275 N.Y. 357 | NY | 1937
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *359 [EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *361 The relator is a corporation which furnishes and distributes water in the city of Utica and its vicinity. By chapter 715 of the Laws of 1931, which added article 4-B to the Public Service Law (Cons. Laws, ch. 48), the Public Service Commission was given specified powers of supervision and control over such corporations. In July, 1931, pursuant to provisions in the statute, the water company filed with the Commission a schedule of rates for water service. The company notified the Mayor of the city of Utica that the rates in that schedule were not sufficient to afford a fair and reasonable return upon its property, but that it was willing to forego a higher rate sufficient to yield such return until business conditions *363 improved. The city of Utica did not accede to the company's claim that the proposed rates were insufficient to yield a reasonable return on the company's property. It promptly filed with the Commission a complaint against the rates in that schedule. Thereupon the company filed a schedule increasing its proposed charges. By stipulation the second schedule of rates was suspended until the determination of the proceedings based upon the complaint of the city and some of the surrounding villages. On June 28, 1933, the Commission made an order which directed that the company reduce the rates contained in its first schedule and which it had previously charged. An application of the company for a rehearing was denied. Then the company obtained an order of certiorari. The Appellate Division by a divided court confirmed the determination of the Commission.
The Public Service Commission held hearings for more than a year in which the company and the city had full opportunity to present evidence in regard to every relevant factor in the proper determination of what rates would be reasonable and would be sufficient to yield a fair return on the company property. The last hearing was held on December 23, 1932. The matter was finally submitted to the Commission on March 1, 1933. Two of the Commissioners joined in a report in which they found that the "fair value of all of the property of the Consolidated Water Company of Utica, N.Y., used and useful in rendering water service to its consumers is $5,850,000." "That the company is entitled to a return of 6% upon such fair value," and that "the company should decrease its rates to effect a reduction in its revenues of at least $120,000 per annum." The two Commissioners in their report set forth at length the evidence upon which they based these findings, and the weight which they gave to each factor which in their opinion should enter into a determination of value. Another Commissioner concurred in the report, and *364
two other Commissioners filed concurring opinions stating in effect that they reached the same result but by different reasoning. The majority of the Appellate Division in confirming the determination stated in a per curiam opinion: "The principal questions raised relate to the determination by the Commission of the value of relator's property used and useful in the public service. This is a question of fact and there is ample evidence to sustain the determination below." (
Upon this appeal, the appellant maintains that the determination of the value of its property is arbitrary, based on erroneous methods, without competent evidence to support it, and is confiscatory; that the return of six per cent allowed by the Commission is inadequate and unreasonable; that the order of the Commission to reduce its rates results in the confiscation of the company's property; that the appellant had an absolute right to a rehearing for the purpose of showing that after the hearing there had been a marked rise in prices; that the appellant had a right to have questions of fact relating to the issue of whether the rate is confiscatory, determined by the Appellate Division, through the exercise of its independent judgment. The appellant urges that through these errors it has been deprived of its property in violation of the provisions of the Constitution of the State and of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
The classic formula for the ascertainment of the fair value of property used by a corporation for the convenience of the public is stated in Smyth v. Ames (
The Commissioners who held the hearing received all the evidence, then available and offered, which upon any theory suggested by either side might be material and relevant upon the questions which the Commission was called upon to decide. In the report they made, consideration was given to each factor which the Supreme Court, in any case, had said or implied might be an element of value. To some of these factors, little if any weight was given and the determination of value rests almost exclusively upon the testimony of witnesses called by the complainants or by the Commission. In regard to each matter of substance the report contains an *366 exhaustive statement of the reasons which influenced the choice of the Commissioners who joined in the report. The arguments of this appellant are not without force that the reasons given for the choice are not always sound. As we have said, two of the Commissioners who joined in the decisions of the Commission did not concur in the reasons for the decision given in the report. Perhaps the judges of this court might, if they were triers of fact, give greater weight to the testimony and the theories of the experts produced by the company than the Commission has given. In this court the determination of the Commission upon any question of fact is not open to review. We may reverse a decision or annul a determination only for erroneous determination of a question of law, and after careful consideration of the appellant's argument, we find no errors there. Upon every point where the determination of the Commission is challenged we find that there is evidence to support the conclusion of the Commission and room for the exercise of choice.
In its determination of the value of the tangible property of the company, the Commission gave preponderant effect to the estimate, made by a contractor, of the cost of replacement of the property at the time when the estimate was made, i.e., May, 1932. The valuation is challenged on many grounds. We consider first the ground that the cost of reproduction based on prices prevailing in a period of unusual depression does not fairly reflect actual value.
Current or "spot" prices fluctuate, and cost of reproduction based on such prices constitutes a variable measure of value. (Cf. West v. Chesapeake Potomac Tel. Co.,
In this case two university professors testified that in their opinion the trend of prices was definitely downward and in spite of temporary fluctuations would continue downward thereafter. Based upon that testimony, the Commission found that the cost of reproduction based upon the spot or current prices of May, 1932, constituted in the circumstances of the case a fair criterion of value. There can hardly be serious doubt that the Commission could reasonably have accepted the opinion of these witnesses at the time it was given. Its decision was, however, rendered a year thereafter. The trend of prices during that period was a matter of economic history, not of prophecy. The question presented is whether the Commission could then fix rates intended to continue in the future, based upon an opinion or prophecy given a year before.
If the opinion or prophecy of the expert witnesses given in May, 1932, was proven wrong by events occurring during the interval, the Commission could, of course, not base any finding upon the discredited opinion. If the Commission was bound to take judicial notice of *368 such events, its decision must be based upon them rather than upon the discredited prophecy. If proof of such events was necessary, it might be offered by a party who challenged the opinion. In any case the party who attacks the correctness of the decision must show that intervening events have destroyed the force of the opinion testimony upon which the decision is based.
We know now that in the interval of a year between June, 1932, and June, 1933, a continuous rise in prices began. The opinion of the expert witnesses that the trend of prices was downward and the prophecy of the Commission based thereon were, we now know, mistaken. The Commission was bound to determine the present value of the company's property "to make possible an `intelligent forecast of probable future values' in order that the validity ofrates for the future may be determined." (Los Angeles Gas Elec. Co. v. Railroad Commission, supra, p. 311.) The Commission in determining the rates for the future could act only upon data known at that time. The determination must be based upon prediction and is not invalid if it is based upon prediction which is reasonable. Otherwise rates could never be fixed in advance. In reviewing the determination, the court can ordinarily consider only whether the Commission acted reasonably and in accordance with the evidence available at that time. The problem then is whether the facts which the Commission knew or which the company offered in June, 1933, conclusively prove that the valuation of the company was erroneous.
The appellant further maintains that the Commission acted erroneously as matter of law in failing to give more weight to its proof of the book value of the property. The book value of the property in this case is the cost of the property to the appellant. (Matter of New York Edison Co. v. Maltbie,
It is said, however, that in this case the proof is not of cost of reproduction of the appellant's property but of cost of reproduction of another plant which might be just as good. (Cf.McCardle v. Indianapolis Water Co.,
Many other objections to the valuation have been raised by the appellant and considered by the court. We do not desire to extend the opinion by discussion of them. We find no error of law in the record, and we agree with the Appellate Division that there is evidence to sustain the determination of the Commission. We have said that even the Appellate Division may not substitute its own judgment of what is reasonable in place of the determination of the Public Service Commission. (People ex rel. New York QueensGas Co. v. McCall,
The only question which remains is whether it may be said as matter of law that a return of six per cent per annum is confiscatory. The basic principles which determine what annual rate will constitute just compensation have been set forth inSmith v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co. (
The order should be affirmed, with costs.
CRANE, Ch. J., O'BRIEN, HUBBS, LOUGHRAN, FINCH and RIPPEY, JJ., concur.
Order affirmed. *371