[¶ 1.] In a juvenile proceeding, the trial court adjudicated sixteen-year-old J.M.J. (J.J.) a delinquent child based upon a charge of rape in the first degree. J.J. claims that the adjudication should be reversed because his statements to law enforcement should have been suppressed and because there was insufficient evidence to support a finding of rape in the first degree. Specifically, J.J. claims that the deputy who questioned him about the alleged rape failed to inform him that he could be tried as an adult. -Without this warning, he claims that he could not have made a knowing and voluntary waiver of his right against self-incrimination.
[¶ 3.] Subsequently, the State filed a petition alleging that J.J. was a juvenile delinquent because he had committed the crime of first degree rape, or in the alternative, sexual contact with a child under sixteen years of áge. Initially, the State gave notice of its intention to transfer the matter to adult court but decided not to because J.J.’s psychological evaluation indicated that he could potentially be rehabilitated in the juvenile justice system.
[¶ 4.] Prior to adjudication, J.J. filed a motion to suppress any statements made to law enforcement at the time of his arrest because McMillin had failed to advise him that he could be tried as an adult. The court denied the motion. The juvenile court ultimately adjudicated J.J. a delinquent child and remanded him to the custody of the Department of Corrections. J.J. appeals, claiming the trial court erred by failing to suppress his statements to law enforcement. He also claims that the evidence was insufficient to adjudicate him as a delinquent.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶ 5.] Whether a statement is voluntarily given is a question of law which we review de novo. State v. Holman,
“Although there are often subsidiary factual questions deserving deference, the voluntariness of a confession is ultimately a legal question.” State v. Tuttle,2002 SD 94 , ¶ 20,650 N.W.2d 20 , 30 (citing Miller v. Fenton,474 U.S. 104 , 116,106 S.Ct. 445 , 452-53,88 L.Ed.2d 405 , 414-15 (1985) (additional citations omitted)). This Court reviews the entire record and makes an independent determination of voluntariness. Id. (citing Beckwith v. United States,425 U.S. 341 , 348,96 S.Ct. 1612 , 1617,48 L.Ed.2d 1 , 8 (1976) (additional citations omitted)). The State must establish the voluntariness of a confession by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. ¶ 21 (citing Nix v. Williams,467 U.S. 431 , 444,104 S.Ct. 2501 ,81 L.Ed.2d 377 , n. 5 (1984)).
Holman,
[¶ 6.] Our review of the sufficiency of the evidence is de novo. State v. Tofani,
DECISION
1. Whether the trial court erred in finding that JJ.’s admissions were voluntary even though he was not advised of the possibility that his statements could be used against him in adult court.
Per se Rule vs. Totality of Circumstances Analysis
[¶ 7.] J.J. claims that McMillin’s failure to advise him of the possibility that he could be tried as an adult when advising him of his right to remain silent violated his constitutional rights. He claims that without this advisement, the State could not establish that he made a clear and intelligent waiver of his right to counsel and right against self-incrimination. He relies on State v. Lohnes,
[¶ 8.] We take this opportunity to reexamine our holding in Lohnes. Id. In Lohnes, this Court said:
We now hold that a juvenile is afforded additional, not less, protection of his constitutional rights and before a trial court can conclude that a juvenile has made a clear and intelligent waiver of his rights to counsel and against self-incrimination, the state shall have to establish that he was advised that there was a possibility that he may be tried as an adult.
Id. at 414-15.
[¶ 9.] Lohnes involved a sixteen-year-old juvenile who was tried as an adult for third degree burglary, grand theft and first degree murder. Id. at 411. The police initially took Lohnes into custody for questioning about a stolen pickup. Id. at 410. Soon after beginning to question Lohnes, the police realized he was a juvenile. Id. Nevertheless, the police continued questioning him for several hours without contacting a parent or guardian. Id. Miranda warnings were given; however, the juvenile was not asked if he wished to waive the rights when he admitted to committing burglary and theft and that he was an escapee from the state training school. Id. The next day, after learning that the driver of the pickup was murdered, the police again questioned Lohnes. Id. at 411. Lohnes’s court services officer became aware that the juvenile was a murder suspect and attempted to schedule a court hearing for that same day. Id. The police manipulated a delay in the hearing so that they could continue to question the juvenile without an attorney or parent, arranging instead to have another police officer serve as the child’s guardian during the questioning. Id. The interrogating officer again read the Miranda rights to the juvenile. Id. Without asking if he wished
[¶ 10.] The juvenile moved to suppress his confession based on grounds that the deliberate delay in bringing him to court deprived him of an attorney and on the grounds that his confession was not voluntary based upon the totality of the circumstances. Id. Although the deliberate delay issue had not been preserved for appeal, the Loknes Court, nevertheless, considered it under the plain error rule since evidence of the deliberate delay was presented at the suppression hearing. Id. at 413. Based on the deliberate delay and the failure to inform the juvenile that he could be tried as an adult, the Court determined that the confession should have been suppressed. Id. at 414.
[¶ 11.] The Lohnes pronouncement that a juvenile must be told of the possibility of being tried as an adult before a confession can be considered voluntary cited to the following three cases from other jurisdictions: State v. Cano,
This totality-of-the-circumstances approach is adequate to determine whether there has been a waiver even where interrogation of juveniles is involved. We discern no persuasive reasons why any other approach is required where the question is whether a juvenile has waived his rights, as opposed to whether an adult has done so. The totality approach permits-indeed, it mandates-inquiry into all the circumstances surrounding the interrogation. This includes evaluation of the juvenile’s age, experience, education, background, andintelligence, and into whether he has the capacity to understand the warnings given him, the nature of his Fifth Amendment rights, and the consequences of waiving those rights.
Id. at 725,
[¶-12.] Of course, any analysis presupposes that Miranda warnings have been given. The United States Supreme Court explained the necessity of the warnings and noted,
[f|or those unaware of the privilege, the warning is needed simply to make them aware of it — the threshold requirement for an intelligent decision as to its exercise. More important, such a warning is an absolute prerequisite in overcoming the inherent pressures of the interrogation atmosphere.... Further, the warning will show the individual that his interrogators are prepared to recognize his privilege should he choose to exercise it.
Miranda v. Arizona,
[¶ 13.] Juveniles are also afforded these safeguards. In re Gault,
[¶ 14.] We have acknowledged that because of the immaturity and vulnerability of children, their right against self-incrimination is of utmost importance. We said in Horse:
The youth of an accused is a significant factor in determining the voluntariness of a confession. A juvenile’s constitutional right against self-incrimination should be afforded additional protection. If counsel is not present when an admission is obtained, a court must take great care to assure that the juvenile’s confession was voluntary, “in the sense not only that it was not coerced or suggested, but also that it was not the product of ignorance of rights or of adolescent fantasy, fright, or despair.”
[¶ 15.] What we have said in these prior cases concerning the scrutiny to be applied in determining whether a juvenile’s statements are voluntary still holds. However, we are prepared today to retreat from the per se rule espoused in Lohnes. We, therefore, join the majority of jurisdictions that apply the totality of circumstances analysis. The United States Supreme Court noted that a totality of the circumstances analysis “refrains from imposing rigid restraints on police and courts in dealing with an experienced older juvenile with an extensive prior record who knowingly and intelligently waives his Fifth Amendment rights and voluntarily consents to interrogation.” Fare,
[W]hile we do not hold that a juvenile has a per se right to consult with a parent, guardian, or custodian before questioning or to have such persons present during questioning, we do hold that notice to a parent, guardian, or custodian and a child’s opportunity to confer with such persons are significant factors in evaluating the voluntariness of a statement or confession under the totality of the circumstances.
Horse,
[¶ 16.] Thus, we hold that advisement of the possibility of being tried as an adult, although not a per se rule, is “a significant factor in evaluating the volun-tariness of a statement or confession under the totality of the circumstances.” Id. However, where a juvenile is not advised that he could be tried as an adult, courts should proceed with caution and consider the juvenile’s confession under the backdrop that “a juvenile’s constitutional right against self-incrimination should be afforded additional protection.” Horse,
[¶ 18.]Under the mandates of SDCL 26-11-3.1, the possibility of a juvenile being tried in adult court is presumed. As the possibility that the juvenile may be tried as an adult becomes more probable, the juvenile should understand that one of the consequences of waiving his rights is that his statements could be used against him in adult court. As the officer’s pre-printed Miranda card directed, law enforcement officers should take this precautionary step, especially where the juvenile has committed a crime enumerated in SDCL 26-11-3.1.
[¶ 19.]The State argues that the absence of such a warning should only be considered when the juvenile is actually tried as an adult. The State, however, cites no authority for its argument. An inquiry of voluntariness requires a determination that the child’s statement “was not coerced or suggested, but also that it was not the product of ignorance of rights or of adolescent fantasy, fright, or despair.” Caffrey,
Voluntariness under Totality of Circumstances Analysis
[¶ 20.]In this case, the trial judge declined to follow the per se rule of Lohnes and considered whether J.J.’s confession was voluntary based on a totality of the circumstances analysis. However, in applying the totality of the circumstances analysis, it is unclear whether the judge considered failure to warn of the possibility of adult prosecution as a factor. Another problem in this case is that information concerning J.J.’s learning disabilities and -the effect of not being told he could be tried as an adult did not surface until the adjudication and disposition hearings. For example, during the adjudication hearing, Mother first testified about J.J.’s delayed development and that she would not have agreed to the interview had she known that J.J. could have been tried as an adult. Similarly, information that J.J. had an IQ of 79, was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and was on an Individual Education Plan came through tes
You have the continuing right to remain silent and to stop questioning at any time. Anything you say can be used as evidence against you. You have the continuing right to consult with and have the presence of an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, an attorney will be appointed for you. Do you understand your rights? Do you wish to waive your rights and talk to me at this time?
J.J. answered the two questions, “yes.” Although the pre-printed card indicated that when questioning a juvenile, the officer should also explain that the child could be tried as an adult, the deputy admitted he did not read that portion of the card. Thus, J.J. was not informed that there was the possibility of being tried as an adult.
[¶ 21.]During the short interview in the residence, J.J. made no admissions. The deputy then put J.J. under arrest and collected the clothing J.J. had been wearing that day. The deputy then explained to J.J. and Mother that he was taking J.J. to the sheriffs office and would be contacting a judge to decide if- J.J. would be placed in the juvenile detention facility. The deputy then walked J.J. towards the patrol car, which was parked on the street. On the way to the car, J.J. asked McMillin, “if I did tell what I did, do I have to still go in?” McMillin responded, “if you did something, I need to know. I understand it is tough to say certain things in front of your parents.” J.J. then confessed. McMillin testified as follows:
From there he said, “I did do it. She told me to do it.” I said, “a three-year-old girl told you to do it?” He said, “yes,” and I inquired where it was at. He said, “in the Explorer.” I asked, “if I bring your mom out here, will you explain everything to her?” He said he would. So I placed him in the patrol car and went in and got his mom.
Mother then came to the patrol car and J.J. told her what had happened. This taped conversation was introduced into evidence. J.J. asked again if he could stay with his mother. '
[¶ 22.]Based on this evidence and briefs submitted by counsel, the judge decided that the statements were voluntary. In a letter decision, she indicated that the factors she considered were as follows: “1) the defendant’s youth; 2) the defendant’s lack of education or low intelligence; 3) the absence of any advice to the defendant of his constitutional rights; 4) the length of detention; 5) the repeated and prolonged nature of questioning; 6) the use of physical punishment such as the deprivation of food or sleep; 7) the defendant’s prior experience with law enforcement and court system; and 8). whether the interrogating officers used deception or misrepresentation.” The judge’s written decision does not indicate that she took into consideration the factors involving the absence of the warning that he could be tried as an
Having considered the totality of the circumstances, the Court determines that J.J.’s consent to interrogation was freely and voluntarily given. J.J. was fifteen years old at the time of his arrest. He was advised of his Miranda rights prior to the interrogation, but not of the fact that there was a possibility he could be tried as an adult. He indicated he understood his rights, wished to waive them and speak to Deputy McMillan [McMillin]. No evidence that J.J. is of low intelligence has been presented to the Court. J.J. was questioned for a very short period of time in his own home with his mother present. J.J. was not punished in any way during the interrogation. Also, the Court has been presented with no evidence that Deputy McMillan [McMillin] used deception or misrepresentation to obtain the confession. After J.J. initially refused to speak he then reinitiated the conversation outside his mother’s presence and then made incriminating statements. J.J. will be tried in juvenile rather than adult court.
The State had the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that J.J.’s statements were voluntary. Holman,
Well, we’re in the unique situation where a trial is occurring before the Court. We had a full blown suppression on this. You briefed it as did [the State’s Attorney] and there was a significant amount of information that you didn’t apparently bring to the Court. Now, you want to revisit this during the middle of an adjudicatory hearing, is that what you’re asking the Court to do?
The Court’s point is that should have been done at- the suppression hearing. Are you asking the Court to reconsider the ruling made at the suppression hearing by evidence now you’re garnering at the adjudicatory proceeding?
J.J.’s counsel answered that he did not want the judge to reconsider the suppression ruling and that he only offered the information for the purpose of determining the weight and credibility to give to J.J.’s confession. Counsel’s answer was as follows:
I’m asking you, as trier of fact, to make a determination, when you render your decision, not to give any credibility to those admissions that were made under the circumstances in which they were procured and that’s what the jury instruction says, when you look at admissions or confessions, you’re supposed to look at them as suspect, as a jury.That’s the jury, what they are suppose to do. The reason you look at all circumstances under which they were obtained. So all I’m doing is fleshing out how those are to be determined and what weight you are going to give to those admissions.
[¶ 23.] A review of the judge’s findings reveals that almost all of her findings in determining guilt were based on evidence and testimony other than J.J.’s confession. Of the judge’s nineteen findings of fact, only two mention J.J.’s admissions. Her findings in regard to the admissions were as follows:
16. That J.J. admitted, in a conversation with Fall River County Deputy Sheriff Steve McMillin and his mother, that [the niece] wanted to know what it felt like if he put “his winker in her dink,” and that she wanted him to and that he did do it.
17. That the Court reduces the weight given to the admission of J.J. because of the testimony that J.J. is enrolled in an Individual Education Program at the Edgemont School and that he is two years behind as he was not allowed to matriculate immediately from Kindergarten and the fifth grade; however, these grade retentions were a result of J.J.’s maturity levels and not a result of his inability to read, write or communicate.
None of the other findings of fact upon which the judge based her adjudication depended on or were a result of J.J.’s statements. The findings were based On the testimony of the doctor that examined the niece, statements made by the niece to her mother and others, and photographs of the child’s injuries. Even if we were to assume that J.J.’s statements were involuntary, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the judge gave reduced weight to the admission and because the evidence supported the adjudication without the admission. See Holman,
2. Whether the trial court erred when it found sufficient evidence to adjudicate J J. a delinquent child.
[¶ 24.] J.J. also claims that the evidence was insufficient to adjudicate him as a delinquent. We find no merit to his claim. Although he claims there was no corroborating evidence to establish the corpus delecti of the crime, a review of the evidence shows otherwise. Both the statements of the niece and the medical observation of the doctor establish that a rape occurred and that the perpetrator was J.J. Four pictures of the niece’s vaginal area were introduced into evidence which depicted the injuries explained by the doctor. The doctor’s observations were that a “rubbing” trauma from the skin being pulled back and forth caused tears along the niece’s labia approximately 7-10 mm in length. The doctor testified, based upon the child’s demeanor, the spontaneous allegations made by the niece and the results of the exam that a sexual assault had “probably occurred.” Additionally, the niece told her mother that J.J. had put his “winker” in her “dink.” She complained of burning when she urinated and the photographs showed the redness and trauma to the child’s vaginal area.
[¶ 25.] J.J. also claims that the hearsay statements of the child should not have been considered by the court. The child’s statements came in without objection, consequently, this issue was not preserved for appeal. Rogen v. Monson,
[¶26.] Based on our standard of review, we cannot say that the trial judge erred in adjudicating J.J. a delinquent child. We affirm on all issues.
Notes
. States that have expressly rejected a per se rule requiring that a juvenile be warned of the possibility of adult prosecution include: Alaska, Watkinson v. State,
Some states that have declined to adopt a per se rule have found that the nature of the offense and the custodial nature of the interrogation may allow the juvenile to infer that he may be tried as an adult. See Quiriconi v. State,96 Nev. 766 ,616 P.2d 1111 , 1114 (1980); State v. Gullings,244 Or. 173 ,416 P.2d 311 , 313-14 (1966); State v. Luoma,88 Wash.2d 28 ,558 P.2d 756 , 761-62 (1977).
. A recent law review article by Kenneth J. King, entitled, “Waving Childhood Goodbye: How Juvenile Courts Fail to Protect Children From Unknowing, Unintelligent, and Involuntary Waivers of Miranda Rights," cited several studies which analyzed whether juveniles understood the meaning of Miranda warnings. 2006 Wis.L.Rev. 431, 433. According to one such study, only 21% of children, compared to 42.3% of adults, were able to comprehend the meaning and significance of Miranda warnings. Id. Of these children, 55% could not understand at least one component of the Miranda warnings compared to 23% of
. The legislature recently added Class C-felonies to the list of felonies that automatically require delinquents to be tried as adults. 2006 SD Laws ch. 117 section 5.