98 Colo. 505 | Colo. | 1936
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
These parties appear here in the same order as in the trial court. We hereinafter refer to them as plaintiff and defendants.
Plaintiff has a decree for storage water for irrigation of date October 1, 1888. It takes its water from Surface Creek on which its reservoir is built. When spring floods have subsided the stream does not furnish sufficient water for direct irrigation for lands under ditches taking therefrom. The priorities of some of these antedate that of plaintiff, others are subsequent. The total capacity of all exceeds the creek flow, even in flood times, save when this is unusually large. Defendants, water officials charged with the duty of administration, refused plaintiff the right to store when the ditches needed the water for direct irrigation, irrespective of the dates of their priorities. Plaintiff, claiming the right to store as aganst ditches with subsequent priorities, brought mandamus. Defendants demurred for want of parties (because water users under said ditches were not joined) and for want of facts. The demurrer was sustained on both grounds. Plaintiff elected to stand and the action was dismissed at its costs. To review that judgment it prosecutes this writ.
Many pages of briefs filed herein, much oral argument, and countless authorities cited, are devoted to the exposition and maintenance of the following propositions : Where a statute is susceptible of an interpretation which conforms to the Constitution and another which violates it the former will be adopted. Chicago B. & Q. Ry. Co. v. School Dist., 63 Colo. 159, 165 Pac. 260.
Where the language used is plain, its meaning clear, and no absurdity is involved, Constitution, statute or contract, must be declared and enforced as written. There is nothing to interpret. People ex rel. Seeley v. May, 9 Colo. 80, 10 Pac. 641.
Sections 5 and 6 of article XVI, Colorado Con
The police power cannot transcend the Constitution nor be so exercised as to abrogate it. Smith v. Farr, 46 Colo. 364, 104 Pac. 401.
In Colorado the doctrine of appropriation of water antedates the Constitution. Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch Co., 6 Colo. 443, 446. Water rights are property rights. Ft. Lyon Co. v. Rocky Ford Co., 79 Colo. 511, 515, 246 Pac. 781. The test of priority of right is beneficial use, not means of application. Thomas v. Guiraud, 6 Colo. 530. The rule “First in time first in right” applies as between users for the same purpose. Sec. 6, art. XVI, Colorado Constitution. Junior appropriated may not. infringe the right of seniors. Comstock v. Ramsay, 55 Colo. 244, 133 Pac. 1107. Junior appropriated for a use preferred under said section 6 may not take from senior appropriators for a subordinate use without compensation. Town of Sterling v. Pawnee D. E. Co., 42 Colo. 421, 94 Pac. 339.
Long usage can neither repeal constitutional provisions nor justify their infraction. Leckenby v. Post Company, 65 Colo. 443, 176 Pac. 490. In cases of doubt long usage and practical construction by governmental departments should control. Webster v. Luther, 163 U. S. 331, 16 Sup. Ct. 963, 41 L. Ed. 179.
Becognition of claims of property rights based upon an unconstitutional statute can never ripen into a contract. Great Plains W. Co. v. Lamar C. Co., 31 Colo. 96, 71 Pac. 1119.
While the foregoing legal principles should be borne in mind in considering the questions here presented, few of them are directly involved and all are so firmly established and so wholly unquestioned that we merely restate them and cite a single authority in support of each. .
We consider first the sufficiency of the complaint. To determine that, we must decide whether a senior reservoir may take, for storage, its full appropri
Plaintiff answers that the statute has been repealed, and that if not it is no defense unless, as defendants claim should be done, the said word “thereafter” be read into it, in which case, it says, it violates the Constitution, and particularly that portion of section 6, article XVI, which stands as adopted in 1876, and which reads: “The right to divert the unappropriated waters of any natural stream to beneficial uses shall never be denied. Priority of appropriation shall give the better right as between those using the water for the same purpose; but when the waters of any natural stream are not sufficient for the service of all those desiring the use of the same, those using the water for domestic purposes shall have the preference over those claiming for any other purpose, and those using the water for agricultural purposes shall have preference over those using the same for manufacturing purposes.”
Assuming, without deciding, that the statute is in force, that the legislature was not prohibited by the Constitution from passing it with the word “thereafter” inserted, and that such is its proper interpretation, we must next determine whether the word “only” should be read into it. All the arguments assume that the act means just what it would if that word were inserted.
In territorial days, and during the first three years of statehood, reservoirs were built, and others could have been. Assuming the Constitution left the General Assembly free to forbid reservoirs taking, under senior appropriations, water thereafter needed by ditches for direct irrigation under junior appropriations, no such act had been passed. In its absence, doubtless, such reservoirs and ditches stood upon an absolute equality. Priority of appropriation and useful application alone controlled. When a reservoir made its appropriation it was unqualified by any contingent needs of junior ditches for water for direct irrigation in the future. “First in time first in right” ruled. The senior reservoir could not only take and store water “not then” needed for immediate use for irrigation, but also water “not thereafter” so needed, and “thereafter” so needed. This conclusion not only appeals to us as correct; it is assumed in all the arguments here made. Then came the Act of 1879 which gave the reservoir the right (if we interpret statute and Constitution as defendants contend) to take and store “water not thereafter needed” for direct irrigation. The right thus purportedly granted was but a part of a right already existing. How then did it prohibit diversion by the reservoirs of water thereafter needed for direct irrigation? Only, it seems to us, by implication, and that by invoking the maxim, ‘ ‘ The expression of one is the exclusion of another. ’ ’ But the maxim is not applicable to a statute merely affirming existing law. City of Lexington v. Commercial Bank, 130 Mo. App. 687, 692, 108 S. W. 1095. In the interpretation of a contract we have said, in substance, that where a right exists it is not strengthened by repetition, nor is it revoked by failure to repeat. The maxim does not apply in such cases. Loveland v. Clark, 11 Colo. 265, 269, 18 Pac. 544. It follows that the maxim may never be resorted to in denial of existing rights by
It remains only to consider whether the demurrer for want of parties was good. This depends upon the availability of the remedy sought. If mandamus was the proper remedy, other water users on the stream need not be made parties. The rights of all have been established by decrees entered in general adjudication proceeding’s. The remedy here sought is simply the enforcement of such judgments by officials charged therewith. That the remedy is the correct one and the parties sufficient is, we think, amply established by the following: People ex rel. v. Jefferson Dist. Court, 46 Colo. 386, 104 Pac. 484; Smith v. School Dist., 88 Colo. 309, 295 Pac. 794; Terrace Dist. v. Braiden, 92 Colo. 292, 299, 19 P. (2d) 756.
This cause was first assigned to the writer a year ago and an opinion affirming the judgment was handed down April 15, following. Then came petitions for rehearing by the plaintiff and others, eight in all, in which, by leave of court, the entire cause was re-presented, and this again by oral argument September 9, 1935. Thus while no rehearing has been granted the procedure followed has given counsel all the advantage thereof. In fact some of them were permitted to appear for the first time by briefs on these petitions. P'erhaps few cases in
Such being the disposition of it, not only are defendants in error entitled to petition for a rehearing, if so advised, but to argue that petition, and plaintiff in error and amici curiae to answer such argument. Such petition and briefs, if any, will be filed as by our rules provided and limited to this opinion. Such of amici curiae as desire to appear further will join in a single brief.
The judgment is accordingly reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in harmony herewith.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
For the reasons stated in the principal opinion and in this opinion, I concur in the reversal of the judgment.
On October 1,1888, certain landowners commenced the construction of the reservoir involved in this suit. They completed the reservoir with diligence and applied the water to the irrigation of growing crops on their land. They thereby made a valid appropriation of unappropri
The principal question for decision is whether appropriators having appropriations of later date, in other words, junior appropriators — and there are many of them — are entitled to use for irrigation purposes the water theretofore appropriated for irrigation purposes by the predecessors of the company and confirmed to the company by decree of court in the adjudication proceeding.
1. The contention of the defendants in error is based upon the following provision in section 38 of Session Laws of 1879, page 106, appearing in Compiled Laws of 1921 as section 1682: “Persons desirous to construct and maintain reservoirs, for the purpose of storing water, shall have the right to take from any of the natural streams of the state and store away any unappropriated water not needed for immediate use for domestic or irrigating purposes.”
Where a statute reasonably admits of two constructions, one harmonizing the act with the Constitution, the other bringing it into conflict therewith or raising a reasonable doubt of the constitutionality of the act, the former construction should be adopted by the court.
The Territorial Legislature passed two acts to prevent waste of water. The Act of 1872, amending* chapter 45 of Revised Statutes of 1868, made it unlawful to permit 'more water to run in a ditch than is necessary, and pro
The trial court said: “The water officials of the state have always given force and effect to the statute as meaning that a senior or any reservoir appropriator for agricultural purposes may not store water at a time when it is needed for immediate use by a junior direct appropriator of water.”
The case was decided on demurrer to the alternative writ of mandamus, and I find nothing in the record to sustain that statement of the trial court. The attorneys are not in agreement as to the construction given to the provision by the various water officials in past times, but it is admitted that during at least four years (1897,1898, 1913 and 1914) the state engineer’s rulings were not in harmony with the views expressed by the trial judge. We would not be justified in stating broadly, as a matter
2. If the provision now under consideration means what the defendants in error say it does, it has been repealed by implication by the Acts of 1881 and 1887.
The former act (S. L. 1881, page 142, et seq.), provides for adjudicating water rights for irrigation purposes. Without analyzing the several sections, it may be said that the act recognizes that appropriations of water for irrigation by means of a reservoir and appropriations of water for irrigation by means of ditches are upon an equality, and that they shall have priority according to the dates of the respective appropriations, without any distinction between the two methods of accomplishing the purpose of the appropriation, namely, the application of the water to the soil. The adjudication proceeding culminates in a decree, which the act provides “shall further number each several appropriation of water consecutively, beginning with the oldest appropriation, without respect to the ditches or reservoirs by means of which such appropriations were made.” (Italics are mine.) Section 37 repeals all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with the provisions of the act.
The inconsistency of the 1879 provision with the Act of 1881 is obvious.
The Act of 1887 (S. L. 1887, page 295, et seq.) requires (section 2) that the superintendent of irrigation shall “execute the laws of the state relative to the distribution of water in accordance with the rights of priority of appropriation, as established by judicial decrees.” (Italics are mine.) See also section 9. Section 10 provides that if the division superintendent of irrigation shall ascertain that “any ditch, canal or reservoir of any other district of his division is receiving water to which
The provision of the 1879 Act is inconsistent with these provisions.
The provision of the Act of 1879 under consideration in this proceeding* is so inconsistent with the Acts of 1881 and 1887 as clearly to he repealed by implication.
3. If the provision in question were capable of no construction other than that contended for by the defendants in error, and if it has not been impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation, it is in conflict with the Colorado Constitution and therefore is void.
Section 5 of article XYIprovides: “The water of every natural stream,'not heretofore appropriated, within the state of Colorado, is hereby declared to be the property of the public, and the same is dedicated to the use of the people of the state, subject to appropriation as hereinafter provided.”
Section 6 of the same article provides: ‘ ‘ The right to divert the unappropriated waters of any natural stream to beneficial uses shall never be denied. Priority of appropriation shall give the better right as between. those using the water for the same purpose; but when the waters of any natural stream are not sufficient for the service of all those desiring the use of the same, those using the water for domestic purposes shall have the preference over those claiming for any other purpose, and those using the water for agricultural purposes shall have preference over those using the same for manufacturing* purposes.” (Italics are mine.)
The appropriation made by the predecessors of the Reservoir Company and confirmed in that company by decree in the adjudication proceeding was for agricultural purposes and the appropriations made by the ditch owners were for agricultural purposes. The appropria
Tbe Constitution makes no distinction between appropriations based upon tbe means or instrumentality employed to convey tbe water to tbe land. Tbe use of tbe water for agricultural purposes is tbe end in view; reservoirs, canals and ditches are merely tbe means or instrumentalities whereby tbe appropriator applies tbe water to tbe irrigation of agricultural land, that being tbe purpose for which be appropriated tbe water. Within tbe meaning of tbe constitutional provisions quoted above, there is no such thing as a “reservoir purpose,” a “storage purpose,” a “canal purpose,” or a “ditch purpose. ’ ’
When tbe predecessors of tbe Reservoir Company made their appropriation, they did so knowing that tbe Constitution expressly made their rights subordinate to tbe rights of prior appropriators. When later appropriators appeared, they bad full knowledge of tbe existence of tbe prior appropriations, including tbe appropriation made by tbe predecessors of the Reservoir Company. They went upon tbe stream with their eyes open. They ran tbe risk, which all subsequent appropriators run, of having their supply diminished if, by reason of an insufficient supply of water, there is little left after tbe lawful requirements of prior appropriators have been satisfied.
4. It is suggested that, as tbe relator is a corporation, its rights as such are limited by section 2355 of Compiled Laws of 1921 to storage of water “when not needed for immediate use.” That provision is capable of tbe construction given in this opinion to tbe provision in tbe Act of 1879. That tbe purpose of section 2355 is to permit reservoir corporations to store water of which it bas not made an appropriation — water already appropriated by others, but not then needed for immediate use — -is made
5. In the dissenting opinion in Fort Morgan Reservoir & I. Co. v. McCune, 71 Colo. 256, 272, 206 Pac. 393, is the following statement of the place that storage rightly occupies in the agricultural development of the • state: “* * * the future of the state rests largely upon agricultural development, and this in turn upon irrigation by storage. The waters of the state have been so generally appropriated that the day of direct irrigation enterprises is closing, while that of storage has scarcely more than dawned.”
If the appropriators of water- for the purpose of agriculture who, with a view to the economical and effective use of the water, resort to storage in reservoirs constructed at great expense, may be deprived of their pri
6. I conclude:
1. That the provision of the Act of 1879 (C. L. 1921, section 1682) does not mean what the defendants in error claim it does;
2. That if it does mean that, it is clearly inconsistent with the Acts of 1881 and 1887, supra, and therefore has been repealed thereby by implication;
3. That if the provision means what the defendants in error claim it does, and if it has not been repealed by implication, it is unconstitutional and therefore void;
4. That section 2355 of Compiled Laws of 1921, relating to reservoir corporations, does not limit the powers of the relator in the manner claimed by the defendants in error; and
5. That, for the reasons stated above and in the principal opinion, the judgment is properly reversed.