delivered the opinion of the court:
An information in the nature of quo warranto was filed in the circuit court of Rock Island county against H. S. Crossley, as president, and six other persons as members of the board of education of an alleged high school district which was organized under an act of the legislature approved on June 5, 1911. The information describes the boundaries of the high school district in question, and avers that a petition was filed in the office of the county süperintendent of schools of said county on or about March 21, 1912, signed by fifty-six persons who claim to be legal voters of said territory, which said petition asked for an election to be held in said territory for the purpose of voting for or against the proposition to establish a township high school for the benefit of the inhabitants of said territory; that on the 20th of April, 1912, an election was held in said territory for the purpose of voting on said proposition, and that it was publicly declared that as a result of said election a majority of the votes cast were in favor of the establishment of the said township high school; that thereafter the-county superintendent of schools of the said county called another election, to be held on the,nth day of May, 1912, for the purpose of electing a township high school board of education, and that it was thereafter published and announced that at such election H. S. Crossley had been elected president, and A. B. Taft, William Nod-den, George E. Walker, C. W. Hink, Lewis Haemer and George Stange had been elected members of said board of education. The information alleges that another election was called for June 1, 1912, for the purpose of electing a board of education for said high school district, which said second election resulted in the selection of the same persons for the same positions to which they had been elected at the previous election. It is charged in the information that the said board organized and proceeded to take options upon certain real estate on which to erect a school building, and did, as such board, levy a tax on the people of said territory for high school purposes, and employed an attorney and a secretary. The information charges that the said president and members of said board of education are usurping, without warrant or lawful authority, the said offices of president and members of said board of education of a township high school district; that said high school district has no legal existence, and that the persons asserting the right to hold the offices aforesaid are doing so without any lawful right. The validity of the high school district is attacked on the ground that the law under which the organization was effected is unconstitutional because it. conflicts with section 13 of article 4 of the constitution of •the State of Illinois. The information further alleges that if said act is constitutional its provisions have not been followed in organizing said district, in that the territory to be organized into said district is not contiguous and compact, as is required by said act of the legislature. The information further charges that if said alleged township high school is legally organized under a valid law, out of territory which is contiguous and compact within the meaning of said law, respondents were not legally elected president and members of the board of education, respectively, for the reason that the said first election of the president and members of said board was illegal and void, and that the said second election held on June x was also void because it was not held within thirty days after the vote had been taken upon the organization of the district, as is contemplated by the act of the legislature under which the organization was sought to be effected.
The respondents filed a plea setting out the petition for the organization of the high school district, which describes the territory as it is described in the information, and alleges that said petition was signed by fifty-seven legal voters of said territory. The plea sets out in detail all of the proceedings up to and including the election held for president and members of the board on the nth day of May. In respect to said election it is averred in the plea that the ballot failed to state the term of years for which the said members of said township high school board were to be elected, as required by section 4 of said act, and that William Nodden, one of the members of said board, having resigned and refused to act, the county superintendent of schools called another election to be held in said territory on the first day of June, and posted ten notices of said election in ten of the most public places in said territory ten days prior to the first day of June. The plea shows that at the election held on' the first day of June, H. S'. Crossley was again elected president, and L. F. Haemer and William Nodden were elected members of the board for one year, George L,. Walker and George Stange for two years and C. W. Hink and A. B. Taft for three years. To this plea the plaintiffs filed a demurrer. The circuit court held that the act of the legislature under which the high school district was organized was unconstitutional and void and that the said high school district was not lawfully organized. The respondents elected to stand by their plea, whereupon a judgment of ouster was rendered against them. The constitutionality of a statute being involved, respondents have perfected an appeal direct to this court.
There are three questions presented by this record: (1) Is the act of the legislature of June 5, 19x1, under which this district was organized, unconstitutional? (2) If said act is a valid law, is the organization of the district in question void for want of compactness in the territory composing the same? (3) If both the foregoing questions are answered in the negative, then the further question is presented whether the plea shows that appellants have a legal right to exercise the functions of a board of education for said district.
The constitutionality of the act of June 5, 1911, is the first question which requires our consideration. It is contended by the appellees that the act violates that portion of section 13 of article 4 of the constitution of 1870 which provides that “no law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title only, but the law revived, or the section amended, shall be inserted at length in the new act.”
The title of the act in question is, “An act to authorize the organization of high school districts.” (Taws of 19x1, p. 505.) It contains seven sections. Section 1 provides that any school township which contains a school district having a population of 1000 or more and not exceeding 100,000 inhabitants, whether operating under the general School law or governed by virtue of a special act, may be organized into a high school district by submitting the proposition to a vote of the people at a general or special election. Section 2 provides for the presentation of a petition to the county superintendent, signed by fifty .or more legal voters of the territory described in the petition, asking for an election to vote upon the question of the organization of a high school, and authorizes the county superintendent, upon the receipt of such petition, to forthwith order an election to be held for the purpose of voting for or against the proposition to establish -a township high school, by posting notices for at least ten days in ten of the most public places throughout the township or territory, and prescribes the form of notice to be posted. Section 3 provides for the election to be conducted by the trustees of schools, boards of education or boards of directors designated by the county superintendent of schools and requires all returns to be made within five days, and the section prescribes the form of ballot and directs how the voter shall mark the same. Section 4 provides for the calling of an election, to be held within thirty days after a favorable vote upon the organization of the high school district, to elect a board of education, to consist of a president and six members, and provides for the notices of said election and the form thereof. Said section provides that two of the members shall be elected for one year, two for two years and two for three years, and each year thereafter two members shall be elected to serve for three years; that the president shall be elected annually; that all subsequent elections are to be held on the second Saturday of April, annually. Sections 5 and 6 are as follows:
“Sec. 5. For the purpose of supporting a high school, the township or territory for the benefit of which a high school is established under the provisions of this act, shall be regarded as a school district, and the board of education thereof shall, in all respects, have the powers and discharge the duties of boards of education elected under the general School law.
“Sec. 6. The inhabitants of any contiguous and .compact territory, whether in the same or different townships, upon a petition signed by at least fifty legal voters and an affirmative vote in such territory, may establish, in the manner provided by this act, a township high school for the benefit of the inhabitants of the territory described in the petition.”
Section 7 provides the manner in which a school district, or any part thereof, adjoining a high school district organized pursuant to this act may be annexed to such high school district and become a part thereof.
This act does not purport by express language, either in its title or in the body thereof, to repeal, revive or amend any other law by a reference to its title or otherwise. In its form it is a complete and independent enactment. It provides a method by which high school districts may be organized, and may be applied under the conditions and in the manner provided in said act without resorting to any other statute. It is true that section 5 makes such high school district, when established, a school district, and gives the board of education thereof, in all respects, the same powers and imposes the same duties as are provided for boards of education elected under the general School law. The effect of this section is to incorporate into the act all of those sections of the general School law relating to the powers and duties of boards of education as the same existed at the time the act in question was passed. This is simply the familiar legislative process of adopting certain portions of another statute by reference. It is a method of legislation which is frequently followed and has uniformly been held to be free from constitutional objections. The effect of such reference is the same as though the statute or the provisions adopted had been incorporated bodily into the adopting statute. (2 Sutherland on Stat. Const, sec. 405.) Such adoption takes the adopted statute as it exists at the time of the passage of the adopting act, and does not include subsequent additions or modifications 'of the statute so taken. (Knapp v. Brooklyn,
Sections 85 to 91, inclusive, of the act to establish and maintain a system of free schools, passed in 1909, provide methods for the organization of township high school districts under certain specified conditions and by certain procedure therein prescribed, but the situation under which a township high school may be organized, as well as the methods by which the organization is effected, is in many respects substantially different under the two acts. Thus, section x of the act here in question applies where it is desired to form a school township into a high school district in which there is a single district having a population of 1000 or more and not exceeding 100,000 population. No such conditions as these are provided for in the School law of 1909. Again, under the law here involved the petition is required to be presented to the county superintendent of schools, who is designated as the per'son to call the election and have charge of the organization, while under the School law of 1909 the school treasurer of the township receives- the petition, advertises the election and conducts the organization and the county superintendent has nothing to do with it. Under the law of 1911 the board of education consists of a'president and six members, and at the first election for a board of education the statute provides that the ballot shall designate the length of the term of the members of the board. Under the law of 1909 the board of education consists of five members, all of whom are elected for the same time at the first election. The members elected determine by lot, at their first meeting, who is to serve one year, who for two years and the one who is to serve three years, and the board elected chooses its own president and secretary. Under the new law these matters, except the selection of a secretary, are all determined by the electors, and the president is elected by the voters, annually. It will thus be seen that the act of 1911 was not only designed to meet conditions which in the main are not ‘ specifically covered by the law of 1909, but it also differs materially in the manner in which the organization is effected. The conditions under which a high school district may be organized under section 6 of the law of 1911 are similar in some respects to the situation covered by section 87 of the law of 1909, but, as already pointed out, there is a marked difference between the methods to be followed in the organization under the different acts.
In addition to the differences already pointed out in respect to section 1 of the act of 1911 and the law of .1909, it may be noted that under the later act where several districts are petitioning for the organization of a high school district a majority vote in the entire territory to be erected into a high school district determines the question, whereas under section 87 of the law of 1909 it is necessary that there shall be a majority in each district or part of a district, or in each township or part of. a township, that is included in the proposed high school district, or, in other words, under the new act the territory proposed to’ be erected into a high school district for the purposes of the election is regarded as the unit, while under the old law each school district or part thereof, or township or part thereof, to be included in such high school district is regarded as the unit.
There is no inconsistency in both these acts remaining in full force and effect. It is a matter of general knowledge that many township high school districts had been organized and schools established and obligations incurred therein prior to the passage of the act'of 1911. In the organization as well as in the operation and maintenance of such high school districts they conformed to the old law, and this may well be supposed to have influenced the General Assembly in permitting the provisions of the act of 1909 to remain in .force. But even if the act in question should be found in any respect to be repugnant in spirit to the former statute that is no reason why both may not stand. One statute is never repealed by the repugnant spirit of another. (1 Sutherland on Stat. Const, sec. 246, and cases there cited.) The mere circumstance that the legislature has enacted two statutes upon the same subject and for the purpose of accomplishing the same general result furnishes no reason why both statutes may- not be valid. The only effect is to give the citizens of the State who desire to organize high school districts an option to proceed under the particular act which seems best suited to local conditions. There is nothing new or unusual in this. We have two statutes which provide for the organization of drainage districts. Both are intended to accomplish the reclamation of swamp or overflow lands by special assessment for local benefits. Both are authorized by the same constitutional provision but differ materially in the procedure by which a district is organized. All of the law on the subject of drainage might be put in one act, but the legislature has not seen proper to do so. When it is desired to organize a drainage district, the first question to determine is whether the organization shall be under the Farm Drainage act or under the Levee act. This question being decided, the procedure thereafter is governed by the act selected. Other illustrations of similar conditions might be given.
While we are not able to discover any such repugnancy between these statutes as to make it impossible for both of them to stand, still, even if it be conceded that such repugnancy exists, that affords no reason for holding the latest expression 'of the legislature invalid. Where two acts of the legislature are passed upon the same subject which are in such irreconcilable conflict that it is impossible for the courts to so construe them as to harmonize them, then the law is well established that the later act, being the last expression of the legislature, is valid and the former inconsistent act is repealed by implication. Repeals by implication are not favored by the courts, and a statute will not be held to be thus repealed unless there is no other alternative. The doctrine of repeals by implication rests upon a constructive intention of the legislature. All laws are presumed to have been passed deliberately and with a knowledge of the prior laws, and when the legislature enacts a statute that is utterly inconsistent with a former one, the intent to repeal the former law is inferred from the passage of the subsequent inconsistent one. This doctrine has often been recognized by this court, and it has frequently been held that prior statutes have been repealed by implication, (Sullivan v. People,
The constitutional provision under which the law in question is supposed to be invalid has several times had the consideration of this court. The first case, so far as we are advised, in which this provision was involved was People v. Wright,
The question again came up for consideration in Timm v. Harrison,
The case of School Directors v. School Directors,
The case of People v. Knopf,
All of the foregoing cases, and some others not heretofore referred to by us in this opinion, were approved in the late case of Hollingsworth v. Coal Co.
The latest case, so far as we are advised, which involved this clause of the constitution is People v. VanBever,
In all of the foregoing cases the several acts of the legislature involved were held to be valid for the general reason that they did not purport, either in their respective titles or in the acts themselves, to amend any prior statute, and for the further reason that the several acts under consideration were held to be complete acts, which expressed the intention of the legislature without the necessity of reading in connection therewith any other statutory provisions in force at the time the several amendatory acts were passed. But in order to discover the test for determining whether a statute contravenes the provision of the constitution now under consideration it is important to have before us an aspect of the rule that is illustrated by the cases of People v. Knopf, supra, Badenoch v. City of Chicago,
The case of English v. City of Danville,
From a careful consideration of the previous decisions of this court the rules to be deduced therefrom may be stated in the following propositions:
(1) An act which is complete within itself and does not purport, either in its title or in the body thereof, to amend or revive any other act, is valid even though it may by implication modify or repeal prior existing statutes. Statutes of this class were involved in and the rule as stated sustained by the following authorities: People v. Wright, supra; Timm v. Harrison, supra; School Directors v. School Directors, supra; People v. Knopf, supra; Hollingsworth v. Coal Co. supra; People v. VanBever, supra.
(2) An act, though otherwise complete within itself, which purports to amend or revive a prior statute by reference to its title only, and does not set out at length the statute amended or revived, is invalid, regardless of all other questions. So far as we have been able to ascertain, no act of the legislature of this class has come before this court. The proposition, however, is, in our opinion, too clear to admit of controversy. It logically follows and "is supported by the reasoning of the authorities cited under the first proposition.
(3) An act which is incomplete in itself and in which new provisions are commingled with old ones, so that it is necessary to read the two acts together in order to determine what the law is, is an amendatory act and invalid under the constitution, and it is unimportant, in such case, that the act does not purport to amend or revive any other statute. This proposition is supported by People v. Knopf, supra, Badenoch v. City of Chicago, supra, and O’Connell v. McClenathan, supra.
With the foregoing examination of the authorities and the rules which, in our opinion, are fairly deducible therefrom, before us, the, constitutional objections to the act of 1911 disappear. In the analysis already given of said act it will be seen that it comes under the first rule above stated and rests for its validity upon the authorities cited in support thereof. The act of 1911 is not invalid and the court below erred in so holding.
It is next contended that even if the law under which this district was organized is valid, the court did not err in sustaining the demurrer to appellants’ plea because the territory composing said high school district is not contiguous and compact, within the meaning of section 6 of said act. Appellees have filed a map with their brief which shows the boundaries of the proposed high school district and also the boundaries of the school districts included therein. From this map it appears that the territory embraced within the high school district is contiguous, — that is, it is united or joined together. The high school district includes school districts 30, 37 and 46 and a part of districts 34 and 35. District 37 is immediately north of 46. Districts 34 and 35 are east of 37 and 46. These four districts, which constitute by far the greater portion of the high school district, may be described as an oblong rectangle, the north-west corner of which is cut off by the shore line of the Mississippi river. District 30 joins 37 and 34 and is north-east thereof. Districts 30 and 37 do not merely join at the corner but they have a common boundary for a considerable distance, and this is also true of districts 30 and 34. The word “compact” has different meanings as given by standard lexicographers, according to the subject in connection with which it is used. It is defined as meanin-g • “closely and firmly united, as the parts or particles of solid bodies having the parts or particles packed together“close;” “solid;” “dense.” (People v. Thompson,
It is finally contended in support of the judgment of the court below that appellants were not legally elected to the offices of president and members of the board of education. This contention is based on the failure to' designate on ballots in the first election the length of terms of the several candidates voted for, and on the fact, that the second election was not held until forty-two days after the vote had been had in favor of organizing the district.' Whatever view may be taken of this question it can have no effect upon the corporate existence of the high school district. The mere mistake of the county superintendent in calling the election within the time and manner required by law would have no effect upon the legal existence of the district. The will of the people, when once legally expressed, cannot thus be set aside by any failure on the part of school officers to discharge the duties required of them unvier the law. (School Directors v. School Directors, supra.) The only objection made to the election of appellants at the second election is, that it was not held within thirty days after the vote had been taken upon the organization of the districts Appellees contend that the requirement that the county superintendent shall “forthwith order an election to be held ¡within thirty days for the purpose of selecting a township high school board of education to consist of a president and six members,” etc., is mandatory as to the time within which such election must be called, and cases are cited holding that where a statute fixes a day upon which an election is to be held it is necessary that such election be held on the day fixed by law. McCrary on Elections (sec. 161) lays down the rule that those provisions of law which fix the time and place of holding elections are to be construed as mandatory and not merely as directory. This rule cannot be questioned. The reason for it is obvious. The voter is presumed to know the law and to be informed by the law as to the time when the election is to occur. Any change from the time fixed by law might have the effect of depriving many voters of their rights. But the authorities are not in point upon the question here involved. The statute does not fix a definite day on which ■ the first election for a high school board of education shall be held. It provides, only, that it shall be within thirty days after the vote has been taken. Whether the election was held within thirty days, or forty or fifty, could not affect the essence of the election. If the proper notice was given and the voters in fact turned out and voted, as the plea states and the demurrer admits was done in the case at bar, within a reasonable time after the vote was taken for the organization of the district, the purpose of the statute would be accomplished as fully and completely as though the election were held within thirty days. It will be noted that the statute does not in terms declare that the observance of its provisions shall be mandatory or that an election not held within the time shall be void. It merely directs that the election shall be held within thirty'- days. The statute on elections has many provisions in relation to the manner in which an election shall be conducted. . Among others, an hour is fixed for the opening and closing of the polls. This statute has been held to be directory, and that a deviation from its terms would not vitiate the election unless it was shown that it was fraudulently done,for the purpose of depriving voters of their legal rights and unless the statute in express terms makes the hour of opening and closing the polls essential to a valid election. (Cleland v. Porter,
We are inclined to the opinion that the first election was invalid, as it deprived the voters of their right to express a choice for members of the board with reference to the length of time they should severally serve, and for the further reason that there is no other means provided in the statute for determining the length of the terms of the different members of the board. But, disregarding the first election, we are of the opinion that the requirement of the statute that the election shall be called within thirty days is directory, merely, and the only purpose of the statute was to procure an election of a board of education within a reasonably speedy time after the district was organized. We are ■ of the opinion that the election held forty-two days after the vote was taken upon the organization of the district was a valid election, and that the appellants were duly elected to the positions which they severally claim to hold.
The judgment of the circuit court of Rock Island county is reversed and the cause is remanded to that court, with directions to overrule the demurrer to the plea, and for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views herein expressed.
Reversed and remanded, with directions.
Cooice, C. J., and Dunn, J., dissenting.