109 N.Y.S. 396 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1908
The relator asks for a peremptory writ of mandamus requiring the defendant to deliver to the relator all warrants in his possession, payable to' the order of the relator, issued and made out for public printing furnished by the relator to the city of Buffalo pursuant to a contract for printing made between the city of Buffalo and the relator, whereby the relator undertook and agreed to do certain ¡minting required by the various departments of the city for the year ending December 31, 1907.
The granting of the writ is resisted on the sole alleged grounds that the relator has violated its contract and the provisions of section 3 of chapter 415 of the Laws of 1897, as re-enacted by chapter 506 of the Laws of 1906, which was incorporated into the contract and reads as follows:
“ Section 3. Hours to constitute a day’s work.— Eight hours shall constitute a legal day’s work for all classes of employees in this state except those engaged in farm and domestic service unless otherwise provided by law. This section does not prevent an agreement for overwork at an increased compensation except upon work by or for the state or a municipal corporation, or by contractors or subcontractors therewith. Each contract to which the state or a municipal corporation is a party which may involve the employment of laborers, workmen or mechanics shall contain a stipulation that no laborer, workman or mechanic in the employ of the contractor, subcontractor or other person doing or contracting to do the whole or a part of the work contemplated by the contract shall be permitted or required to work more than eight hours in any one calendar day except in cases of extraordinary emergency caused by fire,
On January 8, 1908, one William Drumb, a former employee of the relator, made an affidavit in substance alleging that, some time prior to January 1, 1908, while employed by the relator, he had worked more than eight hours on work covered by the contract and that some' four others of .the relator’s employees had done the same. He also stated in the affidavit that the relator did not pay him or the other-persons mentioned the prevailing rate of wates. Thereupon the president of the local typographical union served on the
At the very outset the court is called upon to construe the provisions of the act in question, as to what it prevents •and attempts to secure. It cannot have been the purpose or intent of the act to make a contractor responsible for every accidental violation of the statute as to hours or wages. We do not understand it was the purpose of the Legislature to impose the severe penalty of forfeiture of contract and compensation for every possible case where an employee works more than eight hours on a public job. To give the statute such a construction would put a contractor at the mercy of evil and designing men and make him the victim of mere accident or honest mistake. It is not to be supposed that, in case a workman by accident or oversight labored beyond the prescribed eight hours, thereby his employer violated his contract and forfeited all right to compensation for work clone under it. Accidental or unintentional laboring over time for ten minutes would, if such a construction were to prevail, be quite as effectual to work a forfeiture as the intentional and habitual violation of the terms of the statute. We think the statute rather imposes upon contractors the duty, not only for themselves-not to violate the provisions of ihe act, but to use every reasonable effort and diligence to cause those acting for and representing them to also observe the law in the respects required. If, notwithstanding the express instructions and directions of contractors, and against their wishes, an employee labors more than the prescribed eight hours per day, it cannot be said that the contractor .required or permitted it to be done. On the con
We believe this view of the law disposes of this case. It appears from the affidavits in the case that Mr. Hausauer, the head of the corporation, the relator in this case, after the contract for the public printing had been entered into, called on the superintendent of his establishment, read to him the act in question and gave him explicit and imperative directions that, under no circumstances, should the provisions of the act he violated. Mr. Weber, the superintendent, makes affidavit not only to these facts, but also swears they never were in fact violated and that no employee has ever been permitted or required to work more than eight hours on any of the public work in hand and that the prevailing and more than the prevailing rate of' wage has been uniformly paid those employed on that class of work.
Mr. Drumb, it is true, in his affidavit states that, on some occasions or days, he did in fact work more than eight hours on city printing and was paid for such work. He does not specify on what days he so worked or by whose direction he so worked, and he does not in his affidavit state that any member of the relator’s corporation or its superintendent knew or was aware of his working overtime on city work. There is nothing in the opposing affidavits bringing any such knowledge home to the relator or showing, if overwork was done, it was done with its assent or permission. I am satisfied that Mr. Drumb is mistaken in his assertion. It does appear by the relator’s affidavits that many of their compositors and other workmen did in fact work nine hours
The affidavits present another situation which demands the attention of the court. It appears that, on the Yth day of January, 1908, Mr. Drumb made his affidavit stating that he had worked nine hours a day on city work and on that day his affidavit with a written notice from the president'of the typographical union was served on the mayor,
It would seem, therefore, the city by its own conduct must be held to be estopped from now questioning the validity of the contract and has waived any right to insist on a forfeiture of the relator’s rights thereunder!
This was held to be the rule governing such case by Justice Ingraham at the Appellate Division in the case of People ex rel. Rodgers v. Coler, 56 App. Div. 98. The learned justice in that case held that a municipality having knowledge of the violation of the provisions of the Labor Law was bound to take some action to avoid the contract and that it could not stand idly by and continue to accept its benefits and then refuse to draw its warrants on the ground that the provision of the statute had been violated. This at least would seem to be natural justice.
There remains still another ground for the consideration of the court. The written contract by which the city public printing was done was made on the 19th day of February, 1907, and by its very .terms only covered the public printing-required by the city -of Buffalo for the year ending December 31, 1907.
¡Notwithstanding the fact that the contract in question by its terms simply covered work ordered before January 1, 1908, the various departments of the city have continued to order, since January 1, 1908, such further printing supplies as they have required; and this work has been done and performed by the relator without any new written agreement with the city. It must go without argument that all new work done since January 1, 1908, was not done under and by virtue of the old written agreement expiring December 31,
There was presented for the consideration of the court still another question. The affidavit of Mr. Drumb alleged the prevailing rate of wages was not paid by the relator. The affidavits read by the relator show most conclusively that a greater' rate than the prevailing rate was in fact paid employees by the relator. The truth of the relator’s affidavits in this respect is not now challenged. All that can possibly be claimed on behalf of the city is the fact that three or four of the employees were not paid journeymen’s wages, ahhough they did some work on the jobs in hand. The answer to this proposition, however, is complete that these persons were not journeymen or able to perform journeymen’s work. On the contrary, they were more or less inexperienced hands, yet serving a portion of their apprenticeship. They were paid, however, the prevailing wage which persons of that experience and standing in the trade were paid. In so doing we cannot see that the relator in any manner violated the terms of the statute in question. ¡Nowhere in the statute are contractors required to employ exclusively journeymen workmen. In nearly every public work, workmen of different grades of experience are needed; and the statute is complied with if the contractor pays the prevailing rate for the particular class of labor actually employed.
It was also argued that, although the relator may have only employed its compositors eight hours per day on city contract work, nevertheless it was no less a violation of the
The statute expressly provides that “ this section does not prevent an agreement for overwork at an increased compensation, except upon work by or for the state or a municipal corporation, or by contractors or subcontractors therewith.”,
The statute by its express terms seems to permit an employee to do independent work on other than State or municipal contracts. If the statute assumed to limit the right of a person to sell his services. for outside and independent work, where he was once also engaged on public jobs, such a provision would beyond a question make the statute unconstitutional, as declared in People ex rel. Rodgers v. Coler, 166 N. Y. 1. The operation of the statute must be thereby confined to work done for the State or municipalities in order to sustain its validity. The statute is highly penal in its provisions and must as in all such cases be strictly construed. For these reasons the contention that the relator was not permitted to employ its compositors an extra hour on work other than city printing cannot be sustained.
For these reasons the peremptory writ of mandamus is ordered, but without costs to the relator, for the reason that the city officials owed it as a duty to themselves and the city not to pay the relator until the claims made as to the alleged violation- of the relator’s contract had been judicially passed on by the court.
Ordered accordingly.