281 A.D. 795 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1953
(dissenting). I am unable to agree with the majority of the court that the order dismissing the writ of habeas corpus should be affirmed. Ordinarily, habeas corpus is not a remedy for testing the sufficiency of an indictment, in the absence of “ exceptional circumstance[s] ” (People ex rel. Sedlak v. Foster, 299 N. Y. 291, 293-294) or “ unless there be a total lack of jurisdiction to hold or to bring the defendant to trial thereon.” (People ex rel. Childs v. Knott, 187 App. Div. 604, 622, affd. 228 N. Y. 608.) Under the circumstances presented here, by the record on appeal and the statement of facts recited in the brief of the Attorney-General, it is my opinion that there was no jurisdiction in the Grand Jury to indict nor jurisdiction in the court to try this defendant upon the indictment. If such a lack of jurisdiction be established, I think the appellant could avail himself of the remedy of habeas corpus.
On November 8,1946, the defendant was indicted by a Grand Jury of Richmond County charging him, in one count, of receiving and withholding stolen property belonging to one William Sehroeder. Thereafter, he was arraigned upon said indictment, entered a plea of not guilty and also demurred to the indictment. The demurrer was argued but the court never gave judgment by either allowing or disallowing it. The provisions of section 326 of the Code of Criminal Procedure are mandatory. The court must give judgment and an order either allowing or disallowing the demurrer must be entered upon the minutes. In February, 1947, a Grand Jury (presumably a different one) returned another indictment which was called a “ superseding ” indictment and "which charged the defendant in two counts with receiving and withholding stolen property belonging to Hiram Walker Distributors, Incorporated . This superseding indictment was, it appears, for the same unlawful act or acts which were the basis of the first indictment. Defendant was arraigned and tried upon the second or superseding indictment; was found guilty and was sentenced on July 7, 1917. In the meahtime, the demurrer to the first indictment remained undecided and on December 31, 1948, on motion of the District Attorney, the first indictment was dismissed.
As I view the question here presented, a grand jury is without authority and has no jurisdiction to indict a person for the second time for the same offense or for the same unlawful act while there is pending before the court a demurrer to a previous indictment. Such procedure, in effect, nullifies the provisions made by the Legislature for testing whether a person may be put on his trial, under chapter VI of title V of part IV of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It does more than that. It deprives a defendant of his right to seek, by demurrer, a judgment of the court by which he may be exonerated of the offense charged and by which he may not again be prosecuted for the offense unless the court otherwise orders. Surely, the District Attorney at his
I find no authority for what was done here. The respondent cites none. People ex rel. Raimondi v. Jackson (277 App. Div. 924) and People v. Bissert (71 App. Div. 118, affd. 172 N. Y. 643, supra) are not in point. On the other hand, there is authority for the view I take. In People v. Rosenthal (197 N. Y. 394) Judge Vastst wrote (p. 401): “No order to resubmit, however, was necessary, for the grand jury had jurisdiction to reindict without one. The defendant was not put in jeopardy by the first indictment, as he was not arraigned thereunder, nor did he demur or plead thereto. If he had demurred and the demurrer had been sustained, a second indictment could not have been lawfully found without an order of re-submission as authorized 8 * s. By the express command of the statute a judgment sustaining a demurrer is a bar to a further prosecution for the same offense unless such an order is made. * 6 “ No order to re-submit is required, however, unless the defendant has been put in jeopardy under a former indictment.” The same question arose in People v. Luckman (164 Misc. 230). There a demurrer was made to the first indictment and the Grand Jury handed up a second indictment. The court held the second indictment legal for the reason that (p. 232): “Prior thereto, and during the morning of March sixteenth, the court overruled the demurrer. An order to that effect was filed during the day.” In People v. Morrell (196 Mise. 1016) the defendant pleaded not guilty to an indictment charging criminal negligence resulting in death. Thereafter, without an order for resubmission, the Grand Jury found another indictment for the same unlawful act, charging manslaughter. A demurrer to the second indictment was sustained. The court said (p. 1021): “that defendant was placed in jeopardy by the first indictment and further because of the failure of the People to obtain an order to resubmit was fatal to the validity of the second indictment”. It was further said (p. 1020): “ To permit a district attorney because he does not agree with prior findings of a grand jury to resubmit on his motion the same facts to other grand juries until an indictment is found suitable to him, is to place unbridled power in the hands of a prosecutor, a policy which I am unable to accept or sanction.”
It is my opinion that where a demurrer has been interposed to an indictment, there can be no further indictment for the same offense until the court gives judgment either allowing or disallowing the demurrer and, if allowed, not even then without order of the court. The writ of habeas corpus is a proper remedy to test the jurisdiction of the Grand Jury. There being no jurisdiction in the Grand Jury to find the so-called superseding indictment, there was no jurisdiction in the court to try the defendant thereon.
The writ should be allowed.
All concur, except Kimball, J., who dissents and votes for reversal and allowing the writ, in an opinion. Present — Taylor, P. J., Vaughan, Kimball, Piper and Wheeler, JJ.
Order affirmed, without costs of this appeal to either party.