A judgment of foreclosure was rendered in favor of Wm. N. Spear against John B. Ward and others, on the 6th of August, 1861; and in 1862 an order of sale was issued upon the judgment, and the defendant as the Sheriff of Alameda County, sold the mortgaged premises to the relator, Wicks and Smith jointly, as appears by his return, though the relator contends that he was the sole purchaser. The sale was made on the 22d day of December, 1862, for fourteen thousand dollars, which sum was paid by the relator in United States treasury notes. On the 28th day of April, 1863, John B. Ward paid to the defendant, as Sheriff, for the purchasers, the sum of fiftden thousand six hundred and eighty dollars in United States treasury notes, for the purpose of redeeming the land from the Sheriff’s sale, and on the 6th day of May, 1S63, the defendant £>aid the treasury notes to said Smith, who receipted to him therefor in the name of Mulford & Co. (the said Mulford, Wicks and Smith composing said firm of Mul
A preliminary point is raised by the respondent, that as the return of sale and the certificate of sale shows that the sale was made to Mulford, Wicks and Smith jointly, they should have united in these proceedings; but it is unnecessary to discuss the point.
The burden of the appellant’s argument is directed to the proof of the proposition that, by the purchase at the Sheriff’s sale, no debt was created between the purchaser and any of the parties to the proceedings, and that the person, whether a judgment debtor or redemptioner, who exercises the statutory right of redemption, does not pay or satisfy any debt, and that' therefore the payment by the judgment debtor to the purchaser of treasury notes, which, by the Act of Congress, are declared a legal tender in payment of debts (except certain public debts mentioned in the Act) is insufficient to constitute a redemption of the land from the sale.
We understand it to be conceded by the parties that the payment by Ward to the Sheriff was proper, as regards the person paying and receiving, and that the nominal amount paid was the correct sum required for the redemption.
When a judgment debtor pays to the purchaser, at a sale under an execution or an order of sale, a sum of money for the purpose of effecting a redemption of the land, what can that which he pays be properly denominated? Suppose, first, that the judgment creditor is the purchaser, that the sum bid equals the amount of his judgment, and that thereupon the execution is credited by the Sheriff with the amount bid.
If the land is redeemed by a judgment creditor, the lien that was acquired by means of the purchase, vests in the redemptioner, and in consequence of the redemption, the judgment under which it was made also becomes a lien, that is enforced in the same manner as the purchaser’s lien—that is, by a conveyance of the property. A second redemptioner acquires the two previous liens, but he acquires no part of either of the prior judgments, for his payment in redemption satisfied the purchaser’s judgment and that of the first redemptioner. If a third person purchases at the Sheriff’s sale, he occupies no other relation to the property than the judgment creditor would do if he had purchased, so far as the point under consideration is concerned. He acquires his lien in consequence of having paid the purchase money, and that is enforced also by the Sheriff’s deed.
The lien, in either of the cases supposed, is discharged by the payment by the debtor of the amount of the purchase money and the percentage, etc., allowed by law; and the redemptioner’s lien, if it has been redeemed by a redemptioner
We cannot comprehend the idea that a lien, that may be discharged by the voluntary payment of a sum of money, is not a security for the payment of a debt. The error in the argument of the learned counsel for the appellant consists in assuming—tacitly, perhaps—that in order to be a debt, there must be a personal liability for the payment of the sum in question. A charge upon a specific parcel of a person’s property for the payment of a sum of money constitutes a debt as fully as a demand which is or may be made a charge upon all his property, both present and future, and it makes no difference, in this respect, whether the lien is acquired by express agreement or by operation of law. This becomes more apparent when it is remembered that the payment of a debt, for which we say there is a personal liability, is enforced by the seizure and sale of the debtor’s property, and in the absence of the power to imprison for debt, that is the only means of enforcing payment. If a person owning real estate, mortgages it to secure the payment of money, and then conveys it, we frequently say that the debt, so secured, is not the vendee’s debt, and it is not his debt in the sense of a personal contract or liability, but it is his debt to the extent that his property is liable for its payment.
The same is true of a large class of cases, in which the person, who owned the property at the time of the collection of the claim, did not personally contract the debt; and in still other classes—as cases in the Admiralty Courts for salvage—• in which no one contracted the debt, but the liability was cast on the property by operation of law.
We think the term “debt” employed in the Act of Congress is not limited to a demand, for which a personal liability exists against the party offering or making the payment, but
If, however, we misconstrue the Act of Congress, then it becomes necessary to ascertain whether treasury notes are money, and to determine the powers of the Sheriff in case of redemption.
The Act declares that “ they shall be lawful money and a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, within the United States, except duties on imports and interest, as aforesaid.” The portion of the Act cited seems to include two objects: First, to declare the treasury notes lawful money; and, second, to prescribe in what cases they shall be a legal tender.
Silver coin of the United States is lawful money, but is not a legal tender in payment of sums exceeding five dollars ; and the fact that it is not a legal tender for the payment of a sum exceeding five dollars does not prevent its being lawful money. So with the treasury notes, though they are not a legal tender for the payment of certain demands, yet they are lawful money. This question was carefully considered in the case of Lick v. Faulkner, 25 Cal. 404, in which we held them to be lawful money, and we are satisfied with our views there expressed.
If they are not money, either declared as such by the Act of Congress, or recognized as such by commercial usage in this State, as bank bills are recognized as money in most of the States of the Union, then the appellant has no standing in this case, because he has not purchased the land, for the proceedings at the sale do not amount to a purchase by a third person until he has paid the amount of his bid in money.
The Sheriff, under the provision of section two hundred and thirty-two of the Practice Act, is authorized to receive the
In Dickenson v. Galliland, 1 Cow. 481, it is held that the Sheriff, in respect to the redemption, is a special agent; and in ex parte Board (4 Cow. 420,) it is said that he is a quasi agent. In the last case, the Court held that he was not a mere naked agent, subject to the absolute control of the creditor, and he having received bank bills in redemption, contrary to the express direction of the creditor, the Court upheld his acts, and asserted for him the same discretion that he would have on a sale upon execution.
It is unnecessary to go the extent of holding that the Sheriff may violate the directions of the creditor in any case where, if the money was tendered to him, he might properly refuse to accept it, unless it was tendered in a particular kind of money; but those and a vast number of cases proceed on the ground, expressly or by necessary implication, that the Sheriff, as such special agent, may receive in redemption what is regarded as current money at that time and place, though not strictly a legal tender. Hence, a payment to the Sheriff, without objection by him, in bank bills or foreign coin, by tale, has been held good. (Wright v. Reed, 3 T. R. 554; Ex parte Becker, 4 Hill, 613; Hall v. Fisher, 9 Barb. S. C. 17; see also United States Bank v. Bank of Georgia, 10 Wheat. 347.)
We therefore hold, both upon principle and authority, that the payment in United States treasury notes by the judgment debtor to the Sheriff, for the purchaser, of the amount of his purchase, was a legal payment, and was sufficient to effect a redemption of the property sold.
Judgment affirmed.
By the Court, Rhodes, J., on petition for rehearing.
The appellant in his petition for rehearing again insists that the payment by the judgment debtor of the amount necessary to effect a redemption of his land, sold by the Sheriff under a
Only two questions are necessarily involved in the case, and they relate to the capacity in which the Sheriff acts in receiving the redemption money and the character of treasury notes as lawful money.
We are satisfied that the Sheriff is by law constituted the agent of the purchaser in receiving the redemption money, and that as such agent, in cases where neither the law nor the judgment of the Court directs him to receive a particular kind of money only, he may properly receive for the purposes of redemption any lawful money, in the absence of instructions from the purchasers, when he has the right' to give such instructions, restricting him to a certain kind of money.
The remaining question is whether treasury notes are “lawful money,” notwithstanding they are declared by the Act of Congress a legal tender for certain purposes, but not for all purposes for which money may be employed. On this question we see no sufficient reason for changing the opinion already announced by us, that treasury notes are lawful money.
As we have already remarked, silver money is not a legal tender in payment of sums exceeding five dollars, but can it be questioned that it is lawful money ? If a debtor, to satisfy his obligation for the payment of a sum of money exceeding five dollars—the kind not being specified in the contract— should pay the creditor the amount in silver coins, and nothing should be said by the debtor or creditor at the time of its payment as to its being paid or received as or in lieu of money that would be a legal tender in the payment of the
It is proper to remark, though not in response to the arguments of the learned counsel for the appellant, that the purchase at the Sheriff’s sale, in this case, was made with treasury notes, and that the provisions of the “ Specific Contract Act” are not in any manner involved in this case, nor the case out of which the present action arose.
We do not desire a reargument of the questions necessarily involved in this case, and on which the decision hinges, and must therefore deny the petition.
Rehearing denied.
Mr. Justice Sawyer expressed no opinion.