularly in Mew York and Kings counties, there is one or more grand juries in session during every month in the year, and yet a large number of magistrates are busily engaged every day in conducting prehminary examinations as to the commission of crime. It would be utterly impossible for a district' attorney in the larger counties of the State to conduct the business of his office if, whenever a grand jury was in session, he was obliged in the first instance to present evidence as to crimes which might be prosecuted by indictment to that body only. It must be left to his discretion to .determine in which way he will proceed.
Mor is there anything in the suggestion that the district attorney may again present the evidence to a future grand jury, and if an indictment is found, followed by conviction, the sufficiency of the evidence to show a crime may be reviewed ■ on appeal from the judgment. It is not the district attorney, but the relators, who are seeking a preliminary review by appeal of the question whether a' crime has been committed.
The several commitments contain recitals óf a violation by the persons named therein of one or more of these provisions of the Penal Law. Is there sufficient evidence thereof tb justify such recitals ?
It is impossible within the limits of an opinion to review exhaustively all of the evidence in these cases, contained in nearly 800 printed pages. These salient facts appear: On September 26, 1911, primaries were held in Queens county for the election of delegates to the Democratic judiciary convention to be held on October Sixth. Three persons were to be nominated at such convention. Prior thereto it was agreed by the political leaders of the various counties in the judicial district that two of such nominations should be accorded to Kings county, and the remaining one to Queens county. The combined votes of the delegates from Kings and Queens counties constituted a majority of all of the delegates to such con
But Willett took further precautions which tended to prevent these transactions from being known. The only security offered by him which was of a character that might come to the notice of the public was the assignment of the mortgage to the Long Island Bank. If this were recorded attention might he called to the transaction, and in that connection we find Willett requesting that this assignment should not he recorded until three weeks after the election. Secrecy is not always nor alone evidence of guilt, but taken in connection with other circumstances it may have considerable probative force.
In this same connéction it is important to notice that on October sixteenth, when the loan made on October sixth became due, Willett stated to the president of the Far Eockaway Bank that he desired an extension of that loan for the reason “ that he could not pay the loan at the time because he did not want
But still fm’ther evidence tending to show the character and purpose of Willett’s transactions is found in the contradictory statements which he made at the time that he obtained these loans and subsequently thereto. When he obtained the first loan of $5,000 from the Fifth National Bank, through the accommodation of Merrill, he stated that “he wanted to make a contribution to the primaries” in the hope that he might be named as a candidate for justice of the Supreme Court. Whether he actually made that contribution does not appear, but it does appear that when that note came due on October twenty-third, although it was nominally paid by the check of Marinus Willett, his brother, on the same day he borrowed from Merrill collateral security in the shape of railroad stock to enable him to raise money to make this check good, which collateral Merrill retained as late as the twentieth of November. On October twenty-eighth Willett made a statement in the public press that “ within about [the preceding] thirty days” he had borrowed $20,000, and no more. Within thirty-five days he had borrowed $25,000, $5,000 avowedly to be used in connection with the primaries. In the same statement he said that of the $20,000 which he admitted that he had borrowed, he had used $5,000 to take up a note due October twenty-third. It is a little singular that on September thirtieth he should borrow $10,000, and on October sixth $10,000 more, to enable him to pay a note which was not to become due until October twenty-third. And why should he have wanted to carry about large bills, with the danger of losing them, during all the time until this note became due, when a check would have been a safer and more convenient method of taking
Of course it is possible that the stock of each of these com
It may be possible that upon a trial before a petit jury many of these facts may be controverted or, if not, that a jury may accept the story in its entirety as consistent with innocence, but the duty of the magistrate was clear to hold these defend- . ants on such evidence for the action of the grand jury.
The order in the case of People ex rel. Cassidy v. Quinn should be reversed, the writ sustained and the relator discharged. The orders in each of the other cases, dismissing the writs and remanding the relators, should be affirmed.
Jenics, P. J., and Rich, J., concurred!; Woodward, J., concurred in separate opinion, with whom Hjrschberg-, J., concurred.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the result reached by the opinion of Mr. Justice Burr, but ! do not wish even by silence to. appear to assent to the view that the depositions of witnesses in a preliminary , examination before a warrant is issued may be taken in public any more than they can be displayed to the public after they have been reduced to writing and signed.
Section 205 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that “ The magistrate or his clerk must keep the depositions taken on the information or on the examination, and the statement of the defendant, if any, until they are returned to the proper court; and must not permit them to be inspected by any person, except a judge of a court having jurisdiction of the offense, the Attorney-General, the district attorney of the county, the defendant and his counsel, and the complainant and his counsel.”
It seems to me that this provision could have had no possible
That there was no evidence on which to hold Cassidy is manifest. I think, however, that a prima facie case was made against Willett and Walter, and that the evidence against them should be submitted to a grand jury, and, as said in Commonwealth v. Ridgeway (2 Ashm. 259), “That respectable body are entirely independent of us; they can form their own views of the prosecutor’s case, and may, if their judgment so indicates, place the defendant on his trial,” or they may refuse to indict. That is all for the grand jury.
Hirschberg, J., concurred.
In the first and second cases order dismissing the writ and remanding the relator affirmed, without costs. In the third case order reversed, writ sustained and the relator discharged, without costs.