People ex rel. Crouse v. Cowles

| NY | Sep 15, 1868

Lead Opinion

Woodruff, J.

The distinction between a commitment upon a precept issued for the disobedience of an order for the payment of a sum of money and a commitment upon a' conviction of misconduct, punishable by fine and imprisonment, is very clearly indicated in the statute, and has been repeatedly declared by the courts (2 R. S. pp. 534, 535, 536, 537)

The proceedings are unlike, and the decision and penalties imposed are different.

A precept to commit (§ 4), for the non-payment of money, in obedience to a rule or order, issues of course, and ex parte, on proof by affidavit that personal demand has been made, and that the money is not paid. Eo proof that the party has money wherewith to pay, is necessary. The order for such payment being made, and presumptively made on sufficient grounds, it is not open to examination upon its merits to raise an excuse for disobedience; insolvency will not prevent the issuing of the precept, nor entitle the party committed to its revocation. Under the act of 1843, the party showing inability has, after commitment, an appeal to the discretion of the court, but in the first instance, whether there be actual contumacy or not, whether the party be able to pay or not, if a case has been presented in which the court had jurisdiction to make the order for the payment, the precept and the commitment follow if the money is not paid, whatever excuse the party may have for .disobedience (2 E. S. 535, § 4.)

E'er is there any adjudication or conviction of misconduct, nor any thing in the nature of punishment imposed. The defaulting party is and can be subjected to no infliction punitory in its nature.

By whatever technical name such a precept be called, and whether the consequences in respect to the right to the liberties of the jail are or are not the same, the nature and the object of such a precept and of a capias ad satisfaciendum are identical, and the period of commitment and mode of satisfying their requirements in order to a release, are also identical.

A commitment of the other description is preceded (§ 5 et seg.) by a judicial inquiry into the question of the guilt or innocence of the party charged, in which he has an opportunity to appear and answer, and be heard in his defense; and the conviction is followed by punishment, punishment in form and in fact, the judgment pronounced is fine or imprisonment, or both, as the nature of the case may require, and where the misconduct whereof the party was convicted has produced injury to a party, such fine shall be at least sufficient to indemnify him. But though no such injury appears, the court may nevertheless impose a fine and imprisonment for the public wrong which has been done.

All this is a provision for the infliction of punishment for an offense, an offense tending to impair the efficiency of our courts in the administration of justice, to bring them into disrespect, and it may in some of the cases embraced within the statutes, be incidentally injurious to parties.

The statute itself calls it “ punishment,” by providing that where the offense be also indictable, and on indictment the offender is convicted, “the punishment already inflicted” shall be taken into consideration “ in forming the sentence” of the court.

The process in the former case is strictly and purely remedial. In the latter it is punitive, and in most instances purely so.

By 2 Revised Statutes, 755, sections 7 and 8, persons duly sentenced to imprisonment upon conviction for any contempt or misconduct, cannot be let out of prison on bail, or otherwise, by the keeper of the prison, without lawful authority, but are to be kept in rooms separate and distinct from convicts under sentence.

In declaring who shall be entitled to the liberties of the jail, the statute designates every person who shall be iñ custody of the sheriff of any county by virtue

1. Of a capias ad respondendum / or,

2. Of an execution in a civil action; or,

3. By virtue of any attachment for the non-payment of costs in a civil action; or,

4. In consequence of a surrender in exoneration of his bail.

Whether a party committed by precept for the non-payment of money other than costs, is entitled to such liberties, depends upon the true construction of this statute, or, in other words, whether the precept in the present case was an execution in a civil action.

. That a commitment upon a conviction and sentence to fine and imprisonment is not' such an execution, is on all hands conceded.

1. The object of the precept and an ordinary ca. sa. are identical.

2. The form of the precept and a capias ad satisfaciendum out of chancery, are in every material respect, identical.

3. The prisoner is, in the terms of both,- only held until he pays the money mentioned.

4. Judged by its ofiice and purpose, and by its sole legal effect and operation, it is an execution against the body.

5. The use of the term “ execution” does not necessarily import any precise form of process, and properly includes all processes which are the same in their purpose, office arid effect.

In my judgment, the precept in the present case is within the designation in this statute, and upon. that the whole question whether the person committed was entitled to the liberties of the jail, depends.

On first examination of this statute, I was much impressed by a thought suggested' by the special provision therein for admitting to the liberties a person in custody by virtue of any attachment for the non-payment of costs in a civil action (subd. 3:)

The authority to commit for the non-payment of costs, is part of the same section which authorizes the precept to commit for the non-payment of a sum of money ordered to be paid, and it should apparently be treated as involving precisely the same legal consequences, and no other.

If then by force of the admission to the liberties of a person “held in custody by virtue of an execution in a civil action” (subd. 2), the party committed by precept in such case is entitled to the liberties of the jail, why was the third subdivision added—the case was already provided for—and if the legislature intended that a person committed by such a precept for the non-payment of money, why did they confine the third subdivision to the non-payment of costs ?

Whether the commitment “by virtue of an attachment for the non-payment of costs,” means to describe another case than a commitment under the section we are considering, by precept, which is' the process specifically described, may or may- not be doubtful. But it was at one time questioned whether a person committed by virtue of an attachment for contempt, in not paying costs, was a person held in custody on civil process, within our early statutes, by which jail liberties were established.

It had been decided that such a commitment was civil process within those acts. (Jackson v. Billings, 1 Caines, N. Y. 252.) The phraseology of the statute was changed in the Revised Statutes, and the language above quoted was employed in the other subdivisions, and to prevent doubt, the' case of an attachment for non-payment of costs was expressly provided for.

Upon the whole I do not think this circumstance sufficient to overcome the reasons for regarding the precept in question as an execution within the statute. The decision referred to tends to support this view in suggesting the distinction between the civil remedy to enforce an order of the court for the payment of money, and the punishment of a contempt, which is a proceeding criminal in its nature.

The question is very fully discussed by the vice-chancellor in Van Wezel v. Van Wezel (3 Paige Ch., 38" court="None" date_filed="1831-11-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/van-wezel-v-van-wezel-5547916?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5547916">3 Paige, 38), where a party was committed by precepts for contempts, in not paying moneys ordered to be paid for temporary alimony. He applied for a discharge from imprisonment under the act authorizing the discharge of persons imprisoned by virtue of one or more “ executions in civil causes,” and the vice-chancellor held that such a precept was included fin this description, and the chancellor declares that the process was “ an execution in a civil cause.” The identical question now before us, and arising on a precept issued in virtue of the same section of our statutes (2 R. S. p. 535, § 4.)

And in the People v. Bennett (4 Paige Ch., 282" court="None" date_filed="1833-12-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/people-ex-rel-hawley-v-bennett-5548057?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5548057">4 Paige, 282), the chancellor reiterates, in reference to the question whether a party committed is entitled to the liberties of the jail, the distinction already stated between a commitment by precept for the non-payment of money and a commitment upon a conviction and fine as punishment for a contempt in misconduct punishable by fine and imprisonment. In the latter case he decides that the prisoner is not entitled to the jail liberties, and declares that in the former “ he is in execution in a civil action,” and is entitled thereto. (See also Patrick v. Warner, 4 Paige Ch., 397" court="None" date_filed="1834-03-04" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/patrick-v-warner-5548077?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5548077">4 Paige, 397.)

I might have reposed upon these cases and the very clear and satisfactory opinion of Mr. Justice Hoyt in the court below, but I became much interested in the question, and was greatly impressed by the elaborate and able argument of the counsel for the appellant, on the hearing of the appeal, and have perhaps unnecessarily occupied time without throwing new light upon the question.

Some, of the remarks of Mr. Justice Cowen, in The People v. Nevins (1 Hill, 155), would, at first view, seem to indicate that there was no difference between a commitment by precept under the.fourth section of. the statute, and a commitment on conviction and sentence, by way of fine, for the contempt. But those remarks were made in reference to the validity of the commitment and the power of a supreme court commissioner to declare it invalid. There the proceeding was against an attorney, by attachment, to punish him for official misconduct, in not paying over moneys collected for his client, and it was on interrogatories and answer thereto, adjudged that a fine be imposed, and that the attorney be committed until the fine and costs be paid. In form the proceeding was for a contempt, punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, and the prisoner was convicted and fined. The question whether in such case the commitment was an execution in a civil action, did not arise. The court intimate, that there was in that case an election to proceed summarily by precept under the fourth section, instead of by attachment, interrogatories, answer and fine.

It is not necessary, in this case, to decide that, where a party has obtained a judgment authorizing the collection of the amount out of the separate estate of a married woman, and it appears on examination supplementary to execution, that, with a view to defeat a recovery, or in order to retain the fund, the married woman has taken it, whether in money or in other form, into her personal possession, so that it cannot be reached by execution, and an order being made that she deliver it to a receiver, or apply it in a proper form upon the judgment debt, she refuses—she cannot be proceeded against as for a criminal contempt, and punished by fine or imprisonment, or both, and without the privilege of the jail liberties.

It is doubtful, at least, whether that remedy is not available against the party herself, or against any third person in such, or a like case.

However this may be, such was not the proceeding which is here under examination. It was simply an order upon a married woman, a debtor in respect of her separate estate, to pay the debt on proof that she had money sufficient to pay it.

The habeas corpus act, though urged upon our attention, does not assist in determining whether the prisoner was entitled to the liberties of the jail, or not. (2 R. S. p. 562, et seq.)

The fortieth section, which was relied upon, requires the officer before whom a prisoner shall be produced, in obedience to the writ, to forthwith remand the party if it appear that he is detained in custody “ for any contempt specially and plainly charged in the commitment, by some court officer or body having authority to commit for the contempt so charged.”

So, also, he is required forthwith to remand the prisoner if it shall appear that he is detained in custody by virtue of any execution issued upon any judgment or decree of any competent court of civil or criminal jurisdiction.

And so, also (§ 41), it is his duty to remand whenever it appears that the prisoner is in custody by virtue of “ civil process from any court legally constituted, or issued by any officer in the course of judicial proceedings before him, authorized by law,” unless certain specified grounds for discharge from custody are found.

These provisions do not determine at all whether a party charged in execution is entitled to the jail liberties, and no more does it decide whether the party in custody for con tempt, should be admitted thereto, nor whether the precept now in question is the commitment for contempt here referred to, or the civil process mentioned in section forty-one.

Section sixty-one of the article of the statutes, entitled “ of escapes, and the liabilities of sheriffs therefor” (2 E. S. 437), does undoubtedly present the main question in a form which, in the abscence of decided cases, and of other provision of the statutes, which, as heretofore construed, might seem in conflict therewith, strongly supports the argument that the prisoner, in a case like the present, if legally held at all, must be kept in close custody. Thus “ all prisoners committed to jail upon process for contempt, or committed for misconduct in the cases provided by law, except on attachments for the non-payment of costs, shall be actually «confined and detained within such jail,” etc. This -in the connection in which it stands, imports close confinement within the prison.

But this article immediately follows, and is a part of the same title as section forty, which provides who may be admitted to the liberties of the jail, and must be construed with it.

If the construction above given to section forty, and the cases cited in support of that construction are correct, then the contempt or misconduct mentioned in this section sixty-one, describes only tire cases where the process is for the punishment of a party by fine or imprisonment, or both.

notwithstanding the observations already made, I am not able to find legal warrant for the order which was made by the county judge, or for the affirmance thereof.

It is unquestionably the duty of the sheriff holding a prisoner in custody, who is entitled to the liberties of. the jail, to accept a proper bond with sufficient sureties, and permit such prisoner “ to go at large” within the limits of such liberties, but I do not discover that a judge before whom such prisoner -may be brought on habeas corpus has any power or authority to give an order or direction to that effect.

The duty of the judge, on the hearing of the matter brought under examination by the habeas corpus, and the consequent proceedings, is defined in the statute already referred to. (2 R. S. 563 et seq.)

“ If no legal cause he shown for such imprisonment or restraint, or for the continuance thereof, such court or officer shall discharge such party from the custody or restraint under which he is held.” (§ 39.)

“ It shall be the duty of such court or officer, forthwith to remand such party” in the class of cases already above referred to. (§ 40.)

In cases in which a prisoner is held on a charge of crime, the officer, in certain cases, may let him to bail. (§ 43.)

“ If the party be not entitled to his discharge, and be not bailed, the court or officer shall remand Mm to the custody or place him under the restraint from which he was taken, if the person under whose custody or restraint he was, be legally entitled thereto; if not so entitled, he shall be committed by such court or officer to the custody of such officer or person as by law is entitled thereto.” (§ 44.)

Here is no warrant to the officer to take bail or security of any kind. The prisoner was not held on a charge of any crime, and the judge did not attempt to do so.

But on the other hand, he did “ order and adjudge that the said Marinda 0. Wheeler” (the prisoner) ec is not entitled, to her discharge.”

Thereupon the peremptory direction of the statute applied, viz.: “ that he shall remand the prisoner to the custody, or place him under the restraint from which ha was taken P

The order, however, proceeds to declare—“ but that she is entitled to the liberties of the jail,” and next conditionally to remand, thus, “ and that she be remanded to the county jail of Wayne county, unless she give good and sufficient bail, to be approved by said sheriff, for the liberties of the jail.”

And the order then proceeds to direct and require the sheriff) upon the tendering of such bail, to accept the same,' and declares that thereupon the prisoner shall have the jail liberties.

I have not been able to discover that the officer had any jurisdiction to make such an order. Perhaps I may have overlooked some statute, or other authority, but at present I can only say, that however it might instruct the sheriff in regard to his duty, it was, as an order, wholly without jurisdiction, and inoperative; it neither bound the sheriff to admit to the liberties, nor would protect him from liability for an escape, if he admitted the prisoner to the liberties. His liability, in such case, would depend upon the question whether (independent of such an order) she was entitled to be so admitted, and not whether he acted in obedience to 7 ft such an order. Ho such order could be enforced against the sheriff, and he was still left to act upon his own responsibility. If this court should unite in an opinion that a person committed upon such precept, and for the same cause is entitled to the jail liberties, sheriffs might perhaps deem it safe to act accordingly, but not even this court can make a mandatory order directing them to take the bond therefor.

It is said, that in truth, the prisoner being a female, could not be arrested and held on such process, and therefore the officer should have discharged the prisoner (Code of Procedure, § 179.) The question is not before us. The people have not appealed from the order, and of course the appellants do not, and cannot raise it.

The order which was made was, however, without warrant of law. Having adjudged that the prisoner was not entitled to her discharge, he should have remanded her without condition.

On this ground, the judgment of affirmance should be reversed, but without costs.

---

Dissenting Opinion

Clerke, J.

(dissenting). I shall consider this case as if it was properly entitled in the proceedings by which it was brought to this court. It is, in fact, an appeal from the decision of the Supreme Court in a certiorari, upon proceedings in a writ of habeas corpus directed to the sheriff of the county of Wayne, to bring before G-. W. Cowles, judge of the said county of Wayne, one Maria A. C. Wheeler, to inquire into the cause of her imprisonment. In those proceedings he made a certain decision which was taken to the Supreme Court by certiorari for review. The issuing of the writ was the commencement of a special proceeding, not an action, and should have been entitled, “ In the matter of the habeas corpus,” etc. The writ of certiorari, issued for the purpose of bringing the decision of the county judge into the Supreme Court for review there, was, in effect, an appeal from his decision, and did not constitute a cause of action against him. There was no claim or complaint against him, but the certiorari merely required, him to certify the proceedings arising under the writ of habeas corpus, to ascertain if the said decision was according to law. Tlie proceeding should, therefore, have retained the title which it had, or should have had, originally, namely, “ in the matter of the writ of habeas corpus,” etc.

I will now proceed with a summary of the facts:

October 15, 1866, Crowel and others recovered a judgment in the Supreme Court against Marinda Wheeler, a married woman, for $723.24. The place of trial was in Onondaga county. A transcript was duly docketed in Wayne county, where the said Marinda resided, and an execution was issued to the sheriff of that county, who returned it unsatisfied. The defendant was examined before a referee, under an order made by Mr. Justice Morgan, in proceedings supplementary to the execution. Upon the report of the referee, from which it appeared that the defendant had $900 in cash in her possession, Mr. Justice Morgan made an order, requiring her to pay the amount of the judgment and $40, costs, within ten days, or that, in default thereof, an attachment issue against her. She appealed from this order to the General Term, where it was affirmed. The question involved in that appeal was, whether an order of that nature could be issued against a woman. As there has been no appeal to this court from that order, the question cannot be entertained in the present appeal. The order was duly served upon the said Marinda, and, upon her refusal to comply, a writ was issued, commanding the sheriff to attach her, and commit her to the county jail, and detain her there in close custody, until she should comply with said order. She was, accordingly, arrested and committed to the county jail. The county judge granted a habeas corpus, directed to the sheriff; and upon the return showing these facts, decided that said Marinda was entitled to the liberty of the jail, upon executing the proper bond; and he ordered her discharge from close custody upon executing such a bond. A certiora/ri, as we have seen, was sued out of the Supreme Court to reverse this order of the county judge; the plaintiffs in the judgment contending, that the defendant was not entitled to the jail liberties, and that Judge Cowles had no jurisdiction to discharge her from close custody. The Supreme Court affirmed the order of the county judge. From this order of the General Term, an appeal has been taken to this court.

In section 4 of the title of the Revised Statutes relating to contempts to enforce civil remedies (2 R. S. 535 marginal; 3 id.' 850 5th ed.), it is provided: “When any rule or order of a .court shall have been made for the payment of costs, or any other sum of money, and proof by affidavit shall be made of the personal demand of such sum of money, and of a refusal to pay it, the court may issue a precept to commit the person so disobeying to prison, until such sum, and the costs and expenses of the proceeding be paid; ” and in the next section, it is provided: “ In all cases, other than that specified in the last section, the court shall either grant an order on the accused party to show cause, at some reasonable time, why he should not be punished for the alleged misconduct; or shall issue an attachment to arrest such party, and bring him before such court to answer for such misconduct.” The order to show cause and the attachment mentioned in this last section, are merely preliminary to an inquiry, by affidavits or interrogatories, to enable the court to determine whether the accused is guilty of the alleged misconduct; and it is only after such inquiry that the decision is final.

The order, to wit, “ ordered by Mr. Justice Morgan, requiring the sheriff to commit Marinda 0. Wheeler to close custody,” was not issued in conformity with this latter section. There was no order to show cause, as in Brush v. Lee, nor was there any such attachment as the section contemplates; for this section provides, that “the sheriff shall bring the accused before the court to answer for such misconduct.” It is, therefore, as I have said,- merely preliminary. But the process in this case is conclusive, ordering the sheriff not to bring the accused before the court for further inquiry and for final adjudication; but it directs him to commit her and detain her in close custody until she shall comply with the order. The process, therefore, if allowable at all, is issued by virtue of section 4, of the title to which I have referred. Is this section applicable to orders made in proceedings supplementary to the execution ? It certainly was applicable in all cases possible at the time this section of the Revised Statutes was adopted j and, if, in a proceeding by creditor’s bill under the former practice, it was ascertained that the judgment debtor had any specific sum of money which he refused to deliver to the receiver, the Court of Chancery would, I think, have proceeded against him under this section. By section 302 of the Code of Procedure, it is provided, if any person disobey an order of the judge or referee duly served, such person may be punished by the judge as for contempt; so that by this provision, it was contemplated the accused was liable to the same mode of punishment, to which persons were liable, previous to the Code, for similar disobedience. I think, therefore, that this process was properly issued in conformity with section 4, of title 13, relating to proceedings as for contempts, etc. The only question that can arise is, whether a person, committed under this section, is entitled to the jail liberties. There are two decisions by the late chancellor of this State, which settle this question. I am not aware that they have ever been disturbed or even disputed. They seem to be based on a long current of decisions in England. (Van Wezel v. Van Wezel, 3 Paige Ch., 38" court="None" date_filed="1831-11-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/van-wezel-v-van-wezel-5547916?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5547916">3 Pai. 38; The People v. Bennett, 4 id. 282.) It is there held, that the precept or attachment, under the said section, is a mere substitute for an execution against the body. In the last mentioned case, the chancellor says: “ Where a rule or order of this court has been made, requiring a party to pay the costs of any proceedings or other sum. of money, and he is committed for not paying the same in conformity with the 4th section of the Eevised Statutes, which relates to proceedings as for contempts to enforce civil remedies, and to protect the rights of parties in civil actions, he is in execution in a civil action, or on attachment -for not paying the same directed to be paid. In such case he is entitled to the jail liberties.” “ But,” he adds, “ the provisions of the Eevised Statutes relative to the jail liberties, etc., do not extend to the case of a party who is committed for the non-payment of a fine, imposed upon him as a punishment for a contempt of the court.” In other words, if the proceedings are under section 5, as was the case in Brush v. Lee, the defendant is not entitled to the jail liberties; but if the proceedings are under section 4, as in the case before us, the defendant is entitled to them. The order of the county judge is, consequently, correct.

The order appealed from should be affirmed with costs.

Hunt, Ch. J., and Grover, Mason, Miller, Bacon and Dwight, JJ., concurred in the final conclusion of--Wood-ruff, J., but were of opinion that the party committed was not entitled to the liberties of the jail.

Order of the Supreme Court, and of the county judge, reversed, without costs.